Orientador: Ana Maria Fonseca de Almeida / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T10:36:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moschkovich_MariliaBarbaraFernandesGarcia_M.pdf: 3271674 bytes, checksum: 4a6d41ab594f0f7ab5ab4c0d8664b38c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Estudos sobre gênero e sua influência na construção das carreiras acadêmicas têm revelado que as mulheres se encontram numa situação de desvantagem substantiva nesse espaço profissional. Examinando a questão em países como Estados Unidos, Inglaterra, França, Holanda e Austrália, esses estudos atribuem tal desvantagem principalmente à oposição socialmente construída entre exigências das esferas profissional e doméstica e ao peso que a percepção subjetiva do valor do trabalho desempenhado por homens e mulheres tem nos processos de contratação e promoção. Esta pesquisa oferece uma contribuição para essa área de estudos, tomando como objeto a carreira acadêmica numa grande universidade pública brasileira - a Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Seu interesse é estudar uma carreira na qual esses dois elementos encontram-se, pelo menos parcialmente, eufemizados: em primeiro lugar, as mulheres que ingressam na carreira acadêmica nessa universidade podem pagar por trabalho doméstico remunerado e, dessa forma, reservar uma parte maior do tempo disponível para o trabalho científico. Em segundo lugar, a carreira acadêmica nas universidades públicas brasileiras, por se configurar como uma carreira do funcionalismo público, são submetidas a regras mais impessoais no que diz respeito à contratação e promoção. Além disso, no caso das universidades estaduais paulistas, que gozam de autonomia administrativa e orçamentária, os critérios que presidem as contratações e a promoções são definidos de maneira colegiada. Os resultados mostraram que: (i) as mulheres não se encontram em desvantagem sistemática para chegar ao cargo mais alto da carreira; (ii) o sexo está atrelado a certos padrões de trajetória profissional, as mulheres apresentando, por exemplo, circulação internacional e bolsas produtividade com menor frequência do que os homens; (iii) as exigências sociais com relação ao cuidado com filhos e com parentes mais velhos recaem ainda sobre as mulheres; (iv) o gênero representa uma série de limites anteriores, e outros diretamente ligados à carreira acadêmica para as mulheres brasileiras, limites esses que tornam as trajetórias das mulheres significativamente mais 'tumultuadas' do que a dos homens, mesmo quando comparados apenas docentes que chegaram a posições de bastante reconhecimento em suas áreas. / Abstract: Studies about the way gender is expressed in the bui,ding of academic careers have showed that women are in considerable disadvantage in such professional space. Investigating the matter in countries such as the USA, England, France, the Netherlands and Australia, those studies explain this disadvantage to the socially constructed opposition between work and Family demands, and also to the subjective perception of male and female work in hiring and promotion processes. This research offers a contribution to this field, choosing as object the academic career in an importante public university in Brazil - the State University of Campinas. Its interest is studying a career in which these two elements are, at least partially, euphemized. First, academic women from this university can afford paying for domestic work, having more time available to scientific work by doing so. Second, the academic career in Brazilian universities, as a state-hiring job, are ruled by universalist rules in hiring and promotion processes. Besides that, in the case of universities from the state of São Paulo, as they are administratively and finantially autonomous, the criteria that guide hiring and promotion is defined in a collegiate system. Our results show that: (i) women are not in a systematic disadvantage regarding access to the top of the career at Unicamp; (ii) sex is related to certain patterns of professional trajectories, so women, for example, are less related to international circulation and productivity grants; (iii) social demands in what concerns children and old relatives care-giving still fall mostly on women; (iv) gender represents a series of limitations imposed to women either before, out of, in or at their careers, what makes their trajectories seem more troubled than those of men, even when comparing only professors who did get to the top of the career in many aspects. / Mestrado / Educação, Conhecimento, Linguagem e Arte / Mestra em Educação

The scholarly field of Gender and Development is riddled with diverging perceptions of the actual value and meaning of the term Gender and the development strategy of promoting gender equality – Gender Mainstreaming. Taking the social constructivist perspective of discourse analysis, this thesis explores the ways in which different problem representations of gender inequality are produced and reinforced within certain policy domains in the gender mainstreaming approach of the Rwandan government. The aim of this is to contribute to the scholarly field by exploring key areas not given a great deal of attention in previous research. Using the so-called ’WPR-method’ of policy analysis, developed by Carol Bacchi, a number of strategically selected policies representing different policy domains have been analyzed through four guiding analytical questions. Some main findings of the study indicates that while there are different specified problematizations of gender inequality in the domains, there is some overarching overlap in how the concept is understood to specifically concern women’s lack of agency, and how it is represented as a means to achieve the government’s targeted goals for socio-economic development.

ABSTRACT “FGM is known to have no health benefits and has serious, immediate and long-term physical and psychological health consequences, which can be severe, including post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety and reduced desire or sexual satisfaction” (28 Too Many, 2014, p5). This master thesis is an attempt to gain male perspectives in strategies to eradicate Female Genital Mutilation, FGM. The aim is to gain an understanding on how men view the concept of FGM in relation to existing norms such as gender, social and international norms. Literature tends to focus less on men’s roles and views compared to on women´s for how to end FGM. The male perspective is very important especially as literature shows that cultural practices in most cases benefit men compared to women as is shown in the case of FGM. Men are held in high esteem as the ones with a final deciding voice in the homes, institutions and the general community. This was also the case in the village of Mabonkani. Men hold powers to enable or prohibit actions and practices.  Therefore, if FGM is to end, men can, because of their positionality spearhead effective campaigns and awareness raising messages. Focus groups and interviews were used to obtain information. The empirical findings were analysed and categorised and then presented in tables, graphs and themes. The findings revealed a conflictual decision making that men face if/when they decide to abandon FGM as it is heavily tied to their cultural and social identity. Abandoning the practice also means that they face ostracism by their own community members, loss of identity as a family man and community member, breaking up social cohesion among other reasons. Men are keen on ending FGM after lengthy discussions on its complications at a personal and social level. Men expressed that they preferred the training of women than the removal of clitoris. They offered various solutions including sending girls to schools to address issues of informed consent/age as well as getting young people to be more involved in and to include all actors instead of picking just a few. The views of household men and youth were different. The youth embraced international norms. They suggested that it is up to them to change the future of the next generation through the information available and they no longer claim ignorance about FGM as was the case earlier.  All men interviewed cited challenges of identity, ostracism by their own community and lack of national laws to support their actions. The analysis looked at the human rights approach, how local communities can be influenced to abandon traditional harmful practices in favour of international norms that will promote gender equality and breakdown structural and systematic norms that discriminate.

The research was a Minor Field Study conducted in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. The purpose of the study was to explore and analyze Cambodian women's experiences of leadership. A qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews was conducted with a targeted and snowball selection. Seven female leaders from different organizations and from both the private and public sector were the source of our empirical findings. We discovered in our research that the participants had both intrinsic and extrinsic sources of motivation. First, women that were unsure of what motivated them, second motivation grew out of hard work and third motivation was to demonstrate female capacity. The research found that success, challenges, and the benefit of being a female leader were essential components for positive experiences. Important factors for leadership were family background, education and self-confidence/belief in herself. These factors coincided with previous research from Cambodia. The research displayed three types of barriers for Cambodian women -traditional values, higher demands, and personal factors. Most commonly the female had either a democratic or transformational leadership style, but authoritarian and situational leadership styles were also used. The result displayed that one side saw a difference between the genders in their way of leading and the other suggested that leadership is based on personal attributes.

Of all human identity categories such as race, religion, culture, class and gender that a person might belong to, race and gender are arguably two of the most contentious in the world. This study takes gender as its main focus, exploring how gender, gender oppression, patriarchy and resistance are negotiated in selected dramatic literary works emanating from Africa’s two literary giants, Nigeria and South Africa. It thus aims to bring two distinct literary traditions into dialogue with one another in order to clarify our understanding of how gender is articulated and inscribed across different contexts. Selected works from Nigeria include Aetu (2006), Little Drops (2011), Abobaku (2015) all by a single playwright, Ahmed Yerima, who has been described as one of the most outspoken feminist playwrights in the country. Other plays from South African context include So What’s New? (1993) by Fatima Dike, Weemen (1996) by Mthali Thulani, Flight from the Mahabarath (1998) by Muthal Naidoo and At Her Feet by Nadia Davids (2006). Of particular interest in this study is the question of how these plays explore the specific forms of gender discrimination which arise in the context of religious, traditional and cultural practices such as domestic violence against women, child marriage, wife inheritance, polygamy and property-sharing after the death of a husband or father. These texts, all written from a feminist perspective, foreground different understandings of what a woman and a mother is in the African context. They also offer differing articulations of gender-based resistance. The study employs an eclectic blend of western and African feminist/womanist frameworks in order to decipher how these plays comment, and reflect, on the issue of gender inequality. In so doing, the aim is to bring these distinct theoretical and ideological traditions into dialogue with one another. A further aim is to assess to what extent these plays draw on, or are aligned with, various strands of western and African feminist theorizing whilst also offering an understanding of literary texts as sites of theory-making in their own right. The study further explores the echoes, conjunctions, entanglements and disparities that are revealed by bringing these texts from different contexts into dialogue with one another. In this process, the chapter also explores the extent to which these plays can be aligned with the often polarized discourses of western and African feminist theories, thus contributing to a broader understanding of gender, gendered societies and gender-based oppression in African contexts. Finally, this study seeks to arrive at a new theoretical feminist framework for reading these texts: what I have called ‘Consequentialist feminism’ is an approach which seeks to transcend the binaries between western and African feminist theorizing by focusing on the consequences of women’s choices in particular contexts of engagement and response. / Thesis (DLitt (English))--University of Pretoria, 2019. / English / DLitt (English) / Unrestricted

This thesis attempts to answer the question why there are so few female founders of startup companies in the Czech Republic. In order to identify the main roots of gender inequality in this field and obtain a detailed understanding of the gender culture of Czech startups, biographic-narrative interviews were conducted with women in managing positions as well as female founders of Czech startups. Through in-depth analysis of these women's narratives, key areas were identified which contribute to the reproduction of gender segregation in this field. The research found that the inequality is mainly caused by gender stereotypes towards women in the field of technology, which even the interviewed women reproduce through identification with a specific type of masculinity. In an attempt to fulfill the gendered expectations from an ideal startup founder or manager women often find themselves in conflict with the traditional role of women in the Czech Republic. The second group of women on the other hand emphasize the importance of femininity and indentify themselves against this type of masculinity. The analysis also showed the importance of the gender inequalities in the technical field of education, that are also reflected in the startups. The author recommends a further research into the following areas...

The focus of this research was to describe gender role experiences and gender transformation from a systems psychodynamic stance. Women have fought to overcome past oppressions but society intended to label women continually as traditional homemakers. In organisations, women are still subjected to receiving certain non-challenging jobs, such as administrative tasks, secretarial and office assistant duties as compared to men who fulfil professional and managerial roles. Men, on the other hand, experience the daily pressures of living up to societal brandings, which regard them as tough bosses and breadwinners. Hermeneutic phenomenology enabled participants to share their lived gender role experiences. Furthermore, the hermeneutic paradigm assisted the researcher with an in-depth understanding of participants’ phenomenological experiences. The researcher therefore explored, analysed and described the phenomenological gender experiences of male and female employees and a transgender employee from a systems psychodynamic stance. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with four male and four female participants. Men and women often projected positive behaviours onto each other that would result in them challenging and breaking the obsolete, stereotypical thinking handed out by society. The isolation and loneliness experienced by transgender persons manifest in unauthentic and false living. The organisation created high levels of anxiety in its employees’ which contributed towards male, female and transgender role experiences. Individual defence mechanisms were used as a method of addressing anxieties. Men, women and v transgender persons were affected by their constant need for recognition and advancement in the organisation but refused to show any concerns for fear of consequences from the leaders of the organisation. Men, women and transgender persons became containers and shared the emotional burdens of the organisation and their family life in different ways. Recommendations for gender transformative approaches are discussed to address issues of inequality in the organisation. / M. Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

Women accounted for 20% of the cumulative AIDS cases in the United States as of 2015. Although their incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has declined in recent years, the rates of new infections and AIDS diagnoses for women of color have remained high. Women with HIV tend to be more vulnerable than men with this disease. They are more likely to be poor, uninsured, depressed, and homeless; to have experienced interpersonal violence; and to be caregivers. Attention to psychosocial needs and building trust are fundamental to engaging HIV-positive women in care and helping them attain optimal health.

This thesis examines the pop cultural representation of white-collar migrant women (WCMW) through the popular Chinese TV series Ode to Joy. Focusing on various aspects of their lives, this TV series raises many issues about the experiences of WCMW, including perceptions of them as “outsiders” in the megacity, gender inequality, and the tensions between female migrant identity and urban status. This study analyzes those issues by drawing on intersectional theories which examine structural inequalities from the perspective of the interactions of multiple axes of social categories. This thesis asks three major questions: In what way does Ode to Joy represent the experiences of WCMW?; To what extent do issues raised in Ode to Joy impact the wellbeing of WCMW in large cities?, and; What are the “joys” in Ode to Joy for WCMW? In addition to collecting data from the TV series, this study interviewed WCMW informants to provide first-hand accounts of their experiences in an urban culture. By critically analyzing the representation of WCMW characters’ experiences in Ode to Joy, this thesis provides insights on understanding the status of those women in a contemporary Chinese urban setting, thereby filling a gap in academic literature on the pop cultural representation of China’s white-collar migrant women in a Chinese megacity. / Graduate

Policies are often seen as a response to existing issues, wheras in this study polices are understood as a productive process, that not only addresses a pre-existing problem, but that construct the problem through how it is represented in the policy (Bacchi, Eveline, 2010: 18). Based on this, the study examines how gender inequality is represented in a number of policies and reports from the UN Development Programme, UNDP, published between 2018 and 2021.UNDP is one of the largest entities within the international development world, and its policies has the potential to impact millions of people around the world. By asking what is the problem represented to be? (WPR) it is possible to uncover underlying assumptions on which the understanding that produces the problem of gender inequality, rests. The effects of these assumptions, implicit understandings of a problem, come to determine what is being done about it. Many policies addressing gender inequality attempt to identify how actions can be taken with less negative effect on the targeted group, mainly women, instead of asking how the policies themselves are connected to reproducing the problem (Bacchi et al. 2010: 120).   This study finds that the underlying premises of how gender inequality is represented by UNDP results in proposed actions that risk conflating women and gender, while promoting activities that at large aim to include women into existing structures, rather than being a driver for examining underlying causes of gender inequality.