Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo principal o estudo da não-participação de mulheres em situação de pobreza em cursos oferecidos por um Centro de Referência de Assistência Social (CRAS), localizado em município do Estado de São Paulo. Por meio de metodologia qualitativa baseada na psicologia sócio-histórica, foram entrevistadas três mulheres, buscando-se apreender os sentidos atribuídos por elas a tais cursos. Os resultados evidenciaram que as entrevistadas atribuem valor positivo aos cursos mas que não os relacionam com a possibilidade de obter melhorias significativas em suas vidas. Suas formas de agir parecem basear-se essencialmente em necessidades emergenciais, sem que sejam traçadas estratégias para o alcance de determinados objetivos a médio e longo prazo. Evidenciaram também a importância das relações sociais de gênero na determinação de suas escolhas. As falas das entrevistadas apontaram para a existência de acentuadas divisões de poder e de trabalho na esfera familiar, com o homem ocupando o lugar de autoridade, ficando reservado a elas, principalmente, o cuidado com os filhos, o marido e a casa. Mesmo quando trabalham fora, os fundamentos patriarcais familiares não parecem ser abalados. Esses resultados encontram ressonância com aqueles obtidos em pesquisas com temática semelhante. Invertendo a direção do olhar, também foi discutida a questão dos cursos, concluindo-se que o oferecimento dessas modalidades específicas não é condizente com aquilo que é preconizado pelo novo paradigma da Assistência Social. Concluiu-se que são necessários amplos debates e estudos sobre como devem ser organizados os serviços oferecidos pelos CRAS, para que estejam, de fato, em sintonia com os objetivos propostos. / The objective of this research was to study the non-participation of women from lower social classes in courses offered by a Social Service Assistance Reference Center (or CRAS, in Portuguese), in a municipality of the State of São Paulo. Using a qualitative methodology based on socio-historical psychology, interviews were conducted with three women aiming at learning the meanings attributed by them to those courses. Results pinpointed the positive aspect of those courses in the viewpoint of those women, though they dont relate them to an eventual possibility of attaining a significant improvement of their lives. Their behavior seems to be fundamentally based on urgent needs, not as evidence of planned strategies to achieve defined objectives in medium and long run. Another conclusion was the importance of social relations of gender in the determination of their choices. Their manifestations made clear the existence of profound sexual divisions of power and work in the family environment, with man occupying the authoritative place, resting to the women the role of caring for children, husband, and home. Even when these women have a place in the work market, family patriarchal elements dont seem to be challenged. Such results are supported by others obtained from studies of similar nature. From the opposite point of view, courses were also discussed and the conclusion was that the offer of such specific modalities is not in agreement with the new paradigm proposed by Social Assistance. The conclusion is that ample debate and studies on how the courses offered by CRAS should be organized are necessary, so that they could really attend their proposed objectives.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2009. / Även tryckt utgåva. Härtill 4 uppsatser.

This study examines how gender influences the performance practice of calypso, soca, steel band music, and other related musical genres in contemporary Trinidad. I address the history of these musical genres in this nation, and how they developed into their present form. My study of women in contemporary Trinidadian music examines how popular musicians bring together personal opinion, public persona, and musical structure, to create commentaries upon the contemporary moment (instrumental political agency) as well as emotional bonds with their intended audiences and show that an alternate way of organizing gender representations and inter-gender relations is possible (constitutive political agency). I use a performance based approach to studying various aspects of musical practice within Trinidad, and how this enhances women's agency within the public sphere of popular music, creating new kinds of cultural capital for previously underrepresented members of the population. Many different aspects of Trinidad’s expressive culture are discussed and related to the musical genres discussed therein. Trinidad Carnival, its history and aesthetics, receives particular attention. Performance practice within the musical genres of calypso and soca and the music of the steel orchestra are discussed in detail. Within Trinidad, expressive culture, including popular music, is a strong forum for communicating possible inter-personal and inter-gender relations. Thus, music in the Trinidadian context takes an important place alongside larger political projects and concerns. / text

Notre ambition est de rendre compte de l’évolution contemporaine des rapports sociaux de sexe en Iran en nous appuyant sur l’étude de la représentation que les femmes iraniennes ont de leurs familiaux et sociaux pour préciser les différents types de conceptions du rôle de la femme et les différents aspirations que nous pouvons trouver aujourd’hui chez les femmes en Iran. Notre idée a été de croiser des entretiens qui rendent compte de la diversité des visions de la femme par les femmes iraniennes. Elles ne sont pas toutes d’accord entre elles, et leur discours et parfois décalé avec les données statistiques, les études historiques et économiques disponibles. Mais grâce à eux, nous pourrons dresser un portrait de la vision de la femme par les femmes iraniennes / Our ambition is to study : The evolution of contemporary gender relations in Iran based on the study of representation that Iranian women have of their family and social roles. It is a question of women belonging to different generations and different social backgrounds to specify different types of conceptions of the role of women and the different aspirations that we can find today among women in Iran. Our idea was to analyse the ideas of women that reflect the diversity of visions of women by Iranian women. They do not all agree with each other, and their speech is sometimes shifted with statistics, historical and economic studies available. But thanks to them , we can represent a picture of the point of view of women by Iranian women

The setting for this study is Swedish film culture of the 1920s, which has been studied with a focus on representations of masculinity and gender relations according to four themes: 1) children and youth 2) fatherhood and love 3) sexuality and popularity 4) ethnicity and racial stereotyping.       The rise of new consumer culture in the first decades of the 20th century created turmoil between traditional and modern values, not least when it came to conceptions of gender. Studies on masculinity have often directed its efforts towards writing a history of ideals, bound by the concept of hegemonic masculinity; a concept that exclude women as insignificant for the social construction of masculinity. One ambition with this thesis has been to counter the long-lasting concept of hegemonic masculinity, and in the process, try to build a bridge between men and women studies.         One other ambition has been question the canonisation of the “Golden Age” of Swedish silent filmmaking by introducing the concept of “the pluralism of film”, and by using a vast material including: Swedish feature films, reviews, articles from fan magazines and trade paper, screen plays, censorship cards, official reports, etc; thereby circumventing the concept of film as “art” in order to focus on film as representation in a more reliably way.       One conclusion is the revelation of the diversity that surrounds social constructions of masculinity and gender relations in both film culture and society. In addition, Swedish film of the 20s hardly contained any male characters that upheld the hegemonic ideal, giving way to a more prominent presence of strong female characters, often in the shape of the New Woman. Women did as well have a great influence on the formation of masculinity. However, a notion of a Swedish normative masculinity became visible when contrasted with numerous racial stereotypes, such as malicious representations of Black people and Travellers. The emphasis on gender relations, rather than on ideals, has also contributed to a wider understanding of gender, where criteria such as generation, class, ethnicity and sexuality ought to be included.          When it comes to the canonisation of the “Golden Age”, a strong notion exists about the integrated use of nature in film narratives as being a Swedish national trait, when in fact this could be linked only to a few films. If one would point out a trait that permeates Swedish film of the 1920s, it would not be the use of nature, but instead the flagrant racism and xenophobia.

This thesis aims to gain a deeper understanding of relationships and sexuality of women at risk of social exclusion in Sri Lanka and the risk of violations of their sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) that they might face. Individual qualitative interviews with migrant women workers (n=18) and men (n=18) in the Free Trade Zone (FTZ), women facing single motherhood (n=28) and women formerly involved in prostitution (n=15) were conducted. Conceptual approaches included gender, social navigation and SRHR. The interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis, qualitative content analysis and discourse analysis. Findings revealed that the migrant women workers negotiated norms of respectability in a society that highly stigmatizes FTZ women workers, while the men identified conflicting constructions of masculinity existing in the FTZ. The women facing single motherhood navigated oppressive and stigmatizing social forces, and the women in prostitution constructed themselves as respectable in opposition to their societal disvalue and marginalization. In order to retain an image of sexual innocence, unmarried women are likely to refrain from demanding or demonstrating SRHR knowledge and accessing services. Furthermore, gender power imbalances leave the women vulnerable to sexual persuasion, coercion and violence. Once pregnant, social, legal, and knowledge barriers hinder or delay them in accessing abortion services. Unmarried pregnant women are thus left with the alternatives of adoption, infanticide, and suicide or become stigmatized single mothers with risks of health and social exclusion for mother and child. Extreme marginalization and limited power make women in prostitution vulnerable to unsafe sex, rape and violence. In conclusion, these women are likely to face numerous and serious SRHR hazards. The complexity of gendered social circumstances and the SRHR implications demonstrated in this thesis, add to the SRHR knowledge in Sri Lanka, and should inform politicians and policy makers about the need to improve the situation of all women in Sri Lanka.

本研究以民國八十八年七月至同年十二月間，由國內自製，電視節目分級標識為「普遍級」，且於晚間七時至十二時，以提供娛樂為主，及以多樣形式或多樣組合內容方式播出的無線商業電視台綜藝節目為研究對象，並試圖以分析文本內容的方式，自「性別角色特質」及「性騷擾行為」的檢測中探究其間再現出的兩性關係與兩性互動。 在研究設計上，本研究將其區分為二個階段。第一階段，先透過統計分析得出各單元與各節目之性別角色特質及性騷擾行為的數據分佈，而後於第二階段提出綜藝節目再現出的兩性關係型態與不同的綜藝節目類型。根據內容分析結果，研究發現有三： 一、在單元及節目的各別分析結果部分，晚間綜藝節目中的男女呈現仍維持在傳統「男人要有男人的樣子，女人要有女人的樣子」階段，男性亦習於藉由不斷地性活動，尤其是性騷擾女性來證明自己是男子漢。 二、綜藝節目再現出的兩性關係型態有：（1）俊男、醜男與美女；（2）呈現簡化與複雜的情感世界；（3）親密行為娛樂化；（4）「賺」「虧」的價值觀；與（5）「男強女弱」的性別意識。 三、綜藝節目類型有四，包括「兩性平等型」節目、「刻板印象型」節目、「性騷擾型」節目與「父權意識型」節目，其中，在本研究期間以「兩性平等型」及「性騷擾型」節目較多。 自上述研究發現可知，無線晚間綜藝節目再現出的內容不僅深化了性別間權力的不平等狀態，亦複製了父制的兩性關係。另外，延伸研究結果而來的問題則是綜藝節目如何在提供娛樂之餘，尚能兼顧媒介應有的責任與義務：傳遞性別平等意識的內容給閱聽人，這不僅是當前綜藝節目急需突破的瓶頸，亦為各方所應共同深思的課題。

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:46:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SuzanaCJ.pdf: 653089 bytes, checksum: c62461551f4aec7da6681c67a2fc7c9d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-28 / The purpose of this study was investigate the sexual division of the work in a chain of fast food, in Natal, RN. These aspects were analyzed with the ways of organization of the work, being made a case study. The main objective of this survey was to analyze the influence of gender relations in the insertion of men and women in the job market and to analyze the question of feminine submission in the professional world. These questions were analyzed considering the current period of the worldwide capitalism, from the characteristics of productive process and the growth of the service sectors. The research was made with a group of workers on the production sectors; attendance, management and human resources at restfood store, where six clerks were interviewed. Through our research, it is possible to perceive the permanence of the sexual division at the job in the interior of the productive processes at Restfood, that puts the woman in a subordinate position in relation to the man. This result can be confirmed if we considerate that the women, on this chain of food, occupy in first place the function of waitress and on this, trere s no functional progression, while her workmates (the men) for occupying other functions can progress inside the company. It was also evidenced that in a context of globalization of the capital, deregulation and disrespect of labor laws, the capital acts without any respect to workers. That was what we observed at the interviewer speech; the scarcity of the conditions of work and the constant disrespect of the labor laws. This way, we could evidence that the scarcity of work conditions hit men and women, but it has a crueler face with the women, and this one reproduces itself, day by day in the process of social reproduction, through family life, insertion in the world of the work, information and received social education. So, the capital explores all of them, but the gender relations create to the capital, the possibility of a different degree of exploration, becoming this way, the women main victims herself / Procurou-se com esse estudo, investigar a divis?o sexual do trabalho numa cadeia de fast food em Natal/RN. Esses aspectos foram analisados juntamente com as formas de organiza??o do trabalho, sendo realizado um estudo de caso. O principal objetivo dessa pesquisa consistiu em analisar a influ?ncia das rela??es de g?nero na inser??o de homens e mulheres no mercado de trabalho e analisar a quest?o da submiss?o feminina no mundo do trabalho. Buscou-se estudar tais quest?es, considerando o atual est?gio do capitalismo mundial, a partir das caracter?sticas do processo de flexibiliza??o produtiva e do crescimento do setor de servi?os. A pesquisa foi realizada com um grupo de trabalhadores e trabalhadoras lotados/as nos setores da produ??o, atendimento, ger?ncia e recursos humanos na loja de fast food Restfood, sendo entrevistados/as 6 (seis) trabalhadores/as. Atrav?s de nossa pesquisa, pode-se constatar a perman?ncia da divis?o sexual do trabalho no interior dos processos produtivos do Restfood, que coloca a mulher em condi??o subalterna em rela??o ao homem. Esse resultado se confirma se considerarmos que as mulheres, na referida cadeia de alimentos, ocupam, prioritariamente, a fun??o de gar?onete e nesta, n?o h? progress?o funcional, enquanto seus colegas homens, por ocuparem outras fun??es, podem progredir dentro da empresa. Constatou-se tamb?m que, em um contexto de mundializa??o do capital, desregulamentamenta??o e desrespeito dos direitos trabalhista, o capital age sem nenhum respeito aos/as trabalhadores/as. Foi o que se observou e se ouviu nas falas dos/as entrevistados/as: a precariza??o das condi??es de trabalho e o constante desrespeito dos direitos trabalhistas. Dessa forma, pudemos constatar que a precariza??o das condi??es do trabalho atinge homens e mulheres, mas tem uma face mais cruel no que se refere ?s mulheres e esta se reproduz cotidianamente no processo de reprodu??o social, atrav?s da vida familiar, da inser??o no mundo do trabalho, da informa??o e educa??o recebida socialmente. Enfim, o capital explora a todos/as, mas as rela??es de g?nero criam, para o capital, a possibilidade de um grau diferenciado de explora??o, tornando, assim, as mulheres, suas principais v?timas

Cette thèse étudie les conditions de travail des femmes en France afin de rendre compte de la difficulté à envisager puis établir des liens entre ces conditions et le développement de certains cancers. Ceci implique de s’intéresser à la façon dont les différences biologiques et culturelles servent d’argument pour expliquer les particularités féminines face au cancer. Ainsi, à partir d’une approche analytique de la division sexuelle du travail cette recherche vise à comprendre pourquoi l’hypothèse de l’existence des atteintes cancérogènes à la santé au travail ne serait plausible que pour expliquer l’origine des cancers dont souffrent des hommes. A partir de quels éléments invalide-t-on l’hypothèse d’une étiologie professionnelle dans l’explication des cancers dont souffrent des femmes ? S’appuie-t-on sur des différences concrètes, empiriques et contextualisées ou assiste-t-on plutôt à un processus de différenciation construit par un jeu de mise en visibilisation/invisibilisation du travail des hommes et des femmes ?Cette thèse soutient que les femmes sont concernées par un phénomène d’invisibilisation des atteintes cancérogènes à leur santé au travail. Les processus de différenciation des hommes et des femmes se (re)produisent aux niveaux macro, méso et microsocial ; ils se situent au niveau de la construction de la connaissance, de la production des conditions pour la reconnaissance de la maladie professionnelle, au niveau des mobilisations sociales, ainsi qu’au niveau du rapport subjectif des travailleur-se-s au travail et aux risques. / This thesis investigates women’s working conditions in France to give an account of the difficulties of establishing links between those conditions and the development of certain cancers. This investigation implies getting familiar with the ways biological and cultural differences are being held as arguments to explain feminine particularities of cancers. Using a sexual division of labour approach, this research aims to understand why the hypothesis of carcinogenic harms to health in the workplace would only be plausible to explain men’s cancers. Which elements are used to undermine the professional etiology in the explication of women’s cancers? Are we taking into account concrete, empirical and contextualized differences or is it a differentiation process, constructed in a visibilization/invisibilization interplay of men’s and women’s work?This thesis claims that women are affected by an invisibilization phenomenon of the carcinogenic harms to their health in the workplace. The processes of differentiation between men and women are (re)producing themselves at macro, meso and microsocial levels; they are present in the construction of knowledge, in the production of conditions for recognition of the occupational disease, in social mobilisations and in the subjective relation between the individuals and their work and risks

Cette thèse explore les rôles rituels et sociaux des femmes au Tadjikistan et s’appuie sur seize mois d’enquête de terrain en zones urbaines et rurales. Deux fils conducteurs structurent l’analyse. Le premier porte sur la construction des féminités dans la société tadjike, tout particulièrement au regard du statut (acquis, perdu, reconquis) de femme mariée, extrêmement déterminant dans l’organisation des relations sociales. Le second interroge les rôles des femmes dans la reproduction familiale et sociale, tout particulièrement dans l’économie rituelle et matrimoniale. L’ensemble s’attache à montrer, au prisme des parcours matrimoniaux aujourd’hui extrêmement hachés des femmes, les négociations et adaptations de la société tadjike contemporaine aux bouleversements qu’elle a connus ces vingt dernières années : disparition de l’URSS, entrée dans l’économie de marché, la Guerre civile (1992-1997) et les migrations massives des hommes vers la Russie. Les enjeux ambivalents révélés par les mariages – étudiés comme performance, comme statut et comme relation – sont étudiés à deux niveaux : au niveau des femmes, pour qui le mariage constitue une ressource fondamentale autant qu’un carcan patriarcal ; et à celui des familles, pour qui le mariage est à la fois une obligation sociale et le lieu d’une contestation possible des hiérarchies en place. Située au croisement des études de genre, de parenté, d’économie rituelle et des recherches sur l’aire post-soviétique, cette thèse propose de saisir comment les transformations socioéconomiques récentes ont affecté les représentations et les relations de genre d’une part, et celles au sein de la famille, d’autre part. / This dissertation explores social and ritual roles of women in Tajikistan, based on a sixteen-month fieldwork conducted in both urban and rural areas. Two main threads structure the analysis. The first one addresses the construction of femininities in Tajik society, especially regarding their status (acquired, lost and conquered again) of “married woman” – which is extremely decisive for them to organize their social life. The second questions women’s roles in family and social reproduction, especially regarding ritual and matrimonial economy. Overall, this dissertation aims at showing that analyzing uneven and irregular women’s matrimonial itineraries reveals how negotiations and adaptations of Tajik society to ongoing transformations have been proceeding – following the upheavals this society has been going through: the breakdown of the USSR, the integration to market economy, the Civil war (1992-1997) and the wide migratory fluxes of men going to Russia. The ambiguous stakes contained in marriage – understood as a performance, a status and a relation – are analyzed at two levels: at the level of women, for whom marriage remains a crucial resource as much as a patriarchal constrain; and at the level of families, for whom marriage is both a social necessity and the opportunity to challenge former hierarchies. Located at the crossroad of gender studies, kinship, ritual economy and post-Soviet studies, this dissertation aims at understanding how recent socioeconomic transformations affect gender representations and relations, on the one hand, and those of family, on the other.