Title: “I did not deserve that, nobody does” - A qualitative study about the effect of generational affiliation on abused women’s role exit.   Authors: Emelie Jonsson and Shirin Tousi. This study intends to gain understanding about the process of role exit for women who once lived in violent and abusive close relationships, and what the generation the women belong to may mean. The empirical data is based on women’s histories and experiences of living in and leaving violent relationships. The data has been collected through a qualitative method. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 women, of which half took place with women aged 20-30 and half with women aged 50-60. To understand the empirical data three different theoretical perspectives have been chosen. The theories that have been chosen are Yvonne Hirdmans’ (2004) theory about gender structures, Helen Rose Ebaughs’ (1988) theory about the process of role exit and lastly Clary Krekula and Barbro Johansson’s (2017) generational perspective. Some of the theoretical concepts that have been used in order to gain understanding of the women’s experiences are gender relations, hierarchy, dichotomy, gender contract, role exit and generation.   The results of this, show that generational affiliation has a notable impact on women’s exit from violent close relationships. The first question is, In what way does generational affiliation affect women's initial thoughts of wanting to leave a violent relationship? The results show that women's generational belonging affected their first initial thoughts about leaving the violent relationship greatly. Women who belong to the younger generation are more individualistic in their way of thinking and acting, whilst women who belong to the older generation are guided and moulded by their close surroundings.  The second question in this study is, What significance does generational affiliation have on women’s actual exit from violent relationships? This study’s results show that the generation one belongs to is of great importance for a woman's actual exit from violent relationships, but the effect is expressed differently within the two different generations. The women from the older generation do not act on their own needs and wants but on the needs of their children and family. The women who belong to the younger generation are more individualists and choose to leave the violent relationships as a result of violent incidents that have harmed them personally.   The third question discussed in this study is, In what way has one’s generation affected the women after their exit from the violent relationships? The results show that the women from the younger generation have been able to move on after exit from the violent relationships, whilst the women from the older generation have gotten stuck in a hangover identity from their ex-role of being exposed to violence.

Grâce à une enquête réalisée auprès de policiers et de magistrats du parquet portant sur le traitement pénal des femmes présumées auteures d’infractions à la législation sur les stupéfiants (ILS), la thèse propose une réflexion sur la place du genre dans les processus de mise en œuvre de la loi pénale. En prêtant attention aux rôles que jouent à la fois le genre des justiciables et celui des acteurs pénaux (en lien avec les représentations sociales sexuées qui traversent leurs cultures professionnelles), ce travail questionne le rôle du genre dans les processus de sélection de la « clientèle policière » et de construction de la population judiciarisée, en faisant dialoguer sociologies des institutions pénales, de la quantification et des rapports sociaux de sexe. La première partie de la thèse montre que les femmes sont très peu visibles dans les affaires d’ILS, à la fois du point de vue de la statistique publique (traitement secondaire de l’état 4001, traitement primaire de données collectées auprès des services spécialisés de police) et dans les discours des acteurs pénaux. En approfondissant l’analyse des représentations des professionnels au sujet des femmes et de leur délinquance, la deuxième partie fait état d’un contraste sexué, professionnellement situé, s’agissant de l’étiologie de la délinquance des femmes et de leur degré de responsabilité pénale : les policiers (majoritairement des hommes) tendent à déresponsabiliser les femmes et contribuent ainsi à les invisibiliser ; en regard, les magistrats (majoritairement des femmes) les responsabilisent plus fortement et forment le vœu de les impliquer. Enfin, une troisième partie, qui s’attache aux facteurs organisationnels et institutionnels, montre dans quelle mesure l’autonomie policière et le carcan temporel de l’appareil pénal viennent renforcer, voire coproduire l’invisibilisation des femmes dans la délinquance. Finalement, le genre apparait comme un registre de normativité œuvrant parmi d’autres dans la mécanique pénale et participant d’une dynamique sexuellement différenciée de mise en visibilité du phénomène délinquant. La thèse étaye donc l’hypothèse selon laquelle il existerait un processus d’invisibilisation des femmes délinquantes en matière d’ILS, qui les écarte des procédures pénales et conséquemment des statistiques publiques, contribuant ainsi à donner un genre (masculin) à la délinquance et par là même, à reproduire les distinctions stéréotypées entre le féminin et le masculin. / Based on a survey conducted among police officers and prosecutors about the penal treatment of women alleged authors of breaches of drug legislation (BDL), the thesis offers a reflection on the role of gender in the process of criminal law enforcement. By paying attention to the effect of litigants’ and penal actors’ gender (linked to the gendered social representations of their professional cultures), this work questions the role of gender in the selection process of “police’s customers” and in the construction process of the judicialized population, by making interact sociologies of penal institutions, quantification and of gender relations. The first part of the thesis shows that women are not much visible in cases of BDL, in a statistical point of view (secondary processing of the database “Etat 4001”, primary processing of data collected from Police specialized services) and in penal actors’ speeches. By deepening the analysis of the professionals’ representations about women and their delinquency, the second part reports a sexed contrast, professionally located, about the sources of women’s delinquency and of their degree of criminal responsibility : police officers (mainly men) tend to remove all responsibilities from women and contribute their invisibility ; on the contrary, prosecutors (mainly women) tend to stress women's responsibilities and wish to show their involvement in cases. The third part, about organizational and institutional factors, shows in which way police autonomy and the shrinking time-frame of the penal system strengthen and even coproduce women’s invisibility in delinquency. Finally, gender appears as a norm register working among others in the penal machine and participating in a sexually differentiated dynamic of putting in visibility on delinquency. Therefore, the thesis supports the hypothesis that a process of invisibilization of delinquent women in BDL exists and that this process excludes women from penal procedures and consequently from public statistics, contributing thereby to giving a gender (masculine) to delinquency and at the same time, to reproducing stereotyped distinctions between the feminine and the masculine.

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[pt] Esta dissertação apresenta os relatos das experiências e práticas oriundas das propostas de atividades didáticas desenvolvidas nas aulas de História no 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental, que visam compreender a dinâmica interrelacional entre a mulher, a família e o trabalho. Considerando os conteúdos pertinentes a esse ano de escolaridade trabalhados em sala, a participação e envolvimento femininos nos diferentes processos históricos, assim como seus feitos, foram destacados de modo a elevar o entendimento discente ao status analítico e reflexivo. Desta forma, capaz de promover compreensão acerca dos desdobramentos sociopolíticos, culturais e econômicos tecidos nesses mesmos cenários, de acordo com as proposições desta dissertação. Tendo como estratégia a exibição de filmes que apresentam uma abordagem voltada às condições de trabalho e não reconhecimento desse enquanto elemento fundamental ao desenvolvimento e estruturação socioeconômica, as atividades laborais femininas, profissionais e domésticas foram analisadas a fim de trazer luz acerca do protagonismo e produções femininas, tanto no espaço público, quanto no privado, levando em consideração a concomitância e relevância dessa dupla atuação por parte das mulheres. As aulas ministradas a partir da narrativa protagonista da mulher, assim como as reflexões e debates realizados, viabilizaram, de modo estratégico, a desconstrução e desnaturalização da ideia de atividades exclusivamente masculinas e femininas, sob a ótica da tradicional divisão sexual do trabalho. Neste sentido, este estudo buscou promover a transformação e reestruturação das ideias e conceitos oriundos da construção cultural dos sistemas patriarcais. / [en] This master s thesis presents the reports of the experiences and practices arising from the proposed didactic activities developed in History classes in the 9th grade of Elementary School, which aim to understand the interrelational dynamics between women, family and work. Considering the contents pertinent to this school year worked in class, female participation and involvement in the different historical processes, as well as their achievements, were highlighted in order to raise the student s understanding to the analytical and reflective status. Thus, able to promote understanding about the socio-political, cultural and economic developments woven in these same scenarios, according to the propositions of this master s thesis. Having as a strategy the exhibition of films that present an approach focused on working conditions and not recognizing it as a fundamental element in the socioeconomic development and structuring, the female professional and domestic work activities were analyzed in order to shed light on the female protagonism and female productions, both in public and private spaces, taking into account the concomitance and relevance of this double performance on the part of women. The classes taught from the woman s protagonist narrative, as well as the reflections and debates carried out, made it possible, in a strategic way, to deconstruct and denaturalize the idea of exclusively male and female activities, under the perspective of the traditional sexual division of labor. Therefore, promoting the transformation and restructuring of ideas and concepts arising from the cultural construction of patriarchal systems.

Background: In South Africa (SA), women with breast cancer (BC) present to the health care system at advanced stages of the disease, resulting in poor prognosis. Limited awareness of the disease, large distances to health care centers, and lack of affordable transportation have all been implicated as factors delaying presentation. In addition, women in SA have limited social and financial independence, which may make it difficult for them to resolve their own health care needs. Despite this, little is known about what South African male partners know about breast cancer and what role they play in their partner’s access to health care. Methods: This interpretive qualitative case study, guided by the theoretical framework of hegemonic masculinity(ies), used semi-structured interviews to investigate perceptions and knowledge of BC and gender norms in regards to health care access in a group of black South African males (n=20) in long-term heterosexual relationships living in a resource-poor setting. Interview data was analyzed using thematic analysis and compared to observational data collected through opportunities with local BC organizations. Results: Participants demonstrated very little knowledge of breast cancer and cancer in general. Some specific misconceptions about cancer are reported, including confusion between cancer and HIV. Participants were positive about receiving health care for cancer but are burdened by barriers to reaching care and a lack of access to information about the disease. The men describe themselves as playing an active, mostly positive role in their partner’s access to health care. They demonstrate perspectives about gender relations that defy hegemonic forms of masculinity. Conclusions: Major public health efforts are required to increase awareness of BC in order to encourage earlier presentation to the healthcare system. These efforts should recognize the importance of the male partner in women’s health issues. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / In South Africa, women with breast cancer often do not reach the conventional healthcare system until the disease has progressed significantly and chances of survival are poor. This occurs because of a lack of knowledge about the disease and large distances to health care centers. Furthermore, in the male-dominated society of South Africa, women have limited independence. Therefore, this study sought to determine what men in South African know about breast cancer and how they are involved in their partner’s access to health care. Interviews were conducted with 20 men living in a resource-poor setting. The men portrayed little knowledge and specific misconceptions about breast cancer and cancer in general. They appear to be playing an active and mostly positive role in their partner’s access to health care. Public health efforts should increase awareness of the disease and recognize the significant role of the male partner in women’s health issues.

Agricultural sustainability is critical global agenda, integrating environmental stewardship and social equity, with scale production and gender dynamics significantly influencing the social-ecological-spatial relations on farms. Nevertheless, the relationships between scale production and gender dynamics of farms are missing in existing literature. Through the lens of Feminist Political Ecology and care ethics, and with an emphasis on scale, this thesis focuses on forces across scales that can influence the socio-ecological transformations of different farms and women farmers’ embodied experiences within and beyond farms. Through life-course interviews with women farmers and document analysis of agricultural policies at local, regional, and national levels, this thesis investigates small-scale and large- scale farm cases in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region of China. This thesis indicates that social relations are deeply intertwined with environmental processes, where the scale of farms is produced and manipulated by governance power, metabolism between places, and individuals’ trajectories. While facing challenges of labor exploitation, women farmers embrace care ethics to contribute to human-nature and interpersonal connections, shaping the sustainable development of farms. Women farmers’ care practices reflect how they navigate the constructed patriarchal hierarchy in agricultural activities, involving the tensions between empowerment and subordination. The research suggests that integrating care ethics with the politics of scale can provide a comprehensive understanding of gender dynamics in agricultural socio-ecological transitions.

Introduction Nutrition transition concerns the broad changes in the human diet that have occurred over time and space. In low- to middle-income countries such as Indonesia, nutrient transition describes shifts from traditional diets high in cereal and fibre towards Western pattern diets high in sugars, fat, and animal-source foods. This causes a swift increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity while undernutrition remains a great public health concern. Thus a double burden of malnutrition occurs in the population. The main aim of this investigation was to explore social and contextual determinants of malnutrition in Indonesia. The specific objectives were: (i) to examine body mass index (BMI) changes at the population level, and between and within socioeconomic groups; (ii) to estimate which context (i.e., household or district) has a greater effect on the variation of BMI; (iii) to assess the prevalence of double burden households (defined as the coexistence of underweight and overweight individuals residing in the same household) and its variation among communities as well as its determining factors; and (iv) to explore and understand what contributes to a double burden of malnutrition within a household by focusing on gender relations. Methods A mixed method approach was adopted in this study. For the quantitative analyses, nationally representative repeated cross-sectional survey data from four Indonesian Family Life Surveys (IFLS; 1993, 1997, 2000, 2007) were used. The IFLS contains information about individual-level, household-level and area-level characteristics. The analyses covered single and multilevel regressions. Data for the qualitative component were collected from sixteen focus group discussions conducted in Central Java and in the capital city Jakarta among 123 rural and urban men and women. Connell’s relational theory of gender and Charmaz’s constructive grounded theory were used to analyse the qualitative data. Results Greater increases in BMI were observed at higher percentiles compared to the segment of the population at lower percentiles. While inequalities in mean BMI decreased between socioeconomic groups, within group dispersion increased over time. Households were identified as an important social context in which the variation of BMI increased over time. Ignoring the household level did not change the relative variance contribution of districts on BMI in the contextual analysis. Approximately one-fifth of all households exhibited a double burden of malnutrition. Living in households with a higher socioeconomic status resulted in higher odds of double burden of malnutrition with the exception of women-headed households and communities with high social capital. The qualitative analysis resulted in the construction of three categories: capturing the significance of gendered power relations, the emerging obesogenic environment, and generational relations for child malnutrition. Conclusion At the population level, greater increases in within-group inequalities imply that growing inequalities in BMI were not merely driven by socioeconomic factors. This suggests that other under-recognised social and contextual factors may have a greater effect on the variation in BMI. At the contextual level, recognition of increased variation among households is important for creating strategies that respond to the differential needs of individuals within the same household. At the household level, women’s empowerment and community social capital should be promoted to reduce inequalities in the double burden of malnutrition across different socioeconomic groups. Ultimately community health and nutrition programmes will need to address gender empowerment and engage men in the fight against the emerging obesogenic environment and increased malnutrition that is evident within households, especially overweight and obesity among children.

Depuis les débuts de la deuxième vague féministe, la participation quasi-universelle des femmes au marché du travail a causé la perte, pour les pères de famille, du rôle de pourvoyeur exclusif que ces derniers avaient tenu depuis si longtemps. Les femmes hétérosexuelles de la société contemporaine sont dorénavant plus scolarisées et atteignent des carrières plus avancées que leurs contreparties masculines. Alors que les femmes soutiennent davantage la famille par leurs emplois, les hommes doivent proportionnellement assumer des rôles plus actifs et participatifs à la maison. En cette période de transition, de transformation et de redéfinition rapides des rôles genrés à l’intérieur de l’économie familiale hétérosexuelle, les pères participent de manière plus équitable à l’éducation des enfants et à l’entretien du domicile, ces rôles ayant longtemps été attribués presque exclusivement aux femmes. Ces nouvelles responsabilités détonnent avec les représentations stéréotypées des hommes dans la culture populaire, ainsi qu’avec les modèles d’identification de la masculinité normative que les hommes ont requis et requièrent toujours sous l’égide de l’hétérosexualité imposée. De ce fait, les hommes occidentaux de moins de cinquante ans se trouvent souvent à cheval entre deux mondes d’exigences concurrentes. La place que peuvent et doivent prendre les pères au sein de leurs familles requiert un questionnement critique. L’ironie de la place du père peut être comprise comme la tension entre les normes du genre rétrogrades ou conservatrices et les exigences – à la fois politiques et pragmatiques – de la masculinité de la classe moyenne contemporaine. Cette tension fondamentale et structurante de la masculinité contemporaine est vécue par l’anxiété d’association au genre, ainsi qu’à travers des difficultés filiales, paternelles et intergénérationnelles. Ce mémoire de maîtrise adopte une approche déconstructiviste envers l’analyse de constructions contemporaines de la masculinité reproductive. À travers les gender studies, la théorie queer ainsi que la psychanalyse, le mémoire offre des lectures analytiques du discours de croissance personnelle de John Stoltenberg, de la fiction autobiographique de Karl Ove Knausgaard, ainsi que de la série télévisée américaine Dexter. / Since the onset of second-wave feminism, the nearly universal participation of women in the labour market has loosened fathers’ grip on the role of exclusive household provider that they had held for so long. Increasingly, heterosexual women in contemporary society have higher levels of education and more advanced careers than their male partners; in direct proportion as women are breadwinners, men are required to assume more active, participatory domestic roles. In this time of rapid transition, transformation, and redefinition of gender roles within the heterosexual domestic economy, fathers participate more equitably in raising children and homemaking, roles that historically and culturally had long been assigned exclusively to women. These new responsibilities sit uneasily with popular culture’s stereotypical representation of men, and with identificatory models of normative masculinity that men have required under the auspices of compulsory heterosexuality. Consequently, western men younger than fifty often find themselves straddling two worlds of competing imperatives. The place that fathers can and must take in their families requires a critical inquiry. The irony of the father’s place can be understood as the tension between retrograde or conservative gender norms and the demands – both political and pragmatic – of contemporary middle-class masculinity. This underlying, structuring tension of contemporary masculinity is experienced in gender alignment anxiety, along with filial, paternal, and inter-generational difficulties. This thesis adopts a deconstructionist approach to the analysis of contemporary constructions of reproductive masculinity. Working among gender studies, queer theory, and psychoanalysis, it offers analytical readings of the ‘self-help’ discourses of John Stoltenberg, the fictional autobiography of Karl Ove Knausgaard, and the American television series, Dexter.

Les corps de direction de l’administration pénitentiaire, à l’instar des cadres de la fonction publique, connaissent un processus remarquable de féminisation. Bien que nombreuses - les directrices représentent environ 45% de l’encadrement - et très diplômées, elles restent rares à occuper des postes à hautes responsabilités et sont, au contraire, surreprésentées dans des activités de cadre intermédiaire. En ce sens, les directeurs pénitentiaires ne font pas figure d’exception dans les professions de l’encadrement de la fonction publique ou du secteur privé. Qu’il s’agisse des Directeurs des Services Pénitentiaires ou des Directeurs Pénitentiaires d’Insertion et de Probation, leurs parcours restent en conformité avec les rôles de sexes attribués aux hommes et aux femmes. Ces dernières, prioritairement assignées à la sphère familiale tentent de concilier au mieux carrière et vie privée tandis que les directeurs, dans les pas de leurs prédécesseurs, perpétuent le triptyque au fondement de leur identité professionnelle : autorité, mobilité, disponibilité. A l’appui d’une analyse quantitative exhaustive et d’une enquête par entretiens menée auprès de 22 personnels de direction, nous observons l’existence d’un plafond de verre et une distribution genrée des emplois, résultant de freins organisationnels et de représentations sexuées d’une fonction considérée encore comme masculine. Les différentes réformes qu’a connues l’administration pénitentiaire, visant à moderniser cette institution, ont introduit néanmoins des changements dans la manière d’exercer la fonction et ont probablement favorisé la féminisation du métier. Pour autant, ces avancées apparaissent encore trop ténues et récentes pour remettre en question les schémas d’une division sexuelle du travail séculaire et déverrouiller tous les accès à l’égalité professionnelle pour les femmes. La persistance des stéréotypes, réactivée par une mixité essentialisée, reste un obstacle majeur d’autant que la féminisation des corps de direction provoque des inquiétudes, et des résistances, plus ou moins visibles. / The management corps of prison administration, like public service management, is experiencing a remarkable process of feminization. Although numerous, female directors represent 45% of the managers and very qualified, they rarely hold high responsibility positions and are on the contrary over represented as middle managers. In this sense, prison authority directors are not an exception in public service administration or private sector management. Whether penitentiary service directors or integration and probation directors, their backgrounds are in accordance with the gender roles attributed to men and women. The later (women), primarily assigned to the family sphere, try to best conciliate career and private life whereas male managers following in the footsteps of their predecessors, perpetuate the three foundations of professional identity: authority, mobility, availability. In support of a comprehensive quantitative analysis and interviews conducted with 22 managers, we observe a glass of ceiling and gender distribution of jobs, resulting from organization brakes and gender representations for functions still considered as masculine. The various reforms experienced by the prison administration to modernize this institution, have nevertheless introduced changes in how to exercise the function and probably favored the feminization of the profession. However, these advances still appear too tenuous and recent to challenge the patterns of sexual division of labor unlock all access to equal opportunities for women. The persistence of stereotypes, reactivated by an essentialized mix, remains a major obstacle, especially as the feminization of the management profession causes concern and resistance, more or less visible.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi refletir sobre a dimensão feminina na campesinidade e a importância de sua valorização para a incorporação dos aspectos sócio-culturais na prática agroecológica. A agroecologia pode ser definida como um campo de estudos de caráter multidisciplinar, que tem como objetivo articular o saber-fazer científico ao saber-fazer das comunidades rurais, como forma de potencializar práticas sustentáveis de agricultura. Como movimento de oposição ao processo de modernização da agricultura, busca recuperar as condições socioambientais perturbadas por este e viabilizar a construção de uma realidade sustentável. Contudo, tem-se constatado atualmente que a prática agroecológica brasileira tem sido realizada de maneira restrita, limitando-se principalmente a aspectos técnicos, insuficiente à realização da transformação pretendida teoricamente. Neste trabalho analisou-se, portanto, as possibilidades da campesinidade, e particularmente a valorização da sua dimensão feminina, contribuir para efetivar o projeto agroecológico de construção da sustentabilidade. Para tanto, realizou-se: (1) um estudo sobre as diferentes concepções teóricas da agroecologia e suas possibilidades de articulação para construção de uma proposta de agroecologia plena; (2) uma análise teórica sobre o campesinato e as características da campesinidade, de uma perspectiva de gênero, como fundamentação para a pesquisa de campo; (3) análises empíricas sobre campesinidade, relações de gênero na unidade familiar de produção e prática agroecológica, em duas realidades distintas: a região do Vale do Ribeira/SP e o município de Joanópolis/SP; e finalmente, (4) uma reflexão sobre as potencialidades de contribuição da dimensão feminina e da campesinidade para a construção da agroecologia plena. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada através de observação participante e realização de entrevistas abertas, buscando diversas formas de reduzir a distância existente entre pesquisadores e pesquisados. Como conclusão, constatou-se que (1) o processo de modernização da agricultura causou efeitos perturbadores à campesinidade e às relações de gênero, mas que, ainda assim, (2) é possível encontrar elementos de campesinidade nas realidades transformadas por esse processo. No entanto, (3) as iniciativas agroecológicas estudadas não alcançaram as condições necessárias para transcender os efeitos desta modernização sobre a organização sócio-cultural camponesa, especialmente no que se refere à masculinização dos processos familiares de produção. Finalmente, sugeriu-se que, quanto ao procedimento metodológico, a antropologia tem muito a contribuir com a construção de uma agroecologia plena. / The aim of this research was to reflect about the feminine dimension inside rural communities and the importance of feminine valorization looking to incorporate socio cultural aspects in agroecological practice. Agroecology can be defined as a multidisciplinary field of study that aims to articulate the scientific know-how with the rural communities know-how, as a way to strengthen sustainable practices in agriculture. As an opposition movement against the agricultural modernization process, it seeks to recover socio environmental conditions disturbed by it and facilitate the construction of a sustainable reality. However, it has been confirmed that agroecolgy has been practiced in a restricted way, limiting it to technical aspects that are not enough to reach the aimed theoretical transformation. Therefore, the contribution of rural communities, especially regarding feminine valorization was analyzed looking to see its contributions to the execution of an agroecological project for the construction of sustainability. Looking to achieve the objectives of this research, the following analysis were made: (1) a study about the different theoretical conceptions about agroecolgy and its articulation possibilities to construct a full agroecological proposal; (2) a theoretical analysis about rural communities and its characteristics from a gender perspective, as the basis for the field study; (3) empirical analysis about rural communities, gender relations inside the family production unit and agroecological practice in two different realities: Vale do Ribeira region SP, Brazil and Joanópolis municipality SP, Brazil; finally, (4) a reflection about the potentialities of feminine dimension contribution and of rural communities for the construction of a full agroecolgy. Field research was carried out by means of participant observation and open interviews, looking to reduce the distance between the researcher and the researched in several ways. To conclude it can be stated that (1) the agriculture modernization process caused disturbing effects to rural communities and to gender relations, but, even so (2) it is possible to find rural elements in the realities modified by this process. However, (3) the analyzed agroecological initiatives did not achieve the necessary conditions to transcend the effects of this modernization inside the rural socio cultural organization, especially regarding the masculinization of family production processes. Finally, it is suggested that anthropology can make a great contribution to the construction of a full agroecolgy, regarding the methodological procedure.