The dissertation work deals with the issue of grammatical problems, the importance of grammar, especially with the concept of specific set of words in which writing "y" instead of "i" is obligatory. The theoretical part contains the brief summary of the Czech grammar and the function of grammar. The research part of the thesis includes the research concerning knowledge of pupils at primary and secondary school. The practical part focuses on methods, forms of work and motivating games, which are useful for improving the effect of learning the specific set of words. The practical part also contains the worksheets for the pupils of primary and secondary school.

Submitted by Jéssica Franceschini (jessicaxfranceschini@gmail.com) on 2018-06-16T01:58:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação JF.pdf: 65104456 bytes, checksum: b75d61675d0d1ea5fcf750b781f0b546 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Priscila Carreira B Vicentini null (priscila@fclar.unesp.br) on 2018-06-18T14:20:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 franceschini_j_me_arafcl.pdf: 65099672 bytes, checksum: 4b646f9d4f9bf72f41c55d93f0450e59 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-18T14:20:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 franceschini_j_me_arafcl.pdf: 65099672 bytes, checksum: 4b646f9d4f9bf72f41c55d93f0450e59 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / RESUMO - A partir de estudos como os de Schmidt (1990) e Batstone (1994), compreendemos que a aprendizagem de línguas não poderia ocorrer sem a conscientização. Desse modo, a percepção consciente de formas e sentidos seria condição necessária para o primeiro passo no processo de aprendizagem da gramática da língua, além de facilitar a aprendizagem de outros aspectos. Devido à relevância deste tema em relação ao ensino de inglês como língua estrangeira, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar uma proposta baseada em atividades de atenção focada à gramática ou noticing by the learner (BATSTONE, 1994) e verificar se os alunos-participantes de um curso de inglês como língua estrangeira de nível intermediário conseguem atentar para a gramática e perceber a relação entre a forma e o significado da língua. Trata-se, portanto, de uma pesquisa qualitativa e interpretativista. Com a intenção de entender se os alunos-participantes conseguiram atentar para as regularidades entre forma e significado da língua nas atividades propostas, analisamos as suas respostas às atividades de noticing by the learner elaboradas, além das respostas coletadas de questionários e entrevistas. Objetivamos também considerar e analisar as percepções e opiniões tanto da professora-pesquisadora como dos alunos-participantes sobre o ensino e aprendizagem de gramática, após a aplicação das atividades baseadas na proposta de noticing by the learner (BATSTONE, 1994). Por meio deste estudo, pode-se indicar que a proposta de noticing by the learner facilitou a percepção de certos aspectos gramaticais pelos alunos-participantes. Com relação à opinião dos alunos-participantes sobre as atividades de noticing by the learner, verificamos que, embora tenham reconhecido em nossa proposta uma nova maneira de se refletir sobre a língua, houve preferência por atividades ou explicações gramaticais dedutivas e explícitas, tendo o professor como transmissor das informações de cunho gramatical. Como esta pesquisa teve o foco em atividades de noticing by the learner, sem no entanto, trabalhar com os aspectos notados no uso da língua, acreditamos que uma possível investigação futura poderia discutir o noticing em conjunto com tarefas que possibilitassem a prática comunicativa por parte dos alunos, a fim de verificar se os aspectos notados foram internalizados a ponto de aparecerem na produção dos participantes. / ABSTRACT - Taking both Schmidt (1990) and by Batstone (1994) studies into consideration, we can understand that learning does not take place without noticing. Therefore, the process of consciousness-raising of form and meaning is a necessary condition for the grammar learning process, and it is facilitative for other aspects of learning. Due to the relevance of this topic in English as a foreign language teaching, the aim of this research is to analyze the application of activities based on noticing by the learner (BATSTONE, 1994) and to verify if the participants of an English as a foreign language course could perceive the relation between form and meaning in such activities. The methodology used in this research is, therefore, qualitative and interpretative. In order to understand if the participants were able to see grammatical regularities and notice the relation between form and meaning with noticing activities, we analyzed the participants’ answers to the noticing by the learner activities. We also aimed to take the teacher-researcher and the participants’ views and opinions on grammar teaching and learning after having done the noticing by the learner activities (BATSTONE, 1994). It was observed that the noticing by the learner activities helped participants to notice certain grammatical aspects. As for the participants’ opinions on the activities, we could observe that even though they recognized the potential of reflecting about language with noticing by the learner, they expressed a preference for deductive and explicit grammar explanations in which the teacher acts as the one who transmits the grammar knowledge to students. Since this research focused on noticing by the learner activities unconnected to the noticed language aspects in real use, we believe that a future investigation could consider noticing together with tasks that would enable learners to put the noticed language into practice as to verify if the participants were able to not only notice the grammatical features, but to internalize them and also make these features appear in their output during production activities. / 133552/2016-0

Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2017-06-14T19:12:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseHTS.pdf: 3459753 bytes, checksum: eddf35e95e55b0d7aad59cdb3d1023e2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-06-27T19:11:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseHTS.pdf: 3459753 bytes, checksum: eddf35e95e55b0d7aad59cdb3d1023e2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-06-27T19:11:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseHTS.pdf: 3459753 bytes, checksum: eddf35e95e55b0d7aad59cdb3d1023e2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-27T19:16:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseHTS.pdf: 3459753 bytes, checksum: eddf35e95e55b0d7aad59cdb3d1023e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-20 / Não recebi financiamento / In Brazil, grammar teaching has drawn attention from Portuguese language teaching scholars and experts over last decades. However, the guidelines on this teaching are not homogeneous, emphasized either by a more normative grammatical view, which focus only the work with the standard language, or, starting from a Linguistics as Science perspective, which considers and works with students’ non-standard varieties. Moreover, often the grammatical notion, approached by teaching materials or official documents, is not explicit or delimited, which maintains almost the exclusive traditional and normative grammatical perspective continuity in the teaching process. Thus, in most cases, Portuguese teachers in Primary/Secondary Education associate grammar with Traditional and Normative Grammar. Considering also that contemporary Linguistics presuppositions influenced the teaching of Portuguese language, but had not had the same force in relation specifically to grammatical teaching, we aim, with this investigation, at understanding how non-exclusively scientific and academic factors, but institutional, social and even intellectual influences in teaching practice building social representations about what is to teach grammar in the school context. To do this, we recovered grammar studies development since its emergence in Classical Antiquity and analyzed how different language conceptions influenced language teaching. To reach our objectives, we developed a qualitative investigation, with interpretative lens, through notions of the clinical method and artificial participant observation. We collected data from our corpus through comments posted in virtual learning environments by teachers participating in a university extension course offered by us, about grammatical approaches and Portuguese language teaching. In data analysis, we used the Ginzburg’s indiciary paradigm. Our analysis have shown that teachers are aware of their teaching role regarding to standard language teaching and generally begin work on students' knowledge and linguistic varieties. Also they demonstrated the contemporary academic and scientific orientations on grammatical teaching, present in official documents such as the Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais para a Língua Portuguesa. However, due to a tense work context, strongly influenced by social and institutional issues, they develop grammatical teaching practices, trying on their own way to harmoniously associate traditional and normative notions with contemporary scientific and academic orientations. Also have our analysis shown that teachers are unaware of academic and scientific grammars. Lastly, our research has allowed us to verify that teachers’ social representations influence the grammatical work which they develop, maintaining, to a certain extent, the traditional and normative perspective, although they demonstrate to know contemporary theories and orientations. In addition, we consider that there is a need for a more explicit and delimited grammar presentation or consistent grammatical approaches with contemporary scientific and academic thinking, in official documents and guidelines, so that there would be a change in the Portuguese language teaching in the country. / Nas últimas décadas, no Brasil, o ensino gramatical recebeu atenção de acadêmicos e especialistas em ensino de língua portuguesa. Contudo, as orientações sobre esse ensino não são homogêneas, enfatizando ora, por um viés mais gramatical normativo, apenas o trabalho com a variante culta e norma-padrão da língua, ora, partindo de uma perspectiva mais próxima da ciência linguística, também a consideração e o trabalho com as variantes não cultas apresentadas pelos estudantes. Ademais, muitas vezes, a noção gramatical abordada por materiais didáticos ou documentos oficiais não é explicitada ou delimitada, o que mantém a continuidade praticamente exclusiva da perspectiva gramatical tradicional e normativa no processo de ensino. Assim, na maioria dos casos, os professores de língua portuguesa da Educação Básica associam gramática à Gramática Tradicional e Normativa. Considerando, ainda, que pressupostos linguísticos contemporâneos influenciaram o ensino de língua portuguesa, mas não tiveram a mesma força em relação ao ensino gramatical, objetivamos com essa investigação compreender como fatores não exclusivamente científicos e acadêmicos, mas institucionais, sociais e mesmo intelectuais influem na prática docente gerando representações sociais acerca do que seja ensinar gramática no contexto escolar. Para tanto, neste trabalho, recuperamos o desenvolvimento dos estudos gramaticais desde seu surgimento na Antiguidade Clássica e analisamos como as concepções linguísticas – enquanto expressão do pensamento, instrumento de comunicação ou processo de interação – influenciam o ensino linguístico. Para alcançarmos nossos objetivos, desenvolvemos uma pesquisa qualitativa, de cunho interpretativista, por meio de noções do método clínico e observação participante artificial. Coletamos os dados de nosso corpus através de comentários postados em ambientes virtuais de aprendizagem por professores participantes do curso de extensão universitária, por nós ofertado, sobre abordagens gramaticais e ensino de língua portuguesa. Na análise dos dados, empregamos o paradigima indiciário. Nossas análises evidenciaram que os professores são conscientes de seu papel docente em relação ao ensino da norma-padrão e da variante culta e, geralmente, partem dos conhecimentos e das variantes linguísticas apresentadas pelos estudantes, e conhecem as orientações acadêmicas e científicas contemporâneas sobre o ensino gramatical, presentes em documentos oficiais, como os Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais para a Língua Portuguesa. Contudo, por trabalharem em um contexto tensivo, fortemente influenciado por questões sociais e institucionais, desenvolvem práticas de ensino gramatical, tentando, a sua maneira, associar harmoniosamente noções tradicionais e normativas a orientações científicas e acadêmicas contemporâneas. Nossas análises também demonstraram que os docentes, em sua maioria, desconhecem gramáticas teóricas científicas. Por fim, nossa pesquisa permitiu-nos verificar que as representações sociais dos professores influem no trabalho gramatical que desenvolvem, mantendo, de certo modo, a perspectiva tradicional e normativa, embora demonstrem conhecer teorias e orientações linguísticas contemporâneas. Além disso, consideramos que há a necessidade de apresentação mais explícita e delimitada de gramáticas ou abordagens gramaticais coerentes com o pensamento científico e acadêmico contemporâneo em documentos e orientações oficiais, para que, no Brasil, haja mudança no ensino de língua portuguesa.

Cette recherche doctorale relève du domaine de la didactique des langues et des cultures, mais elle s’inspire également du domaine des sciences de l’éducation. Elle a pour objet d’étude les pratiques d’enseignement de la grammaire dans le contexte scolaire de l’Angleterre. La spécificité de ce contexte réside dans le fait que les apprenants font peu, voire pas, de grammaire au cycle primaire. Dès lors, c’est dès l’entrée au collège, avec l’apprentissage de la première langue étrangère, que les élèves sont initiés à des réflexions de type métalinguistique. Notre recherche ambitionne de comprendre de quelle façon les enseignants de langues étrangères amènent les apprenants à développer une conscience métalinguistique dans ce contexte particulier. Nous souhaitons déterminer si les enseignants usent de stratégies particulières pour pallier l’absence de compétences métalinguistiques explicites chez leurs apprenants. Pour cela, nous avons mené une recherche de terrain de nature qualitative et exploratoire en privilégiant une approche holistique, écologique et interdisciplinaire qui prend en compte les leçons de langues étrangères les plus enseignées au collège (allemand, espagnol, français). Les données recueillies ¬ observations de classes et entretiens semi-directifs ¬ ont fait émerger des axes d’analyse qui éclairent les pratiques grammaticales des enseignants et donnent des pistes pour une didactique contextualisée. / This doctoral research work is embedded in the field of applied linguistics but it is also based on Educational Sciences research. Its main goal is to study grammar teaching practices in the school context of England. The specificity of this field lies in the fact that learners are only slightly exposed to explicit grammar learning during primary school. Therefore, they are trained to think about language as they start their first modern foreign language lessons at school. Our research aims at understanding in what ways modern foreign language teachers bring their students to develop their language awareness in this particular context. We wish to figure out whether teachers use peculiar strategies to make up for the lack of metalinguistic awareness of their students. To do so, we conducted an exploratory and qualitative field research built on a holistic, ecological and interdisciplinary approach, taking into account the various foreign languages taught at school (German, Spanish and French). The collected data (MFL classroom observations and teachers semi-structured interviews) has revealed interesting analytical perspectives which bring light on teachers’grammar practices.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:07:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ElisabethSVM_DISSERT.pdf: 1647505 bytes, checksum: ffc186cf1edef21b64780aca230c4cf2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-15 / Focusing on the empirical assessment issue, proposed by Language change theory (cf. cf. WEINREICH; LABOV; HERZOG, 2006; LABOV, [1972] 2008), this research assists to clarifying Portuguese teacher s attitudes in Natal- RN, regarding (a) to proclisis in three specific contexts: in the beginning of a simple/compound sentence (V1), after the subjects (SV), and proclisis after the secondary verb in complex verbal structures (V1V2); (b) to students who use such patterns in usage. Specific contexts were gathered thanks to their representing of the standard variety, as many studies have proven (Martins, 2012; Schei, 2003; Biazzoli, 2010, 2012). The research aims at: (i) verifying by means of a classroom assessment test, whether Portuguese teachers correct proclisis on referred contexts; (ii) identifying, via attitudinal tests what actions teachers take regarding to the usage of standards above mentioned, as well as students as users of those. Twenty Portuguese teachers, picked at random out of different of public schools in Natal-RN, responded to a classroom assessment test in addition to other two attitudinal ones. Results achieved point to a recurring high proclisis correction index of 50% in simple/compound sentences, even though such variety has been implemented to pronominal usage standards in Brazilian Portuguese. This setting of usage was generally assessed negatively, having no commonality between this assessment and the neutral one used by students. Unlike previous setting, the proclisis after subject did not receive any correction of the twenty teachers, what proves coherence with the positive evaluation both the varieties and the students attained. As for the second verb of complex verbal structures, proclisis correction went negative on presenting single results, despite their proximity, with correction indexes of 20% (infinite structures), 10% (present progressive structures) and 25% (participle structures). The assessment on these contexts of proclisis ranged between positive and neutral, also valid for the one students utilized. It means that proclisis in the beginning of simple/compound sentences are yet seemingly spotted in writing school scenario, much likely due to the negative evaluation, opposite to students . Later to subjects and earlier to secondary verbs in structures, proclisis appears to be acknowledged in writing school scenarios, which reflects on teachers assessment as compared to students who use proclisis in these contexts; being in general either positive or neutral / Com foco no problema emp?rico de avalia??o, proposto pela teoria da Varia??o e Mudan?a (cf. Labov, 2008), esta pesquisa contribui para o esclarecimento das atitudes do professor de L?ngua Portuguesa, em Natal RN, em rela??o ? pr?clise em tr?s contextos espec?ficos, na escrita, assim como em rela??o aos alunos que usam tais padr?es de coloca??es: em in?cio de ora??o/per?odo (V1), depois de sujeitos (SV) e a pr?clise ao segundo verbo dos complexos verbais (V1V2). Tais contextos de pr?clise foram selecionados para o estudo porque, apesar de constitu?rem a norma culta do Portugu?s Brasileiro, geralmente, n?o s?o aceitos pelas gram?ticas normativas. A pesquisa teve por objetivos: (i) verificar, por meio de um teste de corre??o de sala de aula, se professores de Portugu?s corrigem a pr?clise nos referidos contextos; (ii) identificar, por meio de um teste de atitude, que atitudes os professores t?m em rela??o aos padr?es de coloca??o citados, assim como aos alunos que utilizam tais padr?es. Vinte professores de L?ngua Portuguesa, escolhidos aleatoriamente em escolas p?blicas diversas de Natal-RN, responderam a um teste de corre??o de sala de aula e a dois testes de atitude. Os resultados obtidos com a pesquisa mostram que o ?ndice de corre??o da pr?clise em in?cio de ora??o/per?odo ? alto (50%), embora essa variante lingu?stica esteja implementada nos padr?es de coloca??o pronominal do Portugu?s Brasileiro. Esse contexto de coloca??o foi avaliado, em geral, de forma negativa, por?m n?o houve correspond?ncia entre essa avalia??o e a avalia??o neutra do aluno que a utiliza. Diferentemente do contexto anterior, a pr?clise depois de sujeito n?o recebeu nenhuma corre??o por parte dos vinte professores, o que foi coerente com a avalia??o positiva que a variante e os estudantes que a utilizam obtiveram. A corre??o da pr?clise ao segundo verbo dos complexos verbais apresentou resultados diferenciados, por?m parecidos, com ?ndices de corre??o de 20% (complexo de infinitivo), 10% (complexo de ger?ndio) e 25% (complexo de partic?pio). A avalia??o desses contextos de pr?clise oscilou entre positiva e neutra, assim como a avalia??o dos estudantes que a utilizam. Isso significa que a pr?clise em in?cio de ora??o/per?odo ainda ? marcada no contexto escolar escrito, provavelmente, devido ? avalia??o negativa dos professores, que n?o coincide com a avalia??o dos estudantes que a utilizam. Depois de sujeitos e antes do segundo verbo dos complexos, a pr?clise j? ? aceita em textos escolares escritos sem nenhuma marca, o que se reflete na avalia??o dos estudantes, que foi, em geral, positiva ou neutra

Grammar is an essential part of language learning. Thus, it is important that teachers know how to efficiently teach grammar to students, and with what approach - explicitly orimplicitly as well as through Focus on Forms (FoFs), Focus on Form (FoF) or Focus onMeaning (FoM). Furthermore, the common use of textbooks in English education in Sweden makes it essential to explore how these present grammar. Therefore, to make teachers aware of what grammar teaching approach a textbook has, this degree project intends to examine how and to what degree English textbooks used in Swedish upper secondary schools can be seen to exhibit an overall explicit or implicit approach to grammar teaching. The aim is to analyze three English 5 textbooks that are currently used in classrooms in Sweden, through the use of relevant research regarding grammar teaching as well as the steering documents for English 5 in Swedish upper secondary school. The analysis was carried out with the help of a framework developed by means of research on explicit and implicit grammar teaching as well as the three grammar teaching approaches FoFs, FoF and FoM. Thus, through the textbook analysis, we set out to investigate whether the textbooks present grammar instruction explicitly or implicitly and through FoFs, FoF or FoM. After having collected research on the topic of how to teach grammar, it became apparent that researchers on grammar teaching agree that FoF is the most beneficial out of the three above mentioned approaches, and thus, we decided to take a stand for this approach throughout the project. The results of this study showed that two out of three textbooks used overall implicit grammar teaching through FoM. Moreover, one out of the three textbooks used overall explicit grammar teaching through an FoF approach.

Ämnesspråk förekommer i alla skolämnen och den här studien motiveras av att det finns lite forskning om ämnesspråk i grundskolans undervisning och framför allt i svenskämnet. Studiens syfte är att bidra med kunskap om hur lärare använder och förklarar grammatiska begrepp i undervisningen. Frågorna besvaras med stöd av intervjuer med lärare i årskurs 4–6 om vilka grammatiska begrepp de säger sig använda och hur de förklarar dem. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten grundar sig i en språkpyramid (Shanahan & Shanahan, 2008, s. 44) som visar språkutveckling i tre steg: basic literacy, intermediate literacy och disciplinary literacy, vilka vi benämner som ämnesspråk, skolspråk och vardagsspråk. Lärarsvaren kategoriseras sedan in i de olika stegen i pyramiden. Studien visar att lärarna introducerar traditionella grammatiska termer för satsdelar, ordklasser och böjningssystem. Det framkommer också att lärarna förklarar dem med stöd av både skolspråk och vardagsspråk.

Résumé This thesis deals with the personality and also with the work of Frantisek Travnicek, an important Czech linguist living between the years 1888 and 1961. Firstly, his life is briefly outlined, secondly this personality is introduced as an influential linguist of Czech Studies, as well as a long-time university official and teacher. His post-war political activities in the Communist Party are also mentioned. The thesis is focused on the works of Travnicek with a particular respect to his linguodidactic activities. One part is dedicated to his scientific writings and takes the cultural and historical context into account. This part summarises his considerably extensive and thematically varied work. Five essential areas of linguistics were defined (grammar, historical grammar, phonetics, phonology, word-formation and dialectology) which were much enriched by Travnicek. Nevertheless, there is a mention of some work which is of the kind that is impossible to label with any category listed, or the work which is represented in each category just by several writings. Finally, the influence on Travnicek's scientific activity is touched upon. The last and crucial part of the thesis tackles Travnicek's linguodidactic activities with respect to the context of the particular period. Concerning the topics of the...

[pt] Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar as vozes discursivas envolvidas no ensino de gramática da língua portuguesa no contexto escolar: a voz do sistema educacional, de instituições escolares, de professores, de alunos e da família. O estudo dessas vozes que compartilham o mesmo universo discursivo e das concepções que expressam sobre questões relacionadas à gramática foi feito a partir das noções de voz, dialogismo e polifonia de Bakhtin (1981, 2000) e das contribuições de vários estudiosos a respeito do ensino de língua portuguesa (Bagno, 1999, 2002; Geraldi, 1987, 1996, 2002; Perini, 2001; Possenti, 1996, 2002). O corpus principal da pesquisa compõe-se de dados do discurso oral, tendo sido gravadas e transcritas 52 entrevistas, com professoras, alunos e mães de alunos de 5a a 8a série de duas escolas, uma particular e outra municipal. Uma vice-diretora e uma coordenadora foram entrevistadas, representando as duas escolas. O texto dos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCNs) para a língua portuguesa foi anexado ao corpus coletado para esta pesquisa, buscando-se identificar, através deles, a voz do sistema educacional. O confronto de vozes foi feito a partir de cinco temas que afloraram dos dados: ensino de gramática, conteúdos, finalidades, modos de ensinar/aprender e variação lingüística. Investigamos cada uma das vozes discursivas de modo a perceber como o enunciado de uma voz reflete o enunciado de outra, enfatizando os aspectos em que tais vozes ecoam simultaneamente. Esse confronto de vozes nos possibilitou fazer a descrição e análise de diferentes percepções quanto ao ensino de gramática; identificar as contribuições das novas teorias lingüísticas incorporadas ao ensino de língua portuguesa; e verificar que as concepções de língua, gramática e ensino de língua direcionam o fazer pedagógico e que, para os alunos, o sucesso do ensino está relacionado ao modo como este é implementado em sala de aula. / [en] This research investigates the discursive voices involved in the teaching of Portuguese grammar in school contexts: the voice of the educational system, schools, teachers, students and families. The study of these voices which share the same discursive universe, as well as the conceptions they express about grammar, was based on Bakhtin`s (1981, 2000) notions of voice, dialogism and polyphony and on the contributions of research work about Portuguese language teaching (Bagno, 1999, 2002; Geraldi, 1987, 1996, 2002; Perini, 2001; Possenti, 1996, 2002). The main corpus of this study is composed of spoken discourse data that were recorded and transcribed. Interviews (N=52) with teachers, students and student mothers from 5th to 8th grades were conducted in two schools, a private and a public one. A vice-director and a coordinator were interviewed, representing each school. The text of the National Curriculum Parameters (PCNs) for the Portuguese language was added to the corpus in order to represent the voice of the educational system voice. The confrontation of voices is developed around five themes that emerged from the data: grammar teaching, contents, purposes, ways of teaching/learning and linguistic variation. We investigated each discursive voice in order to check how the discourse of a voice reflects the discourse of another voice, emphasizing the aspects in which such voices echo simultaneously. This confrontation of voices allowed us to describe and analyze the different perceptions related to grammar teaching; to identify the contributions of new linguistic theories to Portuguese teaching; to verify that language, grammar and language teaching conceptions affect pedagogic practice; and to realize that, for students, teaching success is related to the way this practice is implemented by teachers in the classroom.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Este trabalho teve por objetivo investigar as abordagens de ensino de gramÃtica presentes em exercÃcios de livros didÃticos de LÃngua Portuguesa do Ensino MÃdio, avaliados e aprovados pelo Programa Nacional do Livro DidÃtico (PNLD) e pelo Programa Nacional do Livro para o Ensino MÃdio (PNLEM) para distribuiÃÃo em escolas pÃblicas brasileiras. A fim de situarmos nosso trabalho no vasto campo da LinguÃstica Aplicada, levamos em conta as consideraÃÃes presentes em Celani (2000), Almeida Filho (2011) e Lopes (2011). Com o intuito de mostrarmos como a prÃpria histÃria da gramÃtica tem influÃncia em seu ensino, pautamo-nos nos estudos de Neves (2002) e Manini (2009). Empregamos os postulados teÃricos presentes em Halliday, McIntosh e Strevens (1974), no que concerne à abordagem produtiva, à abordagem prescritiva e à abordagem descritiva do ensino de gramÃtica. A partir de tais abordagens, identificamos concepÃÃes de gramÃtica presentes em diversos autores (POSSENTI, 1996; NEVES, 1997, 2002, 2006, 2012, 2013; ANTUNES, 2003 e 2007; BUNZEN & MENDONÃA, 2006; TRAVAGLIA, 2006 e 2007; MARTELOTTA, 2010), bem como delineamos o postulado que diz respeito à prÃtica de anÃlise linguÃstica, com base em autores como Geraldi (1997), Franchi (2006) e Bezerra e Reinaldo (2013). Para alcanÃarmos o objetivo da pesquisa, analisamos duas coleÃÃes de livros didÃticos de LÃngua Portuguesa, a saber: Novas Palavras, aprovada pelo PNLEM 2009, e PortuguÃs: contexto, interlocuÃÃo e sentido, aprovada pelo PNLD 2012. Constatamos a presenÃa equilibrada das trÃs abordagens de ensino de gramÃtica supracitadas, bem como o fato de que tais abordagens (1) conduzem ao uso de uma variedade de prestÃgio (abordagem prescritiva), (2) desenvolvem a habilidade para produÃÃo e compreensÃo/interpretaÃÃo de textos, de como usar a lÃngua (abordagem produtiva e tambÃm exercÃcios de âoutras abordagensâ) e (3) desenvolvem a habilidade de reflexÃo e raciocÃnio sobre a lÃngua, reflexÃo metalinguÃstica (abordagem descritiva). / This study had as purpose investigate the approaches of grammar teaching in exercises from text-books of Portuguese Language to High School, analyzed and approved for the National Program of Text-Books (NPTB; Brazil) and for the National Program of Books for High School (NPBHS; Brazil) to distribution in Brazilian state schools. To place this research in the field of Applied Linguistics we considered authors as Celani (2000), Almeida Filho (2011) and Moita Lopes (2011). To show how the history of grammar has an influence in the way grammar is taught until nowadays, we built a historic line of grammar based in Neves (2002) and Manini (2009). We studied the theories in Halliday, McIntosh and Strevens (1974), about the productive, prescriptive and descriptive grammar. From these approaches we identified grammar conceptions in many others authors (POSSENTI, 1996; NEVES, 1997, 2002, 2006, 2012, 2013; ANTUNES, 2003 and 2007; BUNZEN & MENDONÃA, 2006; TRAVAGLIA, 2006 and 2007; MARTELOTTA, 2010), as also the considerations about linguistics analyses in Geraldi (1997), Franchi (2006) and Bezerra and Reinaldo (2013). To achieve the objective of this study, we analyzed two collections of text-books of Portuguese Language, which were: Novas Palavras, from NPBHS 2009, and PortuguÃs: contexto, interlocuÃÃo e sentido, from NPTB. We established the equality between the three approaches of grammar teaching we said before and also which these approaches (1) lead to use the standard Portuguese (prescriptive approach), (2) develop the skill to understand and to produce texts (productive approach and âothers approachesâ) and (3) develop the skill to reflect and to think about the language (descriptive approach).