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[pt] EXPERIÊNCIA VITAL E FILOSOFIA PLATÔNICA / [en] VITAL EXPERIENCE AND PLATONIC PHILOSOPHYMARCUS REIS PINHEIRO 05 July 2004 (has links)
[pt] Esta tese defende que é através de uma experiência vital
que, em Platão, se efetiva uma compreensão filosófica.
Trata-se de sublinhar os aspectos pessoais e profundos da
vivência filosófica para apresentar a idéia de que, em
Platão, a filosofia é uma experiência que, mesmo sendo
estritamente racional, perpassa a totalidade da alma
humana. A tese estrutura-se em quatro capítulos. O primeiro
e o segundo salientam o aspecto psicagógico da filosofia,
analisando a relação de Platão com a poesia grega (cap. 1)
e a retórica (cap.2). No primeiro capítulo afirma-se que,
mesmo com todas as críticas que Platão apresenta contra a
poesia, ele ainda reserva um aspecto essencial desta, a
psicagogia (condução da alma), como parte constituinte da
filosofia. O segundo capítulo defende que há um aspecto da
retórica - também a psicagogia - que deve estar presente na
filosofia para que esta inscreva o conhecimento na alma do
aprendiz. O terceiro capítulo analisa as críticas de Platão
à palavra escrita, presentes na Carta VII e no Fedro.
Defende-se que a filosofia depende de um processo pessoal
que não está garantido ao ser descrito por palavras:
precisa, antes, ser vivido por uma experiência vital para
tornar-se vivo naquele que sabe. Por fim, o quarto capítulo
apresenta a noção de dialética na República como uma
conversão. A noção de conversão corrobora esta tese, pois
afirma que o processo racional filosófico pretende uma
transformação pessoal e profunda do aprendiz de filosofia. / [en] This thesis claims that a philosophical understanding, in
Plato, may only
happen correctly whenever it comes through a vital
experience. It intends to
highlight the personal and deep aspects of philosophical
experience. The thesis
supports that, in Plato, philosophy is a kind of experience
that, although being
strictly rational, the whole soul engages in it. It has
four chapters. The first and
second present the psykhagogikos aspect of philosophy,
analyzing Plato`s relation
with Greek poetry (chap. 1) and rhetoric (chap. 2). In the
first chapter, we claim
that, despite all Plato`s criticism against poetry, he
still retain an essential aspect
of it - psykhagogia - as a necessary part of philosophy.
The second chapter
supports that there is an aspect of rhetoric - also
psykhagogia - that must be
present in philosophy so that knowledge might be inscribed
in the soul of the
student. The third chapter analyses Plato`s criticism
against the written word,
present in The Seventh Letter and the Phaedrus. We claim
that philosophy
depends on a personal process that is not assured by being
described through
words: it is necessary, first, to be felt by a vital
experience, so that it may become
alive in one who knows. At last, the forth chapter presents
the notion of dialectic
in the Republic as a conversion. The notion of conversion
confirms this thesis
because it claims that the rational philosophical process
intends a personal and
deep transformation in the student of philosophy.
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Le neutre adverbial en grec ancien : morphologie, syntaxe et sémantique / Neuter Adjectives used as Adverbs in Ancient Greek : Morphology, Syntax and SemanticsMathys, Audrey 23 November 2013 (has links)
Cette étude porte sur l'emploi d'adjectifs neutres en fonction adverbiale en grec ancien, sur un corpus constitué de l'ensemble de la poésie archaïque, d'Homère à Pindare. Les données recueillies ont été, autant que possible, confrontées aux données des auteurs classiques et des poètes alexandrins, et replacées dans la perspective de la linguistique indo-européenne. Une étude morphologique montre le caractère récent des adverbes en ως en grec homérique, alors que le neutre adverbial semble constituer un procédé d'adverbialisation ancien et courant. Un examen sémantique des neutres adverbiaux et des adverbes en ως fait apparaître que ces derniers présentent des traits sémantiques typiques d'une catégorie d'adverbes en cours de développement, puisqu'il s'agit presque exclusivement d'adverbes de manière, alors que les neutres adverbiaux apparaissent, chez Homère, dans presque toutes les catégories d'adverbes, ce qui est le propre d'un procédé d'adverbialisation qui a déjà connu une forte productivité. Enfin, une étude syntaxique souligne les limites de la thèse traditionnelle qui voit dans nombre d'adjectifs neutres employés comme adverbes des accusatifs d'objet interne : cette hypothèse ne tient pas compte de l'existence de nombreux neutres adverbiaux qui ne sauraient s'expliquer ainsi, et elle suppose que l'on ait pu substantiver sans restriction des adjectifs au neutre singulier, ce qui n'est pas le cas chez Homère. Cette étude syntaxique met enfin en lumière les étapes du développement des adverbes en ως : ceux-ci sont d'abord apparus dans des contextes où le sujet avait un contrôle sur l'action, ainsi que dans des contextes où l'adverbe est orienté vers le sujet. / The object of this work is to describe and explain the use of neuter adjectives as adverbs in Ancient Greek. It is based on a corpus comprising all archaic Greek poetry, from Homer to Pindar. Whenever possible, this data is compared with the data of the Classical and Hellenistic periods, and put into an Indo-European perspective. The examination of the morphology of adverbs in archaic Greek shows that the adverbs in ως are a recent development in Homer, whereas adverbial neuters seem to have been the default way of deriving an adverb from an adjective shortly before the archaic period. The semantics of the adverbs in ως displays typical features of a relatively new adverbial formation: in Homer, the suffix ως is only found in adverbs expressing manner. On the other hand, neuter adjectives used as adverbs are found in almost every adverbial function, which is the expected behaviour of a very productive adverbial formation. Finally, a syntaxic study of the adjectives in archaic Greek shows that the use of neuter adjectives as adverbs cannot be explained as a special case of internal accusative: this hypothesis is unable to account for numerous neuter adjectives used as adverbs, and implies that neuter adjectives could be used as substantives in singular without any restriction, which is not the case in Homer. This syntaxic study also sheds light on the development of the adverbs in ως: they first appeared in contexts where the subject controlled the process, and in contexts where the adverb is subject-oriented.
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