The legalization of medical marijuana has been a complicated and confusing process. The drug is used for medical purposes yet is only semi-legal and not approved by the federal government. This piece will observe the legal medical history of this drug in the United States. It will analyze the growth of the medical marijuana movement up to the present with a special emphasis to the importance of federal, state and local supremacy. It will observe important court cases that have been decisive in defining the reach of federal power under the Commerce Clause and the 1970 Controlled Substance Act. This analysis will look at the current legal standing of medical marijuana as well as the legal hurdles to achieve full legal status and medical recognition from state federal and local levels of government. A special focus will be given to the state of California because it has the largest medical marijuana market and has taken center stage in the movement to legalize marijuana as a medicine. This paper will also cover the growth of the state condoned medical marijuana black market and the complications that arise from taxing, and licensing semi-legal businesses. This paper will assess the monetary and personal costs of this movement and the political elements of resisting the medical development and scientific understanding of this drug. It will seek to suggest a solution to the current impasse and explain why medical marijuana in this instance has been bad medicine and dangerous policy.

This dissertation explores tensions between individual freedom and institutional authority. Chapter one examines public perceptions of the legitimacy of "new frontier" public health measures. I present results from a national survey of 1,817 adults concerning the acceptability of public health interventions for noncommunicable diseases. We found that support for these interventions is high overall; strongly associated with race and political orientation; and tied to perceptions of democratic representation in policy making. There was much support for strategies that enable people to exercise healthful choices, but considerably less for more coercive measures. These findings suggest that the least coercive path will be the smoothest. Additionally, the findings underscore the need for policy makers to involve the public in decision making, understand the public's values, and communicate how policy decisions reflect this understanding.

Šio darbo objektas yra sveikatos sistemos teisinė reforma. Rašant šį darbą, pasitelkus teisės teoriją, bandoma atsakyti į klausimą ar sveikatos sistema gali būti laikoma sveikatos teisės dalyku. Toliau keliama hipotezė, jog sveikatos sistemą Lietuvoje, kaip teisinių santykių visumą būtina aiškiai teisiškai reglamentuoti. Siekiant įrodyti šią hipotezę nagrinėjama sveikatos sistemos samprata, jos formavimas ir įgyvendinimas kaip teisinių santykių visuma. Toliau pateikiama sveikatos sistemos teisinio reglamentavimo teisės sistemoje problematika. Darbe apžvelgiami pagrindiniai sveikatos sistemą reglamentuojantys teisės aktai. Juose siekiama išskirti tas teisės normas, kurios apibrėžia svarbiausias sveikatos reformos dalis. Kaip ir kiekvienoje reformoje bandoma atsakyti į aktualius klausimus: ką mes padarėme, kur mes dabar esame, ko siekiame ir kaip mes tai pasieksime. Apžvelgus reformos etapus, išanalizavus pagrindinius sveikatos sistemos teisės aktus, nustatomos problemos. Išskiriamos ir apibendrinamos pagrindinės sveikatos teisinės reformos Lietuvoje dalys: padėties analizė, pagrindiniai tikslai ir prioritetai bei priemonės. Šių magistro tezių apimtis yra 63 lapai. / The object of the thesis is legal reform of the Lithuanian health system. This study targets the question whether the health system can be considered as a health law based on the law theory. Hypothesis of this study is that health system, as the whole complex of legal relationships, must be clearly legally regulated. In order to support the hypothesis the health system together with its development and implementation is analyzed as a whole of legal relationships. The topic of the health system legal regulation in the context of the law system is presented. The overview of the key legal regulations in the health system is given. The emphasis is made on those regulations that describe main parts of the health system reform. As usual in a reform it is sought to answer the following questions: what have we done, where we are at the moment, what do we want and how are we going to achieve this. The problems of the health system are uncovered as a result of reform stages overview and key health system laws analysis. Main parts of the health system legal reform in Lithuania (current state analysis, objectives, priorities and tools) are distinguished and summarized. Master thesis consist of 63 pages.

Orientador: Gastão Wagner de Sousa Campos / Tese (Doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T15:54:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_Lenirdos_D.pdf: 2085400 bytes, checksum: e53d94dc16aa73de0c48f6859e69f2ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Trata-se o presente trabalho de um estudo, fundado no critério hermenêutico, que tem por finalidade analisar o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) à luz de sua forma organizativa, expressada no art. 198 da Constituição Federal, que conforma um sistema de interdependências federativas gerido por entes autônomos, na forma do disposto no art. 18. Preliminarmente, este trabalho analisa as formas de Estado e as concepções mais modernas de federalismo, que hoje se multiplica, a partir do clássico federalismo dual para o federalismo cooperativo, solidário e de interdependências tão afeito ao nosso Sistema Único de Saúde. Ao analisar o federalismo brasileiro, não se pode deixar de analisar as marcas do centralismo histórico na nossa República mitigando as práticas federativas, com grave influência na gestão político-administrativa, em especial no SUS - um sistema de interdependência e inter-relação federativa - que conta com a forte presença do poder central - a União - exercida pelo Ministério da Saúde em todo o país. Essa presença tem distorcido a descentralização política prevista na Constituição Federal e ofuscado o papel do estado-membro, por pautar e tutelar os entes federativos em razão dos recursos financeiros que se centram na União e que devem ser partilhados entre os entes subnacionais por critérios nem sempre pautados na lei. O centralismo federal em relação ao SUS se estrutura a partir de seu financiamento, uma vez que grande parte dos recursos que o sustentam são recursos federais transferidos pela União aos entes subnacionais, para programas e projetos definidos em âmbito federal. Esse fato tem forte repercussão na organização do Sistema Único de Saúde que se estrutura mais pelo seu financiamento e orientações federais e menos pelo planejamento global da saúde fundado nas necessidades de saúde da população. Outro ponto importante é a competência comum dos entes federativos no tocante à saúde, sua autonomia federativa e sua interdependência organizativa. Essas aparentes antinomias jurídicas - a autonomia federativa e a interdependência organizativa - requerem soluções que as harmonizem, garantindo ao SUS uma sólida estrutura jurídico-administrativa / Abstract: This dissertation is a study on the organization form of the Brazilian Unified Health System - Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) that, according to article 198 of the Brazilian Federal Constitution, is a system of federative interdependence managed by autonomous entities, as set forth under article 18 of such Constitution. It adopts an interdisciplinary approach, with emphasis in the legal standpoint and interpretation of the major guidelines of the Principles embedded in the Constitution and the protection of the Basic Human right to Health. There is an initial focus on the conceptual framework of Federalism and the traditions where the Brazilian Model got its background. The Brazilian State and its organization form and structure for the Health are scrutinized: the role of the Federal State, its centralistic imposition and influence on SUS' management. The study analyses how the characteristics of federative interdependence and mutual relationship, are harmed by the strong presence of central authority, the Federal Government, through the Brazilian Health Ministry. Concerning the SUS, the federal centralism is materialized through the form of its financing, since a large amount of resources that supports it is assigned by the federal Government to programs and projects determined by federal scope, prevailing over a federal or decentralized system. That situation has a strong impact on SUS' organization, defining its priorities rather by the sources of its financing than by global health planning, that should have as its foundation the people's need for health. The interdependence and autonomy require solutions that reaches a compromise between these contradictions, assuring to SUS a legal and administrative structure that allow overcoming its contradictions, in order to bring together an efficient system. To achieve this purpose, some ideas are presented, ideas that attempt to reconcile all required elements to a management that guarantees to citizens the right to health. With such aim, some structures and institutional arrangements are proposed, like interfederal network of health, health area, sanitarian map, public act agreement, interfederals collegiates, that are integrality patterns that could organize SUS and make it operate in an integrated way and meeting local needs. Citizens should be the centre of all technical, administrative and legal movements, in order to guarantee good services in reasonable time framework / Doutorado / Política, Planejamento e Gestão em Saúde / Doutor em Saude Coletiva

La qualité des soins a progressivement été intégrée dans l’ordre juridique français. Elle est désormais reconnue de manière indirecte comme un droit du patient et un objectif à atteindre pour les professionnels et les établissements de santé.Toutefois, le champ de la qualité des soins ne bénéficie pas d’un cadre juridique propre. Un droit souple de la qualité des soins a parallèlement émergé pour répondre principalement à l’inadaptation du droit dur à ce domaine et plus largement à la pratique médicale au regard notamment de la rapidité de son évolution. Ces « instruments » de droit souple se distinguent des règles de droit dur, traditionnellement définies comme obligatoires et assorties d’un régime de sanctions de l’autorité publique.Le champ de la qualité des soins obéit ainsi à un régime normatif gradué s’étendant du droit dur au droit souple, ce qui implique désormais de définir l’articulation entre les différents dispositifs et leurs effets juridiques.En effet, l’amélioration de la qualité des soins est également freinée par la surproduction des dispositifs et la crainte des professionnels de voir leur responsabilité engagée à la suite de leur participation à ces démarches.Des évolutions réglementaires, organisationnelles et opérationnelles visant d’une part à élaborer un régime juridique dédié aux données issues de ces démarches et, d’autre part, à préciser les rôles et compétences de chaque acteur afin notamment de coordonner l’ensemble des dispositifs semblent indispensables. En revanche, une législation spécifique portant sur la protection des professionnels n’est pas souhaitable. / Quality of care has gradually been incorporated into French law. It is now recognized indirectly as a patient's right and a goal for professionals and health institutions to achieve.However, the quality of care domain does not have its own legal framework. Soft law concerning care quality has emerged in parallel as a principle response to the hard law’s inadequacy in this domain, and to a wider extent, with special regard to the fast evolution in medical practice. These « soft law » instruments are different from their hard law counterparts which are traditionally defined as mandatory and are accompanied by a regime of sanctions issued by public authority.In this way the care quality domain conforms to a graduated regulatory system which extends from hard law to soft law. This now entails defining the articulation between the different instruments and their legal effects.In fact, improvements to care quality are being slowed by the overproduction of measures and professionals’ fears of being held liable as a result of their participation in these processes.It seems indispensable that regulatory, organizational, and operational changes should both target the development of a legal regime dedicated to data from these approaches, as well as the clarification of the roles and skills of each player especially as concerns the entirety of the measures. In contrast, specific legislation targeting the protection of professionals is not desirable.

This thesis is concerned with determining whether South African mental health law and its application in practice is in need of reform. In order to reach its objectives, the thesis measures mental health legislation and criminal law that affect the mentally ill individual or offender against international and local human rights standards, and generally accepted principles and scientific principles applicable in the mental health profession. Particular focus is placed on the admission of a mentally ill person as a voluntary, assisted or involuntary mental health care user, State Patient or mentally disordered prisoner in terms of the Mental Health Care Act 17 of 2002 (?MHCA?), as well a critical review of the MHCA forms used to translate the Act?s provisions into practice. The thesis critically discusses the regulation of mental health care practitioners in terms of the Health Professions Act 56 of 1974, including psychology and psychiatry and the expert witness, and the new Traditional Health Practitioners Act 22 of 2007 and its regulations. An outline of the role of the National Health Act 61 of 2003 in the administration of the health system is provided.The thesis analyses the manners in which mental health affects criminal liability, and Chapter 13 of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977. Finally a desktop study into the current state of mental health care provision and the implementation of legislation in practice is conducted, followed by conclusions and recommendations for reform to legislation, policy, and the MHCA forms where anomalies have been identified. / Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Public Law / LLD / Unrestricted

Introduction La collaboration interprofessionnelle (CI) est essentielle à l'efficacité des soins de santé au Canada. Cette pratique est modélisée par un ensemble de lois, règlements et politiques, mais la littérature quant à leur impact sur la CI est rare. Utilisant la théorie de la managérialisation du droit, cette étude vise à illustrer l'écart entre le cadre juridique propre à la CI et la connaissance de celui-ci par les cliniciens. Méthode Un sondage anonyme en ligne a été lancé en avril 2019 et envoyé aux infirmières et aux médecins du Québec, Canada. Les questions portaient sur le cadre juridique de la CI, les sources de connaissances juridiques et les perceptions ou croyances en regard de la CI. L’objectif principal était de déterminer l'écart entre le cadre juridique et la compréhension de celui-ci. L’objectif secondaire était d'identifier les sources de connaissances juridiques pour les cliniciens du Québec. Résultats Au total, 267 participants ont répondu au sondage, soit un taux de réponse de 35 %. 184 sondages ont été remplis par des infirmières et des médecins de toutes les régions du Québec. Pour l'acquisition de connaissances, 40 % des médecins se sont tournés vers les assureurs alors que 43 % des infirmières se sont tournées vers leur ordre professionnel. Seulement 30% des médecins ont correctement identifié quelle activité est réservée aux médecins uniquement tandis que 39% des infirmières ont correctement identifié leur iii activité réservée. En ce qui concerne les perceptions juridiques, 28 % des médecins et 39 % des infirmières pensaient que la CI pourrait accroître leur responsabilité. Ces participants ont plus tendance à nommer les problèmes liés à la responsabilité comme des obstacles à la CI. Interprétation Il existe un écart important entre les connaissances des cliniciens des lois et les politiques et le contenu réel de ceux-ci. Cette lacune peut conduire à des interprétations erronées des textes normatifs par les cliniciens, à des changements de politiques inefficaces par les décideurs et peut perpétuer une mise en oeuvre inefficace de la CI. / Background Interprofessional collaboration (IPC) is central to effective care in Canada. This practice is structured by an array of laws, regulations and policies but the literature on their impact on IPC is scarce. Using the managerialization of law theory, this study aims to illustrate the gap between the texts and clinicians’ knowledge of the legal framework. Method An anonymous web-based survey was launched in April 2019 and sent to nurses and physicians in Quebec, Canada. The questions were about the IPC legal framework, legal knowledge sources and IPC perceptions or beliefs. The primary outcome was to determine the gap between the law and understanding of the law. The secondary outcome was to identify legal knowledge sources for clinicians in Quebec. Results A total of 267 participants filled in the survey, a response rate of 35%. 184 surveys were completed by nurses and physicians from all areas. For knowledge acquisition, 40% of physicians turned to insurers whereas 43% of nurses turned to their regulatory body. Only 30% of physicians correctly identified what activity is reserved for physicians while 39% of nurses correctly identified their reserved activity. Regarding legal perceptions, 28% of physicians and 39% of nurses thought IPC could increase their liability. These participants have a higher tendency to name liability-related issues as barriers to IPC. Interpretation There is an important discrepancy between clinicians’ knowledge about law and policies, and the actual texts themselves. This gap can lead to misinterpretations of the law by clinicians, ineffective policy changes by policymakers and can perpetuate ineffective implementation of IPC.

In the aftermath of World War II, the Liberal Democratic Party of Japan followed Germany’s blueprint in fashioning a universal health coverage system. Comparisons to Germany’s welfare state during this same time period reveal markedly different social and mental health policy practices, as Germany’s Christian Democratic Union and Social Democratic Party cooperated toward progressive policies while the Liberal Democratic Party largely neglected social welfare expansion. The effect of these practices is reflected in budgetary provisions, institutionalization practices, and mental health epidemiology. This research finds that a favorable economic climate allowed the Liberal Democratic Party to politically isolate the Social Democratic Party and focus on economic productivity as opposed to welfare expansion. In contrast, West Germany’s competition with East Germany forced cooperation of its two largest political parties to balance economic policy and social progress, which is today reflected in mental health outcomes and policies markedly more favorable than those of Japan.

No description available.

L'ingérence croissante des impératifs de protection de la santé sur le marché des biens et services, ainsi que l'émergence du consumérisme dans la sphère médicale témoignent du rapprochement réel de deux univers et des deux branches du droit qui les régissent : le droit de la santé et le droit de la consommation. Ainsi, la loi entend protéger le consommateur et le patient, et bien souvent ces deux catégories sont confondues d'où l'inéluctable rapprochement et complémentarité de ces deux droits spéciaux. L'ordre public, contenu par certaines consommations spéciales, a requis une adaptation du marché de la consommation et une rationalisation des opérations réalisées par le droit de la santé. Cet assainissement du marché de la consommation se prolonge par une supervision de l'opération de consommation jusqu'à sa réalisation. Le droit de la santé, telle une police du marché de la consommation, poursuit une action de sécurisation, de protection des consommateurs et de maîtrise des risques. Ces finalités justifieront l'élévation de restrictions aux libertés du marché et l'imposition d'une modération dans la conclusion des actes de consommation. Aussi, le droit de la santé repose sur une approche collective et solidariste, sa propension au renouvellement et sa capacité d'expérimentation en font une source d'inspiration pour le droit de la consommation / The increasing interferences of health protection requirements on the market, and the emergence of consumerism in the medical sphere reflect the real reunion of two domains and branches of the law: the Health Law and the Consumer Law. Thus, the Law seeks to protect consumers and patients, and these two categories are often combined which explains the inevitable closeness and complementarity of these laws. The public order involved in some special consumption requires an adaptation of the consumer market and the rationalization of the operations performed by Health Law. This consolidation of the consumer market is extended by a supervision of the consumer transaction which goes until its achievement. Health Law, such as a consumer market police, designed to perform security, protection and to manage risks. These goals justify the elevation of restrictions against economic liberties and the moderation of the market. Also, Health Law adopts a collective and solidaristic conception of consuming that's why its ability to renew is a considerable source of inspiration and experimentation to Consumer law.