Controversial issues are inevitable in today’s history classrooms and, therefore, history teachers must be able to handle them. Thus, this paper aims to provide knowledge about controversial issues in history teaching. To do this, a systematic review is used to answer which issues history teachers and pupils perceive as controversial, why controversial issues should be taught, which history teachers avoid or teach controversial issues, and how history teachers can go about teaching them. Firstly, the results show that immigration and history teachers and pupils’ backgrounds can make issues controversial. Secondly, the findings highlight that controversial issues should be taught since they can develop democratic values among pupils and foster critical thinking. Thirdly, history teachers teach controversial issues if they are supported, want their pupils to criticize the nation’s past, and value the benefits of such teaching. Contrary, history teachers avoid controversial issues if they aren’t supported, worry that controversial issues can threaten the national image, fear strong reactions from their pupils, and when they doubt their ability to deal with multiple perspectives. Lastly, the results demonstrate that when teaching controversial issues, history teachers should use their own and their pupils’ experiences, allow pupils to express their emotions, and thoroughly explain the connection between past and present. The findings are discussed in relation to theories of use of history, collective memory, teacher agency and, finally, the Swedish national curriculum.

The aim of this paper is to examine the role of digital textbooks in education of history and how teachers’ reason regarding their usability compared to printed textbooks. Prior studies have shown that teachers’ technical know-how and the amount of support they are given in the initial stages of using digital textbooks affect how well the implementation work. Furthermore, the digital format seems to offer a richer learning material as the digital books contain pedagogical functions beside the text. However, they are also more difficult to use than printed textbooks. Six history teachers were interviewed in this study, using a semi-structured interview method. The theoretical framework TPCK was used to manage the empirical data. This framework identifies three different aspects of the digital textbook that need to work properly and cooperate for the digital textbook to be considered an adequate tool for teaching. According to the informants, the way digital books are designed and the way they are navigated makes them difficult to use compared to the printed textbooks. One nameworthy advantage is that the content of digital textbooks can be updated almost instantly, therefore, the publishers can add information concerning contemporary events that are relevant for history education. Both low quality and a need for educational variation explained the low usage of digital textbooks. Only two of the six informants stated that they use the digital textbook as a point of departure in their teaching. Furthermore, many functions of the digital textbook are redundant. They seem designed to constitute the only teaching material a teacher would need; however few teachers are willing to limit themselves to this. The study shows the need for publishers to improve the navigation and overall design of digital textbooks to make them more user friendly. Furthermore, it is important that the publishers provide educational and customer support for the teachers using the digital textbooks to help them get started as it is crucial that the schools’ routines for implementing digital textbooks work properly.

Esta é uma pesquisa que se inscreve nos estudos autobiográficos. Por meio de relatos de sujeitos que construíram sua experiência como professores de História na rede pública estadual, procurou-se investigar dimensões do trabalho docente no Estado de São Paulo. O objetivo é deslindar como os sujeitos percebem a sua existência como professor, constroem a sua identidade, avaliam seu percurso no trabalho docente. Assim, por meio das rememorações, histórias de vida, o que se quer é apreender a historicidade de seu desenvolvimento profissional e, dessa forma, os múltiplos processos que ajudaram a constitui-lo na totalidade dos processos formativos. O texto que ora apresentamos centrou-se na análise em três fatores da prática docente. Em primeiro lugar, descrevemos e analisamos os dilemas da formação inicial, Básica e Superior, um processo de ensino e aprendizagem que foi marcado por práticas docentes fragmentadas, sem inter-relação entre as disciplinas e a falta de um trabalho pautado no diálogo. A seguir, analisamos a trajetória do ensinar História na escola, entrecruzando as falas dos professores entrevistados com documentos oficiais, buscamos discutir as finalidades dessa disciplina escolar, seus métodos de ensino e as controvérsias em torno da idéia de professor \"tradicional\", perspectivas que dicotomizam um ensino \"centrado no aluno\" versus um ensino \"centrado no professor\". Finalmente, analisamos o lócus no qual esses sujeitos exerceram a sua experiência docente: a escola pública estadual. Assim, são discutidas questões relativas às condições de trabalho, a deterioração da escola, o trabalho solitário. Efetuamos também uma discussão acerca da idéia de cidadania por meio da elaboração do projeto político-pedagógico da escola numa perspectiva da cidadania ativa, participativa, na qual os sujeitos que compõem a comunidade escolar possam discutir suas necessidades e as finalidades. Por meio deste estudo concluímos como a escola pública se deteriorou, principalmente, com as \"políticas públicas\" neoliberais, na qual a cidadania é percebida como uma relação de mercado e participação como sinônimo de trabalho voluntário na escola. Dessa forma, ocorre um processo de expulsão de professores da rede pública estadual. / This research concerns autobiographic studies. Based on accounts made by subjects who have built their experience as History teachers of state public schools, it seeks to investigate different dimensions of the teachers\' work in São Paulo State. Its aim is to reveal how the subjects perceive their existence, build their identity and evaluate their own path as teachers. Through their memoirs and life histories, it intends to apprehend the historicity of their professional development, and so the multiple events that contributed to constitute them, as a whole formation process. The text presented here is centered on the analysis of three factors of the teaching practice. First, we describe and analyze the dilemmas of the teachers\' initial education, both in Basic Education and University, a teaching and learning process affected by fragmented teaching practices, disconnection among curriculum subjects and the lack of dialogue between teacher and students. Secondly, we analyze their path of teaching History at school. By crossing the teachers\' accounts and official documents, we sought to discuss the objectives of this school subject, its teaching methods and the controversies around the idea of \"traditional teacher\", which opposes a \"student-centered teaching\" to a \"teacher-centered teaching\". Finally, we analyze the locus where these subjects have lived their teaching experience: state public schools. Issues concerning work conditions, school deterioration, solitary work are discussed in this session, as well as the the idea of citizenship at the school context, through the elaboration of the political-pedagogic project under the perspective of active and participatory citizenship, through which the subjects who compose the school community may discuss their needs and goals. We concluded, thorugh this study, that public school has deteriorated, especially due to neoliberal \"public policies\", which perceive citizenship as a market relationship, and participation as a synonym of voluntary work at school. It all leads to a process of banishment of teachers from public school.

O sistema escolar brasileiro sofreu profundas modificações com o advento da ditadura civil-militar implantada com o golpe de 1964: reformaram-se todos os níveis de ensino, sobretudo os anos iniciais, que tiveram o curso primário unificado com o ginásio, em uma nova sequência que passou a se denominar 1º Grau. Na escola pública paulista tais mudanças ensejaram a junção dos dois cursos nos mesmos prédios escolares e uma reforma curricular que adequasse os conteúdos e métodos às novas exigências. Uma destas foi a extinção das disciplinas de História e Geografia, entre a 1ª e a 8ª séries e sua substituição por Estudos Sociais. Este trabalho parte da apresentação deste novo panorama na educação nacional, discute a implantação destas medidas em São Paulo e as consequências disto. Analisa-se, ainda, os novos currículos implantados, que ficaram conhecidos como Verdão, e os subsídios a estes, publicados posteriormente. Este percurso tem como finalidade chegar ao ponto central do texto que é a análise de sete docentes de História da rede pública estadual paulista, cuja atuação se deu entre os anos de 1970 e 1990. As reflexões se dão em torno da graduação, da carreira e da atuação dos professores em sala de aula. Privilegia-se a construção e os desafios da carreira, a vivência da docência sob a ditadura e as diferentes estratégias usadas em sala de aula, que incluem as formas de discussão dos conteúdos, a relação com os livros didáticos e as formas de atuação. Busca-se, com isto, contribuir para um maior entendimento do que é a cultura escolar do período analisado. / The Brazilian school system passed by deep changes after the advent of civil-military dictatorship established in 1964: all education levels was reformed, especially primary school, since then called 1st Degree. In São Paulo these changes gave rise to a new organization of the public school and a preparation of a new curriculum according to new demands. One of this was the extinction of History and Geography at 1st Degree, replaced by a new discipline called Social Studies. This work presents that new scene of national educational system and discusses the implementation of its guidelines in São Paulo and the curriculum then established, known as Verdão, as well its subsidies later published. This perspective aims to reach the texts central point: an analysis of the memories of seven History teachers who worked in São Paulo public schools between 1970 and 1990. So, the discussion revolves around these teachers formation, their career and classroom actuation, focusing career development and its challenges, the experience of teaching under dictatorship and their several professional practices, that includes discussion of the matters, relationship with textbooks and evaluation strategies. The intent is contribute to a better comprehension of what is the scholar culture during the analyzed period.

O sistema escolar brasileiro sofreu profundas modificações com o advento da ditadura civil-militar implantada com o golpe de 1964: reformaram-se todos os níveis de ensino, sobretudo os anos iniciais, que tiveram o curso primário unificado com o ginásio, em uma nova sequência que passou a se denominar 1º Grau. Na escola pública paulista tais mudanças ensejaram a junção dos dois cursos nos mesmos prédios escolares e uma reforma curricular que adequasse os conteúdos e métodos às novas exigências. Uma destas foi a extinção das disciplinas de História e Geografia, entre a 1ª e a 8ª séries e sua substituição por Estudos Sociais. Este trabalho parte da apresentação deste novo panorama na educação nacional, discute a implantação destas medidas em São Paulo e as consequências disto. Analisa-se, ainda, os novos currículos implantados, que ficaram conhecidos como Verdão, e os subsídios a estes, publicados posteriormente. Este percurso tem como finalidade chegar ao ponto central do texto que é a análise de sete docentes de História da rede pública estadual paulista, cuja atuação se deu entre os anos de 1970 e 1990. As reflexões se dão em torno da graduação, da carreira e da atuação dos professores em sala de aula. Privilegia-se a construção e os desafios da carreira, a vivência da docência sob a ditadura e as diferentes estratégias usadas em sala de aula, que incluem as formas de discussão dos conteúdos, a relação com os livros didáticos e as formas de atuação. Busca-se, com isto, contribuir para um maior entendimento do que é a cultura escolar do período analisado. / The Brazilian school system passed by deep changes after the advent of civil-military dictatorship established in 1964: all education levels was reformed, especially primary school, since then called 1st Degree. In São Paulo these changes gave rise to a new organization of the public school and a preparation of a new curriculum according to new demands. One of this was the extinction of History and Geography at 1st Degree, replaced by a new discipline called Social Studies. This work presents that new scene of national educational system and discusses the implementation of its guidelines in São Paulo and the curriculum then established, known as Verdão, as well its subsidies later published. This perspective aims to reach the texts central point: an analysis of the memories of seven History teachers who worked in São Paulo public schools between 1970 and 1990. So, the discussion revolves around these teachers formation, their career and classroom actuation, focusing career development and its challenges, the experience of teaching under dictatorship and their several professional practices, that includes discussion of the matters, relationship with textbooks and evaluation strategies. The intent is contribute to a better comprehension of what is the scholar culture during the analyzed period.

The aim of this study is to investigate the level of awareness of history teachers in public secondary schools in Nairobi, Kenya, of the benefits of library use for the curriculum. The availability of school libraries in public secondary schools in Nairobi provided a context for this investigation into teacher library use. In order to establish if libraries are used effectively, or used at all, for curriculum purposes, literature on this was searched and little came from Nairobi or even Kenya. This lack of information in this area formed a justification for investigation because libraries exist in many public schools in Nairobi and they have the potential to have a positive influence. A survey of literature internationally illustrates the degree of the serious attention both history as a discipline, and library and the curriculum receive. History is given attention because of its role in both maintaining and revolutionising order in a country. In the case of resource-based learning, many countries have shifted to a child-centred approach. This requires much more use of libraries than traditional teaching methods. The evaluation of teacher and librarian views was undertaken by means of a survey. In the survey questionnaires were used. The population was that provided by the Director of Education in Nairobi and a corresponding list of schools where teachers and librarians were employed is given. The findings of the survey established the level of awareness of history teachers to resource based education that took account of library-curriculum partnership. The study established the need for greater attention towards school libraries in the allocation of budgets, building resources that are needed, and management. Staff development of both teachers and librarians was suggested in order to promote resource-based education. To achieve this, a written policy on the management of school libraries is suggested. / Thesis (M.I.S.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1999.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse and discuss the argumentation for theplace of History in the Swedish school system from the perspective ofeducation philosophy. The material that has been investigated is theYearbook of the Association of History Teachers (HLFÅ). In connectionto this, two questions have been asked: (1) What sort of argumentationhas there been in HLFÅ on the place of History in the Swedish schoolsystem from the time the Yearbook started to be published in 1942 until2004 when the Swedish parliament decided that the subject should beobligatory for all pupils in gymnasiet (senior high school)? (2) In whatway has education philosophy been taken into consideration in the argumentationon the place of History in HLFÅ between 1942 and 2004? Thebackground to these questions is partly that during the whole of the1900s it has been far from obvious what place History should have in theupper levels of the Swedish school system. Also, I have partly found itfruitful to study HLFÅ from the perspective of education philosophy.In chapter 1, we give a deeper presentation of HLFÅ. After that followsan overview of research into the teaching and learning of History (Historydidactics). The chapter ends with the three leitmotifs based on this research.I identify as leitmotifs areas that are identified clearly and repeatedlyin History didactics and that are seen as relevant to structure myanalysis of HLFÅ. The three leitmotifs are: (1) the relation between Historyand academia, (2) the social potential of History, (3) the use of Historyin the service of peace. These have structured the presentation in thetwo analysis chapters of the thesis (chapters 4 and 5).Chapter 2 discusses the thesis methodology, theoretical perspective andquestions. The methodology is an analysis of argumentation based onhermeneutics. The theoretical perspectives used in the study are educationphilosophies. My use of the theory builds on my reading of TheodorBrameld and Tomas Englund. The four education philosophies used toanalyse the argumentation are: (1) progressivism, (2) essentialism, (3)perennialism, (4) reconstructivism. In chapter 3, the background to thestudy is presented. The areas that are focused on are the changes in theSwedish school system during the 1900s, the subject of History in figures,and glimpses from the public debate on history in general and thesubject of History in Sweden. In chapter 4, we cover the period from1942-1970, and in chapter 5 we cover in a similar way the period from1971-2004. Both chapters begin with a chronological overview of theargumentation in the articles. After that, the material is analysed wherethe presentation is structured based on the three leitmotifs which arediscussed from an education philosophy perspective.Chapter 6 is a summarizing discussion. There we make it clear that progressivismis almost completely absent from the argumentation aroundthe place of History in Swedish schools in HLFÅ. Instead, the studyshows that it is a combination of essentialism and perennialism that dominatesthe way of maintaining the merits of History. Regarding reconstructivism,it is stated that it is subordinate to essentialism and perennialism.The study ends with suggestions for further research. Since theargumentation has consistently made the claim that History can givepeople a feeling of safety in their surroundings, understand their place inlife and create peace in the world, it is suggested that further analysisshould be made of similar material from the perspective of civil religion.A point of departure in this research is that secular societies partly takeover, and partly re-work, the rites and cosmologies of religious institutions,in order to create solidarity in modern societies. My hypothesis isthat this perspective would strengthen the thought that there are civilreligious practices on Swedish soil in connection with the educationworld.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T16:15:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marco Tulio pag 1_100.pdf: 2516116 bytes, checksum: a33de625db3d74cc989a6d94a22806bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-21 / This research proposes the use of comics (comic strips; comic books and graphic novels) to teach History in Elementary Schools and High Schools. By the comics content analysis, this research will offer as suggestions on how comics can be used as historical sources to study an specific age or period as support or reference to stimulate thinking about the origins of the anachronisms found in the stereotypes and other popular images traditionally associated to past cultures. This research intends to identify which are the main difficulties, challenges or even limitations avoiding a better and more constant use of the comics as a tool to teach History. / O projeto propõe estabelecer um suporte teórico e metodológico para a utilização das HQs no ensino da História pelos professores de História que trabalham no ciclo 2 do ensino fundamental e no ensino médio. Através da análise do conteúdo das HQs, esta pesquisa fornecerá sugestões práticas de como as HQs tanto podem ser usadas como fonte documental para o estudo de determinada época quanto podem ser material de apoio para promover em sala de aula reflexões sobre a gênese dos anacronismos encontrados nas representações de culturas do passado. Pretende identificar avanços e também as principais dificuldades, obstáculos ou mesmo limites que ainda impedem um uso mais freqüente ou proveitoso desse recurso no ensino de História.

Esta é uma pesquisa que se inscreve nos estudos autobiográficos. Por meio de relatos de sujeitos que construíram sua experiência como professores de História na rede pública estadual, procurou-se investigar dimensões do trabalho docente no Estado de São Paulo. O objetivo é deslindar como os sujeitos percebem a sua existência como professor, constroem a sua identidade, avaliam seu percurso no trabalho docente. Assim, por meio das rememorações, histórias de vida, o que se quer é apreender a historicidade de seu desenvolvimento profissional e, dessa forma, os múltiplos processos que ajudaram a constitui-lo na totalidade dos processos formativos. O texto que ora apresentamos centrou-se na análise em três fatores da prática docente. Em primeiro lugar, descrevemos e analisamos os dilemas da formação inicial, Básica e Superior, um processo de ensino e aprendizagem que foi marcado por práticas docentes fragmentadas, sem inter-relação entre as disciplinas e a falta de um trabalho pautado no diálogo. A seguir, analisamos a trajetória do ensinar História na escola, entrecruzando as falas dos professores entrevistados com documentos oficiais, buscamos discutir as finalidades dessa disciplina escolar, seus métodos de ensino e as controvérsias em torno da idéia de professor \"tradicional\", perspectivas que dicotomizam um ensino \"centrado no aluno\" versus um ensino \"centrado no professor\". Finalmente, analisamos o lócus no qual esses sujeitos exerceram a sua experiência docente: a escola pública estadual. Assim, são discutidas questões relativas às condições de trabalho, a deterioração da escola, o trabalho solitário. Efetuamos também uma discussão acerca da idéia de cidadania por meio da elaboração do projeto político-pedagógico da escola numa perspectiva da cidadania ativa, participativa, na qual os sujeitos que compõem a comunidade escolar possam discutir suas necessidades e as finalidades. Por meio deste estudo concluímos como a escola pública se deteriorou, principalmente, com as \"políticas públicas\" neoliberais, na qual a cidadania é percebida como uma relação de mercado e participação como sinônimo de trabalho voluntário na escola. Dessa forma, ocorre um processo de expulsão de professores da rede pública estadual. / This research concerns autobiographic studies. Based on accounts made by subjects who have built their experience as History teachers of state public schools, it seeks to investigate different dimensions of the teachers\' work in São Paulo State. Its aim is to reveal how the subjects perceive their existence, build their identity and evaluate their own path as teachers. Through their memoirs and life histories, it intends to apprehend the historicity of their professional development, and so the multiple events that contributed to constitute them, as a whole formation process. The text presented here is centered on the analysis of three factors of the teaching practice. First, we describe and analyze the dilemmas of the teachers\' initial education, both in Basic Education and University, a teaching and learning process affected by fragmented teaching practices, disconnection among curriculum subjects and the lack of dialogue between teacher and students. Secondly, we analyze their path of teaching History at school. By crossing the teachers\' accounts and official documents, we sought to discuss the objectives of this school subject, its teaching methods and the controversies around the idea of \"traditional teacher\", which opposes a \"student-centered teaching\" to a \"teacher-centered teaching\". Finally, we analyze the locus where these subjects have lived their teaching experience: state public schools. Issues concerning work conditions, school deterioration, solitary work are discussed in this session, as well as the the idea of citizenship at the school context, through the elaboration of the political-pedagogic project under the perspective of active and participatory citizenship, through which the subjects who compose the school community may discuss their needs and goals. We concluded, thorugh this study, that public school has deteriorated, especially due to neoliberal \"public policies\", which perceive citizenship as a market relationship, and participation as a synonym of voluntary work at school. It all leads to a process of banishment of teachers from public school.

A presente dissertação é uma pesquisa qualitativa que investiga os enfoques didáticos de uma professora de História que trabalha na rede pública de São Paulo e que foram conceituados como Identidade Histórica Docente. Estes enfoques didáticos foram investigados utilizando uma metodologia de análise das relações temporais que a professora desencadeia na prática docente. Para fazer esta investigação, foi utilizado um questionário Likert, duas entrevistas semiestruturadas, análise de planejamentos e observações gravadas em áudio do trabalho da professora. A base teórica desta pesquisa foi o paradigma da Didática da História, um paradigma construído por meio dos trabalhos desenvolvidos em universidades públicas brasileiras que investigam o trabalho de professores de História. Os principais conceitos deste paradigma que foram utilizados foram os de paradigma de Kuhn, consciência histórica, narrativa histórica e identidade histórica de Rüsen, experiência e expectativa de Koselleck, com contribuições de autores que utilizaram estes mesmos conceitos em seus trabalhos, como Seixas, Lee e Borries. A metodologia de análise dos dados foi criada com a adaptação destes conceitos para a microanálise qualitativa de Strauss e Corbin. Após a construção metodológica, obtenção e análise dos dados, chegou-se à conclusão de que a Identidade Histórica da docente pesquisada é predominantemente política sobre os demais aspectos investigados. / The present masters thesis is a qualitative research that investigates the teaching approaches of a history teacher who works in public schools in São Paulo and which were defined as historical teaching identity. These educational approaches were investigated using a methodology of analysis of time relations that the teacher triggers in her teaching practice. In order to do this research, a Likert questionnaire was used as well as two semistructured interviews, planning analysis, and observations about the work of the teacher recorded in an audio recorder. The theoretical basis of this research was the paradigm of Didactics of History, a paradigm built through work undertaken in Brazilian public universities that investigate the work of history teachers. The core concepts of this paradigm that were used were Kuhn\'s paradigm, Rüsens historical consciousness, historical narrative and historical identity, Kosellecks experience and expectation, with contributions from authors who have used these same concepts in their work, such as Seixas, Lee and Borries. The methodology of data analysis was created with the adaptation of these concepts to Strauss and Corbins grounded theory. After establishing the methodology, data collection and analysis, it was concluded that the historical identity of the teacher researched is predominantly political on the other aspects investigated.