Renforcés par les avancées technologiques des « Sciences et Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication (STIC) », les Travaux Pratiques électroniques « e-TP » sont devenus un mode d’enseignement incontournable surtout dans les disciplines techniques et scientifiques. Plusieurs modes d’e-TP ont émergé : TP virtuel, TéléTP, TP présentiel assisté par ordinateur, TP en réalité augmentée... ces derniers modes nécessitant l'usage de dispositifs matériels (maquette pédagogique, appareils de mesure, robots, etc.). Dans la majorité des cas, avant ou même pendant une session d'e-TP, il est nécessaire de (re)configurer ces dispositifs selon des besoins pédagogiques. Cette reconfiguration nécessite, pour des systèmes complexes, comme les Systèmes Automatisés de Production (SAP), des compétences que l'instructeur ne possède pas systématiquement. Ce qui impose la présence d'un technicien ou limite le nombre d'instructeurs susceptibles d'utiliser la plate-forme pédagogique. Ce travail de recherche a pour objectif de faciliter la (re)configuration de systèmes complexes, particulièrement les SAP, dans le cadre d'e-TPs. Une première enquête auprès des utilisateurs de l’« AIP-Priméca-RAO » (situé à l’INSA de Lyon) a révélé les besoins et contraintes liés à une plate-forme de ce type. Il s'est avéré qu'au-delà de la (re)configuration, l'absence d'outil commun de gestion des ressources pédagogiques faisait perdre un temps précieux aux utilisateurs. Ce constat a nourri la conception d'un outil informatique gérant une chaîne éditoriale dont le but est de simplifier la création, l’édition, l’assemblage, l’organisation et la réutilisation des différentes ressources à exploiter dans une session d’e-TP. Cet outil a également pour objectif d’améliorer l’autonomie de l’instructeur lors de la préparation de sessions d’e-TP tout en réduisant le temps requis pour configurer cette session. Cela a impliqué d’automatiser le processus de reconfiguration du SAP support d'e-TP, et de publication des scénarios pédagogiques sur un système de gestion d’apprentissage « LMS » (Learning Management System). Un prototype a été développé et testé sur des e-TPs réels afin de valider cette conception. Cet outil pourrait, ultérieurement, être rendu plus générique afin de servir des e-TPs dans d'autres disciplines. / Powered by the technological advances of the “Information and communication sciences and technologies”, the Electronic Laboratory for Practical Training “ELab” (also known as ELab hands-on training) has become an inescapable teaching mode especially in the technical and scientific disciplines. Thus, several ELab modes have emerged: virtual ELab, remote ELab, Local Elab, augmented reality ELab, etc. The latter require the use of hardware devices (educational mock ups, measuring instruments, robots, etc.). In most cases, before or during an ELab session, these devices need to be reconfigured according to teaching purposes. For complex systems, like Automated Production Systems (APS), this reconfiguration process requires technical skills which the instructor does not have systematically. This imposes that a technician should be available, failing which the usage of the pedagogical platform will be limited to a few skilled instructors. Accordingly, this research aims at facilitating the reconfiguration process of complex systems (particularly the APS) featuring ELabs. A first survey designated to the users of « AIP-Priméca-RAO », located at the INSA de Lyon, has revealed the needs and constraints related to such a platform. It has been highlighted that beyond the (re)configuration process, a waste of precious time was detected. It has been established that it was due to the absence of a common tool for pedagogical resource management. This observation fed the design of a software tool managing an editorial chain aiming at simplifying creation, edition, assembling, organization, and the reutilization of different resources that can be exploited in an ELab session. This tool is also intended to improve the autonomy of the instructor during the preparation of an ELab session, by reducing the required time to configure this session. This implies to automate the reconfiguration process of an APS supporting the ELab and the publishing of the pedagogical learning scenarios on a Learning Management System (LMS). In order to validate this design, a prototype has been developed and tested on real Elab cases. Subsequently, this tool could be rendered more generic so that it can serve Elabs in different disciplines.

Cette thèse propose une analyse du développement économique à partir du concept de facteur humain qui apparaît en économie institutionnelle à travers les institutions informelles. Ces dernières sont responsables du caractère spécifique de chaque structure institutionnelle nationale qui forme le cadre incitatif de l'économie. Composée de règles formelles et informelles, la structure institutionnelle représente un ensemble évolutif. L'objectif élargi de cette recherche est donc de comprendre l'évolution et le changement des structures institutionnelles en étudiant particulièrement l'impact international sur ce processus. L'objectif spécifique de ce travail est d'appliquer l'approche développée au cas de la Russie afin de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension de la structure institutionnelle russe actuelle, de son efficacité pour le développement économique du pays et de l'impact de l'ouverture économique sur son changement, et notamment sur le facteur humain russe. Avec l'adhésion de la Russie en 2012 à l'Organisation Mondiale du Commerce cette question est d'intérêt particulier car le pays s'ouvre aux nouveaux attributs de la mondialisation. En mobilisant le cadre théorique croisé entre l'économie institutionnelle, l'économie de développement et l'économie internationale, cette étude nous conduit à présenter la mondialisation en tant que processus institutionnel qui en généralisant les institutions formelles de l'économie de marché et de la démocratie à l'échelle planétaire, a ignoré le rôle du facteur humain local. Cela explique la différence des performances économiques des pays qui ont adopté les mêmes cadres organisationnels. En revanche, la prise en considération du facteur humain dans l'analyse économique permet de développer la vision plus optimiste de la mondialisation. En facilitant le contact direct entre les représentants des structures institutionnelles différentes, elle est capable de stimuler l'évolution des normes de comportement improductif vers les valeurs sociales incitant les actions productives. En appliquant ce constat à l'analyse de la structure institutionnelle russe qui a vu diverger ses institutions formelles et informelles en résultat des réformes de la transition des années 1990, il est possible de conclure que l'ouverture économique de ce pays dans les conditions actuelles favorisera le changement de son facteur humain. Compte tenu de l'incohérence entre le cadre formel et les institutions informelles russes, l'évolution de ces dernières contribuera à l'instauration de l'ordre social formel et impersonnel. / This PhD dissertation analyzes the economic development from the concept of human factor which appears in the Institutional Economics trough the informal institutions. These institutions are responsible for the specific character of each national institutional structure which forms the incentive system of an economy. An institutional framework as a composite of formal rules and informal institutions is an evolutionary set. The wider objective of this thesis is to understand the evolution and change of institutional structures by studying in particular the international impact on this process. The specific objective of this research work is to apply the developed approach to the Russian case in order to better understand the actual Russian institutional structure, its effectiveness for the economic development of the country and the impact of the economic openness on the institutional change, in particular on the Russian human factor. This impact is a highly topical question for Russia because of its greater economic openness due to its accession to the World Trade Organization completed in 2012. Within the theoretical framework formed by Institutional Economics, Development Economics and International Economics, this research leads us to present the globalization as an institutional process which generalized formal institutions of the market economy and the democracy on the global scale but which ignored the role of the local human factor. It explains the differences of the economic performance in the countries who adopted the same formal framework. In contrast, taking into account the role of the human factor in the economic development allows to develop more optimistic views of globalization. By facilitating the direct contact between the representatives of the different institutional structures, the globalization can stimulate the evolution of social norms of unproductive behavior to the social values inciting productive actions. Applying this to the Russian framework which formal and informal institutions became strongly divergent in result of the transition reforms of 1990s, it is possible to conclude that the economic openness of this country in the actual situation will favor the change of its human factor. Considering the incoherence between Russian actual formal framework and Russian informal institutions, the evolution of the last will contribute to establish former and impersonal social order.

Begreppet slutna utrymmen definieras som ett utrymme utan tillräcklig ventilation, som ej är utformat för kontinuerlig vistelse. Regelverk och flertalet rekommendationer gällande kraven på atmosfäriska mätningar har framtagits för att begränsa riskerna med att gå in i slutna utrymmen men ändå fortsätter olyckor att inträffa, olyckor där just atmosfären är den avgörande faktorn. Den här studien har med hjälp av analysmodellen Human Factors Analysis and Classification System – Maritime Accidents (HFACS-MA) kvalitativt analyserat 14 haverirapporter där personer har omkommit eller blivit svårt skadade på grund av syrebrist eller exponering för toxiska gaser i slutna utrymmen ombord på fartyg och sedan sammanställt resultaten för att få en bild över de främst bidragande anledningarna till olyckorna. Undersökningen har även analyserat räddningsaktionernas kvalitet på olika fartygstyper baserat på resultat från HFACS-MA analyserna och utlåtanden från haveriutredare och har även undersökt vilka förbättringar som kan göras för att räddningsaktioner i slutna utrymmen ska fungera så effektivt som möjligt. Studien fann att de främsta anledningarna till olyckor i slutna utrymmen, där just atmosfären är den avgörande faktorn, är bristande översyn från arbetsledare följt av överträdelser från den enskilde personen och problem med organisationen ombord. Resultaten pekar även på att tankfartyg har bättre räddningsorganisationer är torrlastfartyg, vilket genom jämförelse med andra studier kan härledas till att tankrederier fokuserar mer på säkerhetsledning än torrlastbranschen. Gällande förbättring av räddningsaktioner så har studien kommit fram till att besättningar borde öva mer i slutna utrymmen för att få bättre rutin på räddningsaktionerna så att dessa utförs med kunskap och träning istället för känslor och instinkt. / The term ”Enclosed space” is defined as a space with limited or no ventilation and which is not designed for continuous occupancy. Rules and several recommendations concerning the requirements for atmospheric measurements have been drafted to limit the risks involving enclosed spaces but still, accidents keep occurring, accidents where the atmosphere is the cardinal factor. This study has, with the aid of the analysis module Human Factors Analysis and Classification System – Maritime Accidents (HFACS-MA), qualitatively analyzed 14 accident reports where persons have perished or been severely injured due to lack of oxygen or exposure to toxic gases in enclosed spaces aboard ships. The results have then been compiled to get a broad picture of the most contributing causes for the accidents. The study has also analyzed the rescue operation’s quality on different types of vessels based on the HFACS-MA results and statements from the investigators and the study have also looked at what improvements can be made to ensure that rescue operations in enclosed spaces will work as effectively as possible. The study found that the most contributing causes for accidents in enclosed spaces, where the atmosphere was the cardinal factor, is the lack of supervision from supervisors followed by violations by individuals and organizational issues. The results suggest that tanker vessels have a better rescue organization compared to dry cargo vessels, which by comparison with earlier studies can be explained by the higher focus on safety management by tanker companies compared to dry cargo companies. When it comes to improving rescue operations, this study has concluded that crews should practice more in enclosed spaces in order to get a better routine so that the rescue operations are made based on knowledge and training instead of emotions and instinct.

L’interaction homme-robot est un domaine qui en est encore à ses balbutiements.Les développements se sont avant tout concentrés sur l’autonomie et l’intelligence artificielle et doter les robots de capacités avancées pour exécuter des tâches complexes. Dans un proche avenir, les robots développeront probablement la capacité de s’adapter et d’apprendre de leur environnement. Les robots ont confiance, ne s’ennuient pas et peuvent fonctionner dans des environnements hostiles et dynamiques - tous des attributs souhaités à l’exploration spatiale et aux situations d’urgence ou militaires. Ils réduisent également les coûts de mission, augmentent la flexibilité de conception et maximisent la production de données. Cependant, lorsqu’ils sont confrontés à de nouveaux scénarios et à des événements inattendus, les robots sont moins performants par rapport aux êtres humains intuitifs et créatifs (mais aussi faillibles et biaisés). L’avenir exigera que les concepteurs de mission équilibrent intelligemment la souplesse et l’ingéniosité des humains avec des systèmes robotiques robustes et sophistiqués. Ce travail de recherche propose un cadre formel, basé sur la théorie de jeux, pour une équipe de drones qui doit coordonner leurs actions entre eux et fournir à l’opérateur humain des données suffisantes pour prendre des décisions « difficiles » qui maximisent l’efficacité de la mission, selon certaines directives opérationnelles. Notre première contribution a consisté à présenter un cadre décentralisé et une fonction d’utilité pour une mission de patrouille avec une équipe de drones. Ensuite, nous avons considéré l’effet de cadrage, ou « framing effect » en anglais, dans le contexte de notre étude,afin de mieux comprendre et modéliser à terme certains processus décisionnels sous incertitude.Ainsi, nous avons réalisé deux expérimentations avec 20 et 12 participants respectivement. Nos résultats ont révélé que la façon dont le problème a été présenté (effet de cadrage positif ou négatif), l’engagement émotionnel et les couleurs du texte ont affecté statistiquement les choix des opérateurs humains. Les données expérimentales nous ont permis de développer un modèle d’utilité pour l’opérateur humain que nous cherchons à intégrer dans la boucle décisionnelle du système homme-robots. Enfin, nous formalisons et évaluons l’ensemble du cadre proposé où nous "fermons la boucle" à travers une expérimentation en ligne avec 101 participants. Nos résultats suggèrent que notre approche permet d’optimiser le système homme-robots dans un contexte où des décisions doivent être prises dans un environnement incertain. / Human-robot interaction is a field that is still in its infancy. Developments havefocused on autonomy and artificial intelligence, and provide robots with advanced capabilitiesto perform complex tasks. In the near future, robots will likely develop the ability to adapt andlearn from their surroundings. Robots have reliance, do not get bored and can operate in hostileand dynamics environments - all attributes well suited for space exploration, and emergency ormilitary situations. They also reduce mission costs, increase design flexibility, and maximizedata production. However, when coped with new scenarios and unexpected events, robots palein comparison with intuitive and creative human beings. The future will require that missiondesigners balance intelligently the flexibility and ingenuity of humans with robust and sophisticatedrobotic systems. This research work proposes a game-theoretic framework for a drone teamthat must coordinate their actions among them and provide the human operator sufficient datato make “hard” decisions that maximize the mission efficiency, according with some operationalguidelines. Our first contribution was to present a decentralized framework and utility functionfor a drone-team patrolling mission. Then, we considered the framing effect in the context of ourstudy, in order to better understand and model certain human decision-making processes underuncertainty. Hence, two experiments were conducted with 20 and 12 participants respectively.Our findings revealed that the way the problem was presented (positive or negative framing), theemotional commitment and the text colors statistically affected the choices made by the humanoperators. The experimental data allowed us to develop a utility model for the human operatorthat we sought to integrate into the decision-making loop of the human-robot system. Finally,we formalized and evaluated the close-loop of the whole proposed framework with a last onlineexperiment with 101 participants. Our results suggest that our approach allow us to optimize thehuman-robot system in a context where decisions must be made in an uncertain environment.

Due to the necessity of knowing the stocks in an increasingly accurate way in order to plan sales and production with the dynamics required by the market, more and more companies have been searching for stock control tools such as computerized systems, aiming at highly accurate and reliable results. The uncertainty about the positive results in this kind of investment, especially for the small metallurgical industries, is an unknown, since the financial and staff resources are sparse. Thus, the present paper aims at analyzing what issues are connected with the failure in the investments in computerized stock control tools, and also which are the most commonly used tools by this type of organization in Brazil. For that, we have researched works on the success analysis in investments and stock control theories, besides analyzing which tools are being adopted. It was also developed a case study in a metallurgical industry within the state of Rio Grande do Sul with the purpose of quantify this type of investment and the reasons why the stocks management involving computerization in small metallurgical industries have no been obtaining positive results. Starting from the negatives, we developed the scope for the accomplishment of a replanning, and subsequently, we made a new analysis of the situation with satisfactory results being already observed, as shown. / Com a necessidade de conhecer os estoques de forma cada vez mais precisa, a fim de planejar as vendas e a produção com o dinamismo que o mercado exige, mais empresas têm buscado ferramentas de controle de estoque, como sistemas informatizados, almejando resultados com alta precisão e confiabilidade. A incerteza de resultados positivos, nesse tipo de investimento, especialmente para metalúrgicas de pequeno porte, é uma incógnita, já que os recursos de pessoal e financeiro são limitados. Dessa forma, esse trabalho visa a analisar quais os problemas vinculados com insucessos nos investimentos em sistemas informatizados de controle de estoque, bem como quais são as ferramentas mais utilizados atualmente, no Brasil, por esse tipo de organização. Para tal, foram pesquisados trabalhos sobre análise de sucesso nos investimentos e teorias de controle de estoque, além de terem sido analisadas quais ferramentas estão sendo adotadas. Também foi feito um estudo de caso em uma metalúrgica no interior do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, com o propósito de quantificar um investimento desse tipo e os motivos pelos quais o gerenciamento de estoques envolvendo informatização, em indústrias metalúrgicas de pequeno porte, não tem obtido resultados positivos. Através dos pontos negativos, desenvolveu-se o escopo para realizar um replanejamento e, posteriormente, analisou-se mais uma vez a situação. Hoje, já são percebidos resultados satisfatórios, conforme será demonstrado.

Aujourd’hui, les écrans ont envahi nos quotidiens. Cette colonisation a engendré l’avènement de nouveaux écrans, les écrans de grand format. Or, ces grands écrans sont souvent utilisés comme de simples affichages statiques n’autorisant que très peu d’interaction aux utilisateurs en présence. Mais alors comment permettre des interactions multi-utilisateur et surtout quels modes et moyens d’interactions proposer afin d’interagir avec ces grands écrans ? Il faut évidemment définir des règles de collaboration : que faire si plusieurs personnes consultent la même information en même temps ? Comment permettre à un nouvel arrivant de prendre conscience de ce qu’il y a à voir alors que des utilisateurs ont déjà “transformé” l’affichage par leur utilisation courante ?Face à ces enjeux, notre travail a consisté, dans un premier temps, à tester des interactions multi-utilisateurs sur grand écran à l’aide d’un dispositif de détection et de suivi de la position et de l’orientation de la tête (head tracking) instrumenté. Nous avons ainsi mis en évidence l’importance du concept de « vision flottante » dans la recherche collaborative d’informations sur grand écran. Dans un second temps, nos recherches se sont concentrées sur le développement d’un dispositif d’head tracking permettant des interactions multi-utilisateur (jusqu’à 6 personnes), sans artefacts et sans calibrage avec un écran de grand format. Enfin, nous présentons l’étude comparative d’un même affichage tantôt statique et tantôt rendu dynamique à l’aide de notre dispositif. Cette étude est basée sur l’évaluation de l’expérience utilisateur (UX). Ainsi, nous avons pu dégager les premières recommandations concernant les métaphores d’interactions à mettre en place pour interagir avec un écran de grand format dans un contexte d’usage en groupe ouvert.Ce travail de doctorat a été consacré à la mise en avant de la faisabilité, de l’intérêt et de la proposition de premières orientations concernant la conception d’interactions multi-utilisateurs avec un écran de grand format basées sur une technique d’head tracking. / Screens have invaded our daily life. Amongst them, large displays are becoming increasingly present in public places. Sometimes, a few interaction are proposed to the users, but most of the time they are simply used as static displays. So, how to interact with these large displays and especially how to allow multi-user interactions? Of course, we have to define rules for collaboration: what we have to do if several people consult the same information at the same time? How to allow a newcomer to become aware of what there is to see when users have already "transformed" the display by their current use?First, our work consisted in testing instrumented multi-user interactions, based on a head tracking system, during a collaborative information seeking task, on a large display. In this part, we have highlighted the importance of the concept of "floating vision". Then, our research focused on the development of a head tracking system allowing intuitive interactions, without needing neither a special equipment nor individual calibration. Our system supports several users (up to six) simultaneously interacting with individualized information on a large display. Finally, we present the study of performance gain within a context of multi-user competitive consultation of information. We compare the benefit of an adaptive display (information move in front of users who are focusing on them), with a standard display. This study is based on user experience (UX) analysis. Thus, we were able to identify the first recommendations about interaction metaphors allowing intuitive interactions with a large display in an open group context.This research was devoted to highlighting the feasibility, interest and proposition of initial orientations concerning the design of multi-user interactions with large public displays based on a head tracking technique.

The master’s thesis investigates the influence of a pilot‘s age and experience on the probability of aviation accident related to general aviation in the Czech Republic. The results were obtained using statistical analyses of data from aircraft accident final reports. The aim of the thesis is to propose the ways of decreasing the number of accidents caused by the analyzed factors while taking into account the current aviation legislation.

The master’s thesis investigates the influence of a pilot‘s age and experience on the probability of aviation accident related to general aviation in the Czech Republic. The results were obtained using statistical analyses of data from aircraft accident final reports. The aim of the thesis is to propose the ways of decreasing the number of accidents caused by the analyzed factors while taking into account the current aviation legislation.

Diploma thesis concerns methodology, safety and common pilot’s mistakes in phase of landing. It concludes statistics and landing accident reports of airplanes with maximum take-off weight of 5700 kg. It also concerns method of height estimating above ground. It describes usable systems for landing aid and suggests its own technical solutions for safety improvements based on poll.

Text in English / The study is a sociolinguistic exploration of the pedagogical value of Shona children’s oral art forms on a changing cultural terrain to situate them within contemporary classroom pedagogy. Critical Discourse Analysis, Afrocentricity and Constructivism are theories that informed the analysis of the Shona children’s oral art forms. The study is conducted within the qualitative paradigm as a descriptive study. Data was gathered through observartions, standardised open-ended interviews, focus group interviews, questionnaires and document analysis. The study established that Shona children’s oral art forms have responded positively to the changing environment in which they are performed in terms of form and content. While this is a positive development, this should be done with caution to ensure that indigenous knowledge systems that are the backbone of African societies are not abused on the global stage. The study has also affirmed that Shona children’s oral art forms are useful pedagogical tools for information dissemination and knowledge creation. It is also evident from the findings that the oral art forms are an embodiment of human factor values that enhance development education. Findings from this study established that Shona children’s oral art forms are reservoirs of values and norms cherished by the Shona as a people and can be reconstructed for teaching various concepts across the primary school curriculum. Evident from this study is that both teachers and learners are knowledgeable of the various traditional Shona children’s oral art forms although new creations are coined to adapt to the changing environment. This shows that the traditional forms are able to withstand the challenges of globalisation, and this resilience is a positive development since it creates an opportunity for researchers to document these in their unadulterated form for posterity. Since findings from the study highlighted threats to the children’s oral art forms due to the advent of technology and globalisation, there is need to act so that they are not pushed to the periphery as was the case during the colonial era. There is need for concerted efforts at packaging them and meaningful infusion of these into all aspects of children’s education for visibility within the changing environment to guard against their demise in an era of globalisation which may impact negatively on the Shona culture. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / Ph. D.(Languages, Linguistics and Literature)