DLUHOS, J. Effect of the human factor on small aircraft accident. Brno: Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, 2013. 90 s. Supervisor Ing. Jiří Chlebek, Ph.D. The Master’s thesis focuses on the safety of civil aviation, which is in 80% of the accidents caused by Human Factor, Human Error or just Pilot Error. The main goal of this Master’s thesis is evaluation and assessment of the causes of aircraft accidents of general civil aviations operations of the Czech Republic. In the practical part of the Master’s thesis were analyzed accidents of aircrafts in the category with maximum take of mass to 2250 kg and ultra light aircrafts incurred in the Czech Republic from 2006 to 2012. In the conclusion were analyzed main causes of the aircraft accidents and were proposed further measures to reduced accidents caused by Human Factor.

In my Master´s thesis I am concerned with the questions of the human factor in air traffic control. The work is mainly focused on the air traffic controller and discusses the influences that directly or indirectly affect the air traffic controller. Considerable attention is paid to the errors that may occur during the management, their analysis and proposals for their elimination, respectively their complete disposal. The main idea is to understand the thinking of the air traffic controller as the human element in an organization and applying theories to reduce the errors in the air traffic control.

There is a large number of information security awareness programs (iSAP) found in the literature with multiple approaches. Considering that the number of security breaches performed by insiders is as high as 48%, the effectiveness of such programs is questionable. This leaves a considerable space for external, but also internal criminals, to perform and succeed in their attacks, something that can cause heavy losses (both economical and less tangible as reputation) to organizations. This thesis decided to study some of those iSAP to see their strengths and weaknesses. After studying the approaches in focus for this thesis, and following an inductive research method, a new model to develop iSAP from a holistic point of view was presented. The solution has been aligned with subject matter experts (SME) at “Company X” and with end-users external to that company. The model is now ready to be studied empirically in organizations to evaluate its effectiveness.

The use of continuous improvement programs is a widespread practice present in many organizations throughout the world. CI-programs are mostly associated with Lean production and substantial focus in literature and research are on the applicable tools and methods. This focus has led to the lack of attention to the softer areas of CI such as implementation. The reason explaining this might be due to the difficulties of measuring success in these areas. In order to investigate production deviations within a company that uses CI a study was performed at the bus chassis assembly at Scania. The deviation handling process and all activities related to it is highly influenced by Scania’s Production System. The studies were conducted at an assembly area with observations and interviews taking place as well as an internal benchmarking performed at the engine assembly. The conclusion is that the area studied at Scania has the tools and methods needed (although with the need of adjustments) but the implementation part is lacking. This area will come to play a big part in taking SPS one step further. As a recommendation to the area studied in Scania a group of suggestions has been presented in this paper in order to improve the implementation of SPS. The managerial contribution of this paper is a group of important suggestions. The theoretical contribution of this paper can be seen as a case study that could create an increase insight in the complexity of this topic but also to increase the attention to the importance of it. / Ständiga förbättringar är ett världsomfattande fenomen som används inom flera organisationer. Oftast associerar man ständiga förbättringar med Lean och litteraturen kring ämnet beskriver för det mesta bara verktygen och metoderna som tillämpas. Detta focus har lett till att väldigt lite uppmärksamhet har riktats mot de mjukare delarna så som implementering. En orsak till detta kan vara svårigheten att mäta framgång inom området. För att undersöka avvikelser inom ett företag som arbetar med ständiga förbättringar så gjordes en studie på Scanias buss chassi montering. Avvikelsehanteringsprocessen påverkas väldigt mycket utav Scanias produktions system. Studier utfördes på ett monteringområde där man bland annat observerade, intervjuade samt utförde en benchmark på motormonteringen. Slutsatsen är att monteringsområdet där studien ägde rum på Scania har verktygen och metoderna som behövs (med behovet av mindre justeringar) men implementeringen har brister. Just implementeringen kommer spela en stor roll i att ta SPS ett steg längre. Som en rekommendation till monteringsområdet som undersöktes så har ett flertal förslag som kan förbättra SPS presenterats i denna rapport. Bidraget till lokala ledningen är ett antal viktiga förslag. Det teoretiska bidraget i denna rapport kan ses som en case studie som kan förbättra förståelsen för det komplexa ämnet samt att belysa det ytterligare och konstatera dess betydelse.

Sjöfarten har förändrats genom tiderna och fartygen har utrustats med avancerad teknologi. Trots högutbildade operatörer och högteknologiska fartyg så inträffar allvarliga sjöolyckor som kan härledas till mänskliga fel och teknologiska brister. Syftet med studien är att utreda hur digitalisering ombord på fartyg påverkar sjösäkerheten. Metoden som används för att utreda digitaliseringens effekter är en systematisk kvalitativ litteraturstudie. Väl avvägda sökord och strukturerad utsortering av artiklar summeras i totalt tjugotvå inkluderade och analyserade artiklar. De studerade artiklarnas innehåll tematiseras och presenteras i studiens resultat indelat i fyra huvudteman respektive fyra underteman. Studiens resultat visar att digitalisering kan leda till effektivisering, kostnadsbesparingar och miljövinster. Digital teknologi har potential att underlätta beslutsfattandet för sjöbefäl och arbetet med navigation kan underlättas med autonoma inslag. En ökad andel autonoma inslag kan dock leda till att sjöbefälets kunskaper går förlorade. Även om digital teknologi är driftsäker så är den skapad av människan vilket kan betyda att tekniken påverkats av den mänskliga faktorn. Digital teknologi fattar beslut på ett förprogrammerat sätt och har svårt att göra helhetsbedömningar i komplexa situationer. Obemannade fartyg kan bli verklighet och sjöbefälet arbetsuppgifter kan förändras. På grund av teknologins avsaknad av mänskligt sunt förnuft så kan sjöbefälen bidra till sjösäkerheten. I framtiden kan nya krav ställas på sjöbefäl och kunskaper om avancerad teknik, autonoma system och förmågan att avhjälpa fel som uppstår i tekniken. För att rusta sjöbefälen kan flexibla utbildningssystem bidra till att förbereda sjöbefälen för yrkeslivet. Den maritima industrins anpassning mot digitalisering kan underlättas genom samverkan mellan regulatoriska myndigheter, organisationer och människor. / The shipping industry has experienced changes over time and modern ships are equipped with advanced technology. Despite highly trained operators and technological ships, serious maritime accidents occur which can be traced to human error and technological deficiencies. The aim of this study is to investigate the impacts of digitization on board ships and how maritime safety is affected. The method used to investigate the effects of digitization is a systematic qualitative literature study. Balanced search terms and a structured selection of articles resulted in a total of twenty-two included articles that were analyzed. The content of the studied articles was thematized and presented in the study results divided into four main themes with one additional sub-theme each. The study shows that digitization can lead to efficiency, cost savings, and environmental benefits. Digital technology has the potential to facilitate decision-making for ship operators and the work of navigation can be facilitated with autonomous elements. An increased proportion of autonomous elements can lead to the operator’s knowledge being lost. Even if digital technology is reliable, it is created by humans, which can mean that the technology has been affected by the human factor. Digital technology makes decisions in a pre-programmed way and has difficulties in making overall assessments in complex situations. Unmanned ships may become a reality and the ship officers’ duties may change accordingly. Due to technology's lack of human common sense, ship officers can contribute to maritime safety. In the future, new demands may be placed on ship officers and knowledge of advanced technology, autonomous systems, and the ability to remedy errors that arise in the technology. To prepare the ship officers, flexible training systems can help to prepare operators for their coming profession. The maritime industry's adaptation to digitization can be facilitated through cooperation between regulatory authorities, organizations, and humans.

[pt] O espaço expositivo pode tanto se apresentar de forma acolhedora, representando uma possibilidade para o visitante com deficiência visual de explorar seus outros sentidos e vivenciar a exposição de uma maneira própria, como também pode se apresentar como um espaço excludente, representando uma série de barreiras e obstáculos que o impedem de usufruir a exposição. A presente dissertação tem como objetivo geral examinar a experiência do visitante com deficiência visual em museus, buscando compreender a relação e a interação entre esse visitante e o ambiente construído do espaço expositivo, bem como a sua relação com as obras e as demais pessoas presentes no local. Como metodologia, foi primeiramente aplicada a revisão bibliográfica, em que procurou-se examinar questões como a relação entre comunicação museológica, ambiente museal e orientação espacial e como esses fatores afetam a experiência de visita para o público em questão. Também foi realizada uma pesquisa documental a fim de verificar as normas, leis e decretos relacionados ao incentivo e implementação da acessibilidade em espaços culturais no Brasil. Posteriormente foram entrevistados visitantes de museu com deficiência visual. A partir dessas entrevistas, fez-se a seleção de alguns museus para um aprofundamento. Essa etapa foi iniciada com observações sistemáticas a fim de investigar e documentar aspectos dos ambientes que haviam sido levantados nas técnicas aplicadas anteriormente, seguidas de entrevistas com gestores responsáveis pelos setores de acessibilidade e/ou educativo com o objetivo de verificar como os espaços lidam com a acessibilidade para esse público. Como resultado pode-se apontar a falta de recursos de acessibilidade para as pessoas com deficiência visual em praticamente todos os museus visitados. As poucas iniciativas encontradas ainda não estão em conformidade com as normas e critérios estabelecidos, contudo podem incentivar a adoção da acessibilidade em outros espaços. Propõe-se a adoção de projetos de Design Inclusivo, bem como o foco na acessibilidade atitudinal. / [en] The exhibition space can be welcoming and inclusive, allowing the visually impaired visitor to explore their other senses and have a unique experience. However, it can also be challenging, presenting a series of barriers and obstacles that prevents the exhibition s understanding and enjoyment. This dissertation investigates the visually impaired visitor s experience in museums, seeking to understand the relationship and interaction between the visitor and the built environment and their relationship with the objects and other people. The methodology applied consisted of a bibliographic review, investigating issues as the relationship among museological communication, museum environment and spatial orientation, and how these factors affect the visiting experience. The review also consisted of documentary research to verify the technical standards, laws, and decrees related to the implementation of accessibility in cultural institutions in Brazil. Subsequently, the researcher conducted interviews with visually impaired visitors. Based on the interviews, some museums were selected for further study. This stage consisted of systematic observations of the chosen museums to check the available resources and observe some of the built environment aspects pointed out by the interviewees followed by interviews with managers responsible for accessibility and educational programs to identify how these spaces deal with accessibility for the visually impaired. This research concludes that there is a lack of accessibility resources for the visually impaired in almost all selected museums. The few initiatives found are still not in conformity with the established standards and criteria; however, these initiatives may encourage accessibility in other cultural spaces. The research proposes the adoption of Inclusive Design projects as well as a focus on attitudinal accessibility.

IT systems that contain large volumes of information are today extremely valuable to organizations. As the IT systems grow bigger, more challenges are emerging, vulnerability increases and control decreases. Organizations are using IT security to protect their IT systems from different threats and the human factor can be seen as one of the biggest risks towards IT security. Therefore it is not optimal to only focus on the technical solutions and measures, the focus should also be on the employees IT security knowledge and IT security awareness. To increase the knowledge of IT security and to make the employees more IT security aware requires continuous work and IT security education is often mentioned as a factor to increase IT security- knowledge and awareness. Despite this, challenges are mentioned in previous research, which means that even if an employee participates in an IT security education, the organizations can not take for granted that their employees have gained IT security knowledge or know how to act more security aware. IT security education, IT security knowledge and IT security is mentioned as three factors that can affect IT security. Three research questions were intended to be answered within this research with the purpose to investigate if these factors increase each other. Three hypotheses were also forming the basis for answering the research questions. With a quantitative method and questionnaire this research reached out to 158 employees at different Swedish branches within machine manufacturing, advertising, municipal work and sales industry. Results showed that one of the three hypotheses was accepted and the other two hypotheses were not accepted. This result also gave answers to the research questions regarding that IT security education does not increase IT security knowledge, IT security knowledge does not increase IT security awareness but IT security education increases IT security awareness.

<p dir="ltr">Traffic safety and congestion are global concerns. Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are expected to enhance transportation safety and reduce congestion. However, achieving their full potential requires 100% market penetration, a challenging task. This study addresses key issues in mixed traffic environments, where human-driven vehicles (HDVs) and connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs) coexist. A number of critical questions persist: 1) inadequate exploration of human errors (errors originating from non-CAV sources) in mixed traffic; 2): limited focus on information selection and learning efficiency in network-level rerouting, particularly in highly dynamic environments; 3) inadequacy of personalized element driver inputs in motion-planning frameworks; 4) lack of consideration of user privacy concerns.</p><p dir="ltr">With the goal of advancing the existing knowledge in this field and shedding light on these matters, this dissertation introduces multiple frameworks. These frameworks leverage connectivity and automation to improve safety and mobility in mixed traffic, addressing various research levels, including local-level and network-level safety enhancement, as well as network-level and global-level mobility enhancement. With optimization- and learning-based methods implemented (Model Predictive Control, Deep Neural Network, Deep Reinforcement Learning, Transformer model and Federated Learning), frameworks introduced in this dissertation are expected to help highway agencies and vehicle manufacturers improve the safety and efficiency of traffic flow in the mixed-traffic era. Our research findings revealed increased crash-avoidance rates in critical situations, enhanced accuracy in predicting lane changes, improved dynamic rerouting within urban areas, and the implementation of effective data-sharing mechanisms with a focus on user privacy. This research underscores the potential of connectivity and automation to significantly enhance mixed-traffic safety and mobility.</p>

In this paper, an investigation of the impact of menu design and input device for gaze-based menu selection tasks is reported. The study investigates the usability, measured by effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction, for gaze-based interaction in realistic, complex menu selection tasks. The study includes three different menu designs, a linear drop-down menu (L1), a radial dynamic menu (R1), and a semi-radial menu (R2), along with two different input devices, a unimodal input device using dwell-time (DT) and a multimodal input device using a combination of gaze and a manual switch (GMS). In a user study with nine test participants, the impact of menu design, input device, and navigation complexity on task completion time, accuracy rate, cognitive load, and quality of use ratings for menu selection tasks were investigated. The usability results confirmed the expectations of the advantages of radial menu designs, with the radial dynamic menu (R1) being better suited for gaze- based interaction than either the linear drop-down menu (L1) or semi-radial menu (R2). The usability results also confirmed the expectations regarding the input device, namely, the multimodal GMS input device was superior to the unimodal DT input device for gaze-based interaction. / I den här studien rapporteras en undersökning av effekterna av menydesign och inmatningsenhet för blickbaserade menyvalsuppgifter. Studien undersöker användbarheten, mätt av verkningsgrad, effektivitet, och användarnöjdhet, för blickbaserad interaktion i realistiska, komplexa menyvalsuppgifter. Studien innefattar tre olika menydesigner, en linjär rullgardinsmeny (L1), en radiell dynamisk meny (R1) och en halvradiell meny (R2), tillsammans med två olika inmatningsenheter, en unimodal inmatningsenhet som använder dwell-time (DT) och en multimodal inmatningsenhet som använder en kombination av blick och en manuell knapp (GMS). I en användarstudie med nio testdeltagare undersöktes effekterna av menydesign, inmatningsenhet och navigeringskomplexitet på tiden för uppgifts slutförandet, noggrannhet, kognitiv belastning och kvalitet på användningsbetyg för menyvalsuppgifter. Användbarhetsresultaten bekräftade förväntningarna om fördelarna med radiella menydesigner, varvid den radiella dynamiska menyn (R1) passar bättre för blickbaserad interaktion än både den linjära rullgardinsmenyn (L1) eller halvradialmenyn (R2). Användbarhetsresultaten bekräftade också förväntningarna avseende inmatningsenheten, nämligen att multimodal GMS-inmatningsenheten var överlägsen den unimodala DT-inmatningsenheten för blickbaserad interaktion.

Background: The status of Safety Management is highly relevant to evaluate an organization’s ability to deal with unexpected events or errors, especially in times of crisis. However, it remains unclear to what extent Safety Management was developed and suffciently implemented within the healthcare system during the COVID-19 pandemic. Providing insights of potential for improvement is expected to be directional for ongoing Safety Management efforts, in times of crisis and beyond. Method: A nationwide survey study was conducted among healthcare professionals and auxiliary staff on German Intensive Care Units (ICUs) evaluating their experiences during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Error Management and Patient Safety Culture (PSC) measures served to operationalize Safety Management. Data were analyzed descriptively and by using quantitative content analysis (QCA). Results: Results for n = 588 participants from 53 hospitals show that there is a gap between errors occurred, reported, documented, and addressed. QCA revealed that low quality of safety culture (27.8%) was the most mentioned reason for errors not being addressed. Overall, ratings of PSC ranged from 26.7 to 57.9% positive response with Staffng being the worst and Teamwork Within Units being the best rated dimension. While assessments showed a similar pattern, medical staff rated PSC on ICUs more positively in comparison to nursing staff. Conclusion: The status-analysis of Safety Management in times of crisis revealed relevant potential for improvement. Human Factor plays a crucial role in the occurrence and the way errors are dealt with on ICUs, but systemic factors should not be underestimated. Further intensified efforts specifically in the fields of staffng and error reporting, documentation and communication are needed to improve Safety Management on ICUs. These findingsmight also be applicable across nations and sectors beyond the medical field.