[pt] Neste trabalho provamos que o fluxo geodésico de uma variedade Finsler de dimensão n compacta, sem pontos conjugados e que é uma variedade de visibilidade uniforme é transitivo. Para isso, introduzimos versões Finsler dos conceitos de hiperbolicidade de Gromov e visibilidade de Eberlein e estudamos suas consequências. Como aplicação da transitividade, provamos que superfícies Finsler k-básicas compactas de gênero maior que um, sem pontos conjugados e com fibrados de Green contínuos são Riemannianas. / [en] In this work we prove that the geodesic flow of a compact, n-dimensional Finsler manifold without conjugate points and which is an uniform visibility manifold is transitive. For this, we introduce Finsler versions of Gromov s hyperbolicity and Eberlein s visibility concepts and study its consequences. As an application of the transitivity, we prove that compact, k-basic Finsler surfaces without conjugate points, with genus greater than one and with continuous Green bundles are Riemannian.

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Title: Stochastic Differential Equations with Gaussian Noise Author: Josef Janák Department: Department of Probability and Mathematical Statistics Supervisor: Prof. RNDr. Bohdan Maslowski, DrSc., Department of Probability and Mathematical Statistics Abstract: Stochastic partial differential equations of second order with two un- known parameters are studied. The strongly continuous semigroup (S(t), t ≥ 0) for the hyperbolic system driven by Brownian motion is found as well as the formula for the covariance operator of the invariant measure Q (a,b) ∞ . Based on ergodicity, two suitable families of minimum contrast estimators are introduced and their strong consistency and asymptotic normality are proved. Moreover, another concept of estimation using "observation window" is studied, which leads to more families of strongly consistent estimators. Their properties and special cases are descibed as well as their asymptotic normality. The results are applied to the stochastic wave equation perturbed by Brownian noise and illustrated by several numerical simula- tions. Keywords: Stochastic hyperbolic equation, Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process, invariant measure, paramater estimation, strong consistency, asymptotic normality.

O objetivo deste trabalho é tratar da simulação do fenômeno de propagação de ondas em uma haste heterogênea elástico, composta por dois materiais distintos (um linear e um não-linear), cada um deles com a sua própria velocidade de propagação da onda. Na interface entre estes materiais existe uma descontinuidade, um choque estacionário, devido ao salto das propriedades físicas. Empregando uma abordagem na configuração de referência, um sistema não-linear hiperbólico de equações diferenciais parciais, cujas incógnitas são a velocidade e a deformação, descrevendo a resposta dinâmica da haste heterogénea. A solução analítica completa do problema de Riemann associado são apresentados e discutidos. / The objective of this work is the simulation of the wave propagation phenomenon in a heterogeneous elastic rod, composed by two distinct materials (a linear and a non-linear one), each of them with its own wave propagation speed. At the interface between these materials there is a discontinuity, a stationary shock, due to the jump of the physical properties. Employing a reference configuration approach, a nonlinear hyperbolic system of partial differential equations, whose unknowns are the velocity and the strain, describing the dynamical response of the heterogeneous rod. The complete analytical solution of the associated Riemann problem is presented and discussed.

Depuis Ruelle, puis Rugh, Baladi, Tsujii, Liverani et d'autres, on sait que la fuite vers l'équilibre statistique dans de nombreux systèmes dynamiques chaotiques est gouvernée par le spectre de résonances de Ruelle de l'opérateur de transfert. A la suite de récents travaux de Faure, Sjöstrand et Roy, cette thèse propose une approche semiclassique de systèmes dynamiques chaotiques de type partiellement expansifs. Une partie du mémoire est consacrée aux extensions d'applications expansives vers des groupes de Lie compacts, en se reistreignant essentiellement aux extensions vers le groupe spécial unitaire SU(2). On se sert de la théorie des états cohérents pour les groupes de Lie, développée dans les années 70 par Perelomov et Gilmore, pour mettre en oeuvre les outils semiclassiques et la théorie des résonances de Helfer et Sjöstrand. On en déduira une estimation de Weyl et un gap spectral pour les résonances de Ruelle prouvant que la fuite vers l'équilibre statistique dans ces modèles est gouvernée par un opérateur de rang fini (en accord avec les résultats obtenus par Tsujii pour les semi-flots partiellement expansifs). On étend ensuite cette approche aux modèles "ouverts" pour lesquels la dynamique présente un ensemble captif de Cantor. On montrera l'existence d'un spectre discret de résonances de Ruelle et on prouve une loi de Weyl fractale, analogue classique du théorème de Lin-Guillopé-Zworski pour les résonances du laplacien hyperbolique sur les surfaces à courbure négative constante. On montre aussi un gap spectral asymptotique. On expliquera pourquoi ces modèles semblent être des objets d'étude adaptés pour approcher des questions importantes et difficiles du chaos classique ou quantique. On pense en particulier au problème de la minoration du nombre de résonances, étudié dans le contexte des applications quantiques par Nonnenmacher et Zworski. / Since the work of Ruelle, then Rugh, Baladi, Tsujii, Liverani and others, it is kown that the convergence towards statistical equilibrium in many chaotic dynamical systems is gouverned by the Ruelle spectrum of resonances of the so-called transfer operator. Following recent works from Faure, Sjöstrand and Roy, this thesis gives a semiclassical approach for partially expanding chaotic dynamical systems. The first part of the thesis is devoted to compact Lie groups extenstions of expanding maps, essentially restricting to SU(2) extensions. Using Perlomov's coherent state theory for Lie groups, we apply the semiclassical theory of resonances of Helfer and Sjöstrand. We deduce Weyl type estimations and a spectral gap for the Ruelle resonances, showing that the convergence towards equilibrium is controled by a finite rank operator (as Tsujii already showed for partially expanding semi-flows). We then extend this approach to "open" models, for which the dynamics exhibits a fractal invariant reppeler. We show the existence of a discrete spectrum of resonances and we prove a fractal Weyl law, the classical analogue of Lin-Guillopé-Zworski's theorem on resonances of non-compact hyperbolic surfaces. We also show an asymptotic spectral gap. Finally we breifly explain why these models are interseting "toy models" to explore important questions of classical and quantum chaos. In particular, we have in mind the problem of proving lower bounds on the number of resonances, studied in the context of open quantum maps by Nonnenmacher and Zworski.

Les nombreux contes de fées qui paraissent à la fin du XVIIe siècle sont modélisés par un système hyperbolique omniprésent. Du niveau le plus micro-structural jusqu'aux macrostructures poétiques, l'hyperbole définit, justifie et confirme le genre merveilleux. Profusion, foisonnement, démultiplications, redoublements, dérivations ou créations débridées sont ainsi les déclinaisons prolifiques de l'hyperbole. Saturant les récits par des procédés récurrents, la distribution lexicale déborde des cadres alors insuffisants pour exposer des inventions originales et fantaisistes, et s'amplifie jusqu'à submerger les contes de néologismes, de listes ou de syntagmes figés dans une expansion logorrhéique. A un niveau supérieur, le discours du narrateur, comme celui des personnages, s'énonce et s'affiche ostensiblement dans une mise en scène générique exponentielle qui (se) joue de multiples formes pour divertir et se développer. Entre ingérence auctoriale fréquente et discordances démonstratives, le conte révèle une énonciation scalaire complexe et inédite dans un genre hérité d'une tradition orale univoque. Redoublant une elocutio composite et enchevêtrée, la dispositio supplétive des contes additionne, intercale et annexe les épisodes diégétiques dans une surcharge narrative qui prolonge les limites d'un genre paradoxalement bref. Les nombreux personnages qui dé/re/doublent le protagoniste participent à la mise en œuvre d'intrigues plurielles qui trouvent leur cohérence dans la figure centrale du conte. Marqué par une emphase systématisée qui se propage autour de lui, le héros rassemble et dirige tous les motifs diégétiques. Inscrit dans un environnement à sa mesure, distingué par des attributs outranciers, entouré de spectateurs enthousiastes, le héros domine le récit par la théâtralisation de son statut hors du commun. Genre hybride, kaléidoscopique et protéiforme, le conte propose une politique paradoxale de la surenchère permanente, du surnombre, de la surqualification, du grossissement, saturant le texte, et ce d'autant plus qu'il est bref, dans un processus jubilatoire. En concentrant dans un espace restreint les multiples éléments du conte, l'esthétique de l'hyperbole, si elle peut exister dans d'autres corpus et dans d'autres déclinaisons, permet spécifiquement d'accéder à la vérité du genre tel qu'il est pratiqué dans l'écriture mondaine des années 1690-1710. / Many fairy tales that appear at the end of the seventeenth century are modelled by a pervasive hyperbolic system. From the most micro-structural level to poetic macrostructures, hyperbole defines, justifies and confirms the wonderful genre. Wealth, abundance, repetitions, derivations or unbridled creations are so prolific versions of hyperbole. Saturating stories by recurring processes, the lexical distribution goes beyond the bounds regarded as inadequate to expose the original and fanciful inventions, and builds up to overwhelm tales with neologisms, lists or phrases stuck in a logorrheic expansion. At a higher level, the discourse of the narrator, and of the characters, reads and is ostensibly displayed in a generic exponential scene playing multiple forms to entertain and grow. Between frequent authorial interference and demonstrative discrepancies, the tale reveals a complex and unique scalar enunciation as if inherited from a univocal oral tradition. Repeating a composite, entangled elocutio the proxy from the stories dispositio adds, inserts and attaches the diegetic events in an overloaded narrative that extends the limits of a short paradoxically short genre. The numerous characters who dub the hero and increase his charisma are involved in the implementation of plural intrigues which find some coherence in the hero. Marked by a systematic focus that spreads around him, the hero collects and directs all diegetic motives. Enrolled in a tailor-made environment for him, distinguished by outrageous attributes, surrounded by enthusiastic spectators, the hero dominates the story by dramatizing his unusual status. As a hybrid genre, a kaleidoscopic and protean, the tale offers a paradoxical policy of continuing escalation of redundancy, over-qualification, magnification, saturating the text, and especially since it is short, in a joyful process. By focusing in a confined space the multiple elements of the tale, the aesthetics of the hyperbole, if it does exist in other corpus and other variations, specifically allows access to the truth of the genre, such as is practiced in the worldly writing years of 1690-1710.

Les dynamiques des systèmes modélisés par des équations aux dérivées partielles (EDPs) en dimension infinie sont largement liées aux réseaux physiques. La synthèse de la commande et l'analyse de la stabilité de ces systèmes sont étudiées dans cette thèse. Les systèmes singulièrement perturbés, contenant des échelles de temps multiples sont naturels dans les systèmes physiques avec des petits paramètres parasitaires, généralement de petites constantes de temps, les masses, les inductances, les moments d'inertie. La théorie des perturbations singulières a été introduite pour le contrôle à la fin des années $1960$, son assimilation dans la théorie du contrôle s'est rapidement développée et est devenue un outil majeur pour l'analyse et la synthèse de la commande des systèmes. Les perturbations singulières sont une façon de négliger la transition rapide, en la considérant dans une échelle de temps rapide séparée. Ce travail de thèse se concentre sur les systèmes hyperboliques linéaires avec des échelles de temps multiples modélisées par un petit paramètre de perturbation. Tout d'abord, nous étudions une classe de systèmes hyperboliques linéaires singulièrement perturbés. Comme le système contient deux échelles de temps, en mettant le paramètre de la perturbation à zéro, deux sous-systèmes, le système réduit et la couche limite, sont formellement calculés. La stabilité du système complet de lois de conservation implique la stabilité des deux sous-systèmes. En revanche un contre-exemple est utilisé pour illustrer que la stabilité des deux sous-systèmes ne suffit pas à garantir la stabilité du système complet. Cela montre une grande différence avec ce qui est bien connu pour les systèmes linéaires en dimension finie modélisés par des équations aux dérivées ordinaires (EDO). De plus, sous certaines conditions, l'approximation de Tikhonov est obtenue pour tels systèmes par la méthode de Lyapunov. Plus précisément, la solution de la dynamique lente du système complet est approchée par la solution du système réduit lorsque le paramètre de la perturbation est suffisamment petit. Deuxièmement, le théorème de Tikhonov est établi pour les systèmes hyperboliques linéaires singulièrement perturbés de lois d'équilibre où les vitesses de transport et les termes sources sont à la fois dépendant du paramètre de la perturbation ainsi que les conditions aux bords. Sous des hypothèses sur la continuité de ces termes et sous la condition de la stabilité, l'estimation de l'erreur entre la dynamique lente du système complet et le système réduit est obtenue en fonction de l'ordre du paramètre de la perturbation. Troisièmement, nous considérons des systèmes EDO-EDP couplés singulièrement perturbés. La stabilité des deux sous-systèmes implique la stabilité du système complet où le paramètre de la perturbation est introduit dans la dynamique de l'EDP. D'autre part, cela n'est pas valable pour le système où le paramètre de la perturbation est présent dans l'EDO. Le théorème Tikhonov pour ces systèmes EDO-EDP couplés est prouvé par la technique de Lyapunov. Enfin, la synthèse de la commande aux bords est abordée en exploitant la méthode des perturbations singulières. Le système réduit converge en temps fini. La synthèse du contrôle aux bords est mise en œuvre pour deux applications différentes afin d'illustrer les résultats principaux de ce travail. / Systems modeled by partial differential equations (PDEs) with infinite dimensional dynamics are relevant for a wide range of physical networks. The control and stability analysis of such systems become a challenge area. Singularly perturbed systems, containing multiple time scales, often occur naturally in physical systems due to the presence of small parasitic parameters, typically small time constants, masses, inductances, moments of inertia. Singular perturbation was introduced in control engineering in late $1960$s, its assimilation in control theory has rapidly developed and has become a tool for analysis and design of control systems. Singular perturbation is a way of neglecting the fast transition and considering them in a separate fast time scale. The present thesis is concerned with a class of linear hyperbolic systems with multiple time scales modeled by a small perturbation parameter. Firstly we study a class of singularly perturbed linear hyperbolic systems of conservation laws. Since the system contains two time scales, by setting the perturbation parameter to zero, the two subsystems, namely the reduced subsystem and the boundary-layer subsystem, are formally computed. The stability of the full system implies the stability of both subsystems. However a counterexample is used to illustrate that the stability of the two subsystems is not enough to guarantee the full system's stability. This shows a major difference with what is well known for linear finite dimensional systems. Moreover, under certain conditions, the Tikhonov approximation for such system is achieved by Lyapunov method. Precisely, the solution of the slow dynamics of the full system is approximated by the solution of the reduced subsystem for sufficiently small perturbation parameter. Secondly the Tikhonov theorem is established for singularly perturbed linear hyperbolic systems of balance laws where the transport velocities and source terms are both dependent on the perturbation parameter as well as the boundary conditions. Under the assumptions on the continuity for such terms and under the stability condition, the estimate of the error between the slow dynamics of the full system and the reduced subsystem is the order of the perturbation parameter. Thirdly, we consider singularly perturbed coupled ordinary differential equation ODE-PDE systems. The stability of both subsystems implies that of the full system where the perturbation parameter is introduced into the dynamics of the PDE system. On the other hand, this is not true for system where the perturbation parameter is presented to the ODE. The Tikhonov theorem for such coupled ODE-PDE systems is proved by Lyapunov technique. Finally, the boundary control synthesis is achieved based on singular perturbation method. The reduced subsystem is convergent in finite time. Boundary control design to different applications are used to illustrate the main results of this work.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:45:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1613593 bytes, checksum: 9f102a91f9dec62a3656d30b4f7a490c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study deals with the surface of the compact quotient M2=G where the surface M2 is either the Euclidean plane or the plane spherical or the hyperbolic plane, G is a group of isometries of their surfaces, and this group is generated by matching of edges of polygons. The Poincaré theorem that provides a method of finding the group of isometries G the functions that the pair of edges of the polygons involved. By using this theorem we construct two new pairings of generalized edges (Chapter 4) associated with the tessellations {12η 8,4} e {12μ 12,4}, respectively. These tessellations provide packing of spheres whose packing density is very close to the maximum 3/π. Such pairings are the starting point for finding codes with optimal transmission rates for Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO). / Este estudo aborda a construção de superfícies compactas pelo quociente M2/G onde a superfície M2 ou é o plano euclidiano, ou é o plano esférico, ou é o plano hiperbólico, G é um grupo de isometrias das respectivas superfícies e esse grupo é gerado pelos emparelhamentos de arestas dos polígonos. O Teorema de Poincaré fornece um método de encontrar o grupo de isometrias G que consiste das funções de emparelhamento de arestas dos polígonos associados. Mediante o uso deste teorema nós construímos dois novos emparelhamentos de arestas generalizados (Capítulo 4), associados as tesselações {12η 8,4} e {12μ 12,4}, respectivamente. Estas tesselações fornecem empacotamento de esferas cuja densidade de empacotamento é bem próxima do valor máximo 3/π. Tais emparelhamentos são o ponto de partida para a busca de códigos com ótimas taxas de transmissão para canais de múltiplas entradas e múltiplas e saídas (MIMO).

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:45:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1007963 bytes, checksum: 8fb51039076c92104d50598359cf19d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-24 / This work has as main objective the study of side-pairing patterns for hyperbolic polygons with 12g−6 edges and angles 2π/3 generated by trivalent graphs, in the case when the quotient of the hyperbolic plane by a Fuchsian group Γ (generated by the side-pairing of the polygon), H2/Γ , is a closed surface of genus g, g ≥ 2. So we did a study in case of g = 2, based on [10] and for the case of g = 3, based on [17]. In this work, we deduce two ways to get closed paths in the trivalent graphs cited in [10] and [17] and we contribute with exemples and results for cases of g > 3. Moreover, we find generalizations for some of these side-pairing patterns. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal o estudo de emparelhamentos de arestas para polígonos hiperbólicos com 12g − 6 arestas e ângulos iguais a 2π/3 gerados por meio de grafos trivalentes, no caso em que o quociente do plano hiperbólico por um grupo Fuchsiano Γ (gerado pelo emparelhamento do polígono), H2/Γ , é uma superfície fechada de gênero g, g ≥ 2. Assim, fizemos um estudo para o caso de g = 2 baseado em [10] e para o caso de g = 3, baseado em [17]. Neste trabalho, nós deduzimos duas formas de obter os caminhos fechados nos grafos trivalentes citados em [10] e [17] e contribuímos com exemplos e resultados para casos em que g > 3. Além disso, encontramos generalizações para alguns desses emparelhamentos de arestas.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:45:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1893968 bytes, checksum: ce37a1814e775a74aa222b17583fdc19 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation aims to study two topics related to modern topology and geometry. The first of these themes is dedicated to the study of packaging and record covering spheres in the hyperbolic plane, in which we treat the study results due to Bavard (1996) [3]. The second issue that was addressed refers to the study of edges pairing for irregular polygons. In this part we try to expose an example, created during our studies, for a pairing that generates a tiling of the hyperbolic plane by an irregular polygon. Also use the techniques developed by Mercio Botelho Faria, Catarina Mendes de Jesus and Panteleón D. R. Sanchez in [14] to obtain matching of edges of regular polygons through surgeries in surfaces associated with trivalent graphs. / Esta dissertação tem como objetivo o estudo de dois temas ligados a topologia e a geometria moderna. O primeiro destes temas é dedicado ao estudo de empacotamento e coberturas de discos do plano hiperbólico, no qual tratamos de estudar resultados devidos a Bavard (1996) [3]. Já o segundo tema que foi abordado se refere ao estudo de emparelhamento de arestas para polígonos irregulares. Nesta parte tratamos de expor um exemplo, criado durante nossos estudos, para um emparelhamento que gera um ladrilhamento do plano hiperbólico por um polígono irregular. Além disso utilizamos as técnicas desenvolvidas por Mercio Botelho Faria, Catarina Mendes de Jesus e Panteleón D. R. Sanchez em [14] para obtermos emparelhamentos de arestas de polígonos regulares por meio de cirurgias em superfícies associadas a grafos trivalentes.