The main purpose of this study is to examine the need to modify the theory of accounting to ensure a standardised and comparable approach when accounting and reporting on intellectual capital. A literature review is used to describe intellectual capital categories and how to measure, recognise and report these assets in the financial statements on an entity. Financial reporting operates around strict requirements that are statement of financial position biased posing significant challenges in recognising and disclosing intellectual capital. The study also uses content analysis of corporate annual reports of the top 40 companies listed on the JSE Ltd in 2009 to determine the extent of intellectual capital reporting by these companies. Measuring and recognising intellectual capital in financial reporting is not limited by the requirements in respect of statutory disclosures, discretionary and contextual disclosures are recommended. Results of the content analysis show that companies use these discretionary and contextual disclosures to communicate information on intellectual capital. / Financial Accounting / M. Com. (Accounting)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:32:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcio Aparecido Arruda.pdf: 1751901 bytes, checksum: d2d61273a5296c62be65591f64497119 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-14 / The Resource Based View (RBV), whose basic principles are to qualify the internal intangible and tangible assets of the companies as generators of competitive advantage, also classify them as rare, valuable and difficult to imitate by competitors. In this context, the segment of the advertising agencies is presented as being formed by companies driven by knowledge and simultaneously producers and dependent on intangible assets. Thus, can be considered that the quality and potential to generate future benefits to the agencies are very dependent on the skills of their managers into agglutinate the various kinds of intangible assets turning them into intellectual capital. This study sought to know how is the management of intangible assets that produce intellectual capital in advertising agencies of the State of São Paulo, in order to propose metrics that enable its management. The research is descriptive, exploratory, and qualitative in nature. Data collection was performed through an electronics interview script sent to thirteen agencies in the State of São Paulo, and among them, eight agencies are among the 50 largest in Brazil according to the ranking of the IBOPE 2011. The data were treated by means of descriptive analysis and content analysis. The results showed that although the managers of advertising agencies recognize that the management of intellectual capital is vital for agencies to obtain or maintain their competitive advantage. The theme is still very early in the industry and therefore there is an urgent need of development of a standardized methodology that allows managers of the segment of the advertising agencies evaluate the performance of its intangible assets trainers Intellectual Capital. Based on the results obtained, the main contribution of this study is to propose metrics that allow the management of intangible assets, which form the intellectual capital within the framework of advertising agencies. / A Visão Baseada em Recursos (VBR), cujos princípios básicos consistem em qualificar os ativos intangíveis e tangíveis internos às empresas como geradores de vantagem competitiva, também os classifica como ativos raros, valiosos e de difícil imitação pela concorrência. Nesse contexto, o segmento das agências de publicidade se apresenta como sendo formado por empresas movidas pelo conhecimento e, simultaneamente, produtoras e dependentes de ativos intangíveis. Dessa forma, se pode considerar que a qualidade e o potencial de geração de benefícios futuros para as agencias são totalmente dependentes das habilidades dos seus gestores em aglutinar os vários tipos de ativos intangíveis transformando-os em Capital Intelectual. Este estudo buscou conhecer como se dá a gestão dos ativos intangíveis que produzem o Capital Intelectual nas agências de publicidade do Estado de São Paulo, de modo a se propor métricas que possibilitem a sua gestão. A pesquisa é descritiva e exploratória e de natureza qualitativa. A coleta de dados foi efetuada por meio de um roteiro de entrevista eletrônica enviado para treze agências de publicidade do Estado de São Paulo, sendo que dentre elas, oito agências figuram entre as 50 maiores do Brasil segundo o ranking do IBOPE de 2011. Os dados foram tratados por meio de análises descritivas e análises de conteúdo. Os resultados demonstraram que embora, os gestores das agências de publicidade reconheçam que a gestão do Capital Intelectual seja vital para que as agências obtenham, ou mantenham sua vantagem competitiva, o tema ainda é muito incipiente no setor e, portanto, há a necessidade urgente do desenvolvimento de uma metodologia padronizada que possibilite aos gestores do segmento de agências de publicidade avaliar o desempenho dos seus ativos intangíveis formadores do Capital Intelectual. Com base nos resultados obtidos, a principal contribuição deste estudo é a proposição de métricas que propiciam a gestão dos ativos intangíveis, que formam o Capital Intelectual, no âmbito das agências de publicidades.

Knowledge Management (KM) and Business Intelligence (BI) are topics, which are receiving much currency in the literature of academia and the general media over the past several years. This thesis explores KM from the perspective of the acquisition of business intelligence inside and outside the organisation. We do this by undertaking an extensive survey of the literature in the field. This thesis provides an overview of the major concepts, approaches, and issues as well as some experiences and trends of KM, covering both organisational and technological aspects. Firstly, chapter 2 discusses various definitions of knowledge and KM as well as related terms like tacit knowledge and intellectual capital, from a philosophical, a technological and a business point of view. Secondly, chapter 3, describes the major components of KM, from a process perspective, a func- tional perspective and a technological perspective. Important processes include the setting of appropriate goals; the creation, discovery, acquisition and capture of knowledge. The chapter also describes the storage of that knowledge in knowledge repositories, the classification, re- trieval, filtering and refinement of knowledge; the transfer and use of that knowledge. Finally, the chapter ends with how organisations may undertake the assessment, conservation and main- tenance of knowledge, and states that groupware, document management systems, intelligent agents, knowledge maps and expertise profiling are examples of technologies used in KM. iii The thesis then looks at the role of asynchronous groupware in enabling and harnessing the benefits of KM. Here, the research discusses how Information Technology (IT), and specifically, synchronous and asynchronous groupware, may be integrated with KM in a drive towards cre- ating BI. Chapter 4 also studies the term `business intelligence', with specific relevance to the identification of business opportunities, and the application of the concepts of intellectual capital (IC). Chapter 5 outlines the research methodology, which includes two surveys on KM awareness and KM practices in order to gauge the level of implementation and application of KM for adding value to organisations. The research methodology also employs a case study to validate the implementation of an aspect of KM collaboration and knowledge sharing. The findings from the surveys give testament to the level of awareness and implementation of KM in best practice organisations. Chapter 7 then presents the approaches to measuring IC, and BI used by firms employing knowledge management practices to maintain their competitive advantage. In chapter 8, the researcher analyses how KM presentations and implementation in organisations may be operationalised. In chapter 9, the research presents the research model, the KM-BI model, which is the seminal objective of this thesis. The KM-BI model uses the confirmatory factor analysis procedure, Proc Calis of SAS Institute, to present a measurement model. In seeking to clarify the argument being made, a model is confirmed and discussed in terms of the transformation process from KM to BI and the subsequent competitive advantage. iv / Business Management / DBL

Thesis submitted in fulfillment for the requirements of the Degree of Master of Technology: Business Administration, Durban University of Technology, 2012. / The purpose of this study was to investigate the low rate of registration of IP rights such as patents, trademark and design rights at the DUT, through a survey conducted with the academic research staff. Managing IP at a University of Technology today has new dimensions with the implementation of the IP Act 51 of 2008. Stimulation of the development and commercialization of technology within South Africa may benefit the country and its citizens. The knowledge economy indicates that research, development and innovation are fundamental prerequisites for achieving and maintaining competitiveness and sustained growth. The researcher undertook to explore reasons for low IP registration as a means to increase such activity at the DUT. This study adopted both the qualitative and quantitative methodologies with questionnaires distributed to full-time academic staff in selected departments. Factors that contributed to the gap between academic research and intellectual property registration were examined. This study investigates activities relating to patent registration, as well as the academic performance of researchers at DUT. The literature reviewed indicated that factors affecting low intellectual property right activities at the DUT may be a lack of awareness, implications of the ownership provisions, funding and an effective institutional arrangement for the management of intellectual property. This study identified strengths and weakness of DUT‟s IP management system. It is envisaged that the findings of the study will contribute to increasing IP registration at the DUT, in particular, and other UoT‟s in general. Low IP registration can be attributed to lack of understanding and awareness of the ownership provisions of the IP Act. The study highlighted lessons to be learned from universities in other countries and how the DUT‟s system can grow into an efficient and effective means of promoting national innovation and economic growth. In an increasingly global world, the ability to invent, design and manufacture goods and services that people want is more vital to our future prosperity than ever.

Dagens redovisning får ofta kritik för att den inte redovisar dess personal, humankapitalet, som en tillgång i balansräkningen. Problemet är aktuellt då humankapitalet generellt utgör en allt större och viktigare del av tillgångarna i dagens företag. Detta leder till att redovisningen blir missvisande, då stora skillnader uppstår mellan verkligt värde och bokfört värde. I elitidrottsföreningar är spelarna en viktig tillgång men tillvägagångsättet vid värdering av spelare skiljer sig mycket mellan både föreningar och sporterna emellan där många föreningar fortfarande inte redovisar sina spelare.   Syftet med studien är att granska hur elitidrottsföreningar värderar och redovisar sitt humankapital samt att undersöka hur valet av redovisning påverkar föreningarnas finansiella ställning och hur väl de uppfyller redovisningens kvalitativa egenskaper. För att uppfylla syftet genomfördes en studie av 5 stycken utvalda svenska elitidrottsföreningar inom fotboll och ishockey. Studien genomfördes med en deduktiv ansats där föreningarnas årsredovisningar analyserades med fokus på områdena eget kapital, resultat och redovisade spelare. Studien innehåller både en deskriptiv del där dagens redovisning inom elitidrottsföreningarna analyseras och en normativ del där vi undersöker hur föreningarnas bör redovisa spelare och vilken effekt detta hade gett på föreningarnas resultat- och balansräkning. Denna del inkluderar hur redovisningen hade sett ut om föreningarna hade aktiverat sina egna talanger i balansräkningen.   Resultatet av studien visar att elitidrottsföreningarna inom fotbollen redovisar sina spelare som en tillgång efter Svenska Fotbollförbundets rekommendationer. De undersökta ishockeyföreningarna saknar rekommendationer från förbundshåll och redovisar inte sina spelare. Vår bedömning är att ishockeyföreningarna skulle gynnas av att aktivera sina spelare i balansräkningen men att det med rådande system och avsaknaden av transfersummor inte är möjligt. Resultatet visar även att redovisningen av spelare hade uppfyllt redovisningens kvalitativa egenskaper på ett bättre sätt vid möjlighet att aktivera egna talanger i balansräkningen. Vårt bidrag till ämnesområdet utmynnar i en rekommendation till elitidrottsföreningar inom fotboll och ishockey att i framtiden skapa möjlighet till att redovisa egna upparbetade ungdomsspelare. / Today's accounting is often criticized for not reporting its staff, human capital, as an asset in the balance sheet. The problem is current since human capital generally constitute an increasingly important part of the assets in today's business. This cause a misleading in the financial statements since large differences arise between the fair value and book value. In elite sport clubs, players are an important asset but the valuation approach of the player is very dissimilar in the clubs and between different sports where many clubs still isn’t accounting their players.   The purpose of the study is to examine how the elite sport clubs value and reports its human capital, and to analyze how different accounting approach affects the clubs financial position and how well they achieve the qualitative characteristics in accounting. To fulfill this purpose, we carried out a case study of five Swedish elite clubs in football and hockey. The study was conducted with a deductive approach, where the club’s annual reports were analyzed, focusing on the areas of equity, earnings and reported players. The study contains a descriptive part where today´s accounting is analyzed and a normative part where we examine how the clubs should report their players and the effect this has given in the income statement and the balance sheet. This part also includes an analyze of the affects in the balance sheet if the clubs had activated their own youth talents in the balance sheet.   The results of the study show that the elite football clubs report its players as an asset using the Swedish Football Association's recommendations. The investigated elite hockey clubs don’t have prepared recommendations and aren´t reporting their players. Our conclusion is that the hockey clubs would benefit from activating their players in the balance sheet but that its not possible with the current system and the lack of transfer fees. The result also shows that the accounting of players had met the report's qualitative characteristics in a better way with the opportunity to activate their own talents in the balance sheet. Our contribution to the subject concludes with a recommendation that the elite clubs in football and hockey in the future should try to find a way to report their own accumulated youth players.

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Exxaro Resources is a diversified resources company with a commodity portfolio of coal, mineral sands, base metals and industrial minerals. Exxaro acquired Namakwa Sands in 2008 to increase its market share in the mineral sands industry and to exploit synergies within its mineral sands commodity business. Effective knowledge transfer was identified as an important lever to ensure return on investment with the Namakwa Sands acquisition. The objective of this research project was to follow an academic approach to design a theoretical framework for post-acquisition knowledge transfer to exploit synergies within the Exxaro Sands Commodity Business (CB). A qualitative theory building research method was followed to facilitate the research process and the development of the conceptual framework. Primary data was gathered by conducting interviews with role players within the organisation to understand knowledge transfer requirements and barriers within the Exxaro Sands CB. The interviews were also used to obtain insights into the building blocks of a knowledge sharing strategy and practical inputs on initiatives to implement such a strategy within Exxaro Sands operations. Key findings from the interviews, combined with insights from a comprehensive literature review and strategic analysis of the organisation, were used to compile a conceptual framework for post-acquisition knowledge transfer. The framework consists of the following six interrelated constructs: • Strategy and vision: Knowledge sharing objectives must be aligned with the strategy of the organisation and should be communicated in a compelling knowledge sharing vision. • Culture: A culture conducive to knowledge transfer is required to successfully implement a knowledge-sharing programme. Culture also creates the context for social interaction that enables post-acquisition integration. • Change management: Change management is required to communicate the background, methodology and potential benefits of a knowledge-sharing programme. • Knowledge sharing resources: Knowledge sharing resources are responsible for the execution of knowledge transfer activities. Optimum utilisation of organisational resources is required to ensure operational excellence. • Knowledge sharing processes: The processes construct stipulates how knowledge will be shared and is the key mechanism for facilitating, stimulating, measuring and reinforcing knowledge transfer within the organisation. The six steps identified for the Exxaro Sands knowledge sharing process include the identification, prioritisation and benchmarking of key performance indicators, detailed analysis of the gaps, identification of initiatives to close the gaps and ongoing monitoring to track progress. • Knowledge sharing systems: A range of tools, techniques and supporting infrastructure is required to facilitate the knowledge exchange process. The existence of knowledge sharing systems underpins knowledge sharing success, but cannot achieve the aims of knowledge sharing in isolation. This framework clearly illustrates that knowledge sharing is dependent on more than just the interaction between the holders and receivers of knowledge. A formal systematic process is required to derive maximum benefit. The conceptual framework developed in this study adds value by providing this process – customised for the requirements and context of the Exxaro Sands commodity business. It is important to implement this framework in a structured fashion to provide the objectives, guidelines and milestones required for an effective knowledge-sharing programme. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Exxaro Resources is ‘n gediversifiseerde mynbou maatskappy met ‘n kommoditeitsportefeulje van steenkool, titanium sand, sink en industriële minerale. Exxaro het Namakwa Sands oorgeneem in 2008 om sy markaandeel in die titanium bedryf te vergroot en om waarde uit die sinergieë met ander besighede binne die titanium sand besigheidseenheid te put. Effektiewe kennisoordrag is geïdentifiseer as ‘n belangrike hefboom om waarde te ontsluit na die oorname. Die doel van hierdie navorsingsprojek was om ‘n akademiese benadering te volg om ‘n teoretiese raamwerk te skep vir kennisoordrag wat maksimum waarde kan ontsluit binne die Exxaro Sands Kommoditeit Besigheid. Die gekose navorsingsmetodiek was kwalitatiewe teorie bou. Dit is gebruik om beide die navorsingsproses te fasiliteer en om die konsepsuele raamwerk te ontwikkel. Primêre data is ingesamel deur onderhoude te voer met belangrike rolspelers in die organisasie, wat lig gewerp het op kennisoordrag-vereistes en struikelblokke. Die onderhoude het ook die hoeksteen gevorm vir die kennisoordrag-strategie, en het praktiese insette gelewer oor hoe om die strategie te implementeer by Exxaro Sands. Kritiese bevindinge van die onderhoude, saam met insig uit ‘n omvattende literatuurstudie en strategiese analise van die besigheid is gebruik om die raamwerk vir kennisoordrag te ontwikkel. Die raamwerk bestaan uit die volgende ses interafhanklike afdelings: • Strategie en visie: Doelwitte vir kennisoordrag moet belyn wees met die besigheidstrategie en moet gekommunikeer word deur middel van ‘n aangrypende kennisoordrag visie. • Kultuur: ‘n Kultuur wat kennisdeling onderskraag word benodig om ‘n kennisoordrag-program suksesvol te implementeer. Kultuur skep ook die konteks vir sosiale interaksie wat integrasie van die verskillende besighede aanhelp na ‘n oorname. • Bestuur van verandering: Die bestuur van verandering is onontbeerlik om die agtergrond, metodiek en moontlike voordele van kennisoordrag-programme effektief te kommunikeer. • Kennisoordrag hulpbronne: Kennisoordrag hulpbronne word benodig om die kennisoordrag aktiwiteite uit te voer. Die optimale gebruik van hierdie hulpbronne is noodsaaklik om operasionele voortreflikheid te verseker. • Kennisoordrag prosesse: Die kennisoordrag prosesse dui aan hoe kennis oorgedra sal word en is van kritiese belang vir die fasilitering, stimulasie, meting en versterking van kennisoordrag. Daar is ses stappe geïdentifiseer in die proses, naamlik identifisering, prioritisering en “benchmarking” van sleutel besigheidsdrywers, ‘n analise van die gapings, identifisering van aksies wat die gapings kan uitwis en monitering van inisiatiewe. vii • Kennisoordrag stelsels: ‘n Versameling gereedskapstukke, tegnieke en ondersteunende infrastruktuur word benodig om die kennisoordrag-prosesse te ondersteun. Alhoewel die stelsels die prosesse onderskraag kan dit kennisoordrag nie in isolasie laat plaasvind nie. Die raamwerk illustreer dat kennisoordrag binne en tussen organisasies afhanklik is van veel meer as net die interaksie tussen die houers en ontvangers van kennis. ‘n Formele, sistematiese benadering word benodig om maksimum waarde te ontsluit. Die konseptuele raamwerk wat in hierdie studie ontwikkel is verskaf hierdie benadering, en is doelgerig vir die gebruik en konteks binne die Exxaro Sands Kommoditeit Besigheid. ‘n Gestruktureerde implementeringsproses word benodig om te verseker dat die doelwitte, riglyne en mylpale vir effektiewe kennisoordrag bereik word.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Accounting in its current state of practice has lost its ability to inform business accurately about the current state of an organization. In awareness of this lack of information managers and academic researchers have developed different ways of measuring and navigating in a new landscape that has moved from watching tangible, physical assets towards intangible assets. The intellectual capital (IC) of organizations stands in the core of this movement which has to be measured, enabling managers to identify previous IC investment decisions that improved the organization's overall situation. The field of IC measurement is still a young discipline which requires regular reviews about what has been done and what should come next. The purpose of this thesis is to give a comprehensive overview of the field of intellectual capital measurements. In this the thesis focuses on the separation of IC into the three elements mostly used: human capital, structural capital and customer capital. IC measurement tools of commonly known IC-authors like Edvinsson and Malone, Stewart, Sveiby and Kaplan and Norton are presented. Afterwards the thesis discusses those measurements and ends by giving several suggestions creating a foundation for future development of IC measurement tools for organizations and researchers. By doing so the author intends to present a new platform of measurement tools from which further research can be done. Among the most important suggestions the author recommends a stronger focus towards finding standards. Also, organizations and governments should develop certification programmes to ensure the value of IC measurement tool. Other suggestions include the importance of putting lC measuring (and its management) on a strategic level and the relevance of publication of IC in order to learn from criticism. This research has shown that in the young field of IC measurement significant developments have been taking place. Further development will also have to focus on the theoretical background on the practically found measurement applications. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In sy huidige staat het rekeningkunde sy vermoë verloor om besigheid akkuraat in te lig omtrent die huidige stand van 'n organisasie. Omdat hulle van hierdie gebrek aan inligting bewus is, het bestuurers and akademiese navorsers verskillende maniere ontwikkel om 'n nuwe omgewing wat wegbeweeg het van die monitering van tasbare, fisiese bates na onaantasbare bates, te meet en daarin te navigeer. Die intellektuele kapitaal (IK) van organisasies is die kern van hierdie beweging wat gemeet moet word, en stel bestuurders in staat om vorige IK-beleggingsbesluite wat die organisasie se algehele situasie verbeter het, te identifiseer. Die gebied van IK-meting is nog 'n jong dissipline wat gereelde hersiening van wat gedoen moet word en wat volgende moet gebeur, vereis. Die doel van hierdie tesis is om 'n omvattende oorsig te gee van die gebied van die meting van intellektuele kapitaal. In hierdie tesis val die fokus op die verdeling van IK in drie elemente wat die meeste gebruik word, naamlik menslike kapitaal, strukturele kapitaal en kliëntekapitaal. IK-metingsinstrumente van bekende skrywers oor IK, soos Edvinsson en Malone, Stewart, Sveiby en Kaplan, en Norton word aangebied. Daarna word daardie metings bespreek, en word die tesis afgesluit met voorstelle oor die daarstelling van 'n fondament vir toekomstige ontwikkeling van IK metingsinstrumente vir organisasies en navorsers. Sodoende poog die skrywer om 'n nuwe platform van metingsinstrumente aan te bied vir verdere navorsing. Die skrywer stel onder andere 'n sterker fokus op die daarstelling van standaarde voor. Organisasies en regerings behoort ook sertifiseringspropgramme te ontwikkel om die waarde van IK-metingsinstrumente te verseker. Ander voorstelle sluit in die belangrikheid daarvan om IK-meting (en die bestuur daarvan) op 'n strategiese vlak te plaas, en van die publikasie van intellektuele kapitaal ten einde uit kritiek te leer. Hierdie navorsing het getoon dat belangrike ontwikkelings op die jong gebied van IKmeting plaasvind. Verdere ontwikkeling sal ook op die teoretiese agtergrond van die prakties gebaseerde metingstoepassings moet fokus.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: As the world's economic landscape undergoes a fundamental shift from industrial economy in which plant and equipment are the core assets, to the 'new' economy which places a high premium on people and intangible assets traditional accounting systems are becoming less effective. Intellectual Capital has become the indispensable component of corporate value. The significant rise in the market-to-book ratio of listed companies is testimonial of this fact. By focusing on physical and cash assets, and remaining oblivious to Intellectual Capital, conventional accounting methods are missing a very crucial point. The exclusion of Intellectual Capital from financial performance reports results in information deficiency for both internal and external stakeholders of organizations. Measurement and reporting of Intellectual Capital has thus become imperative. However, it is the Human Capital component (of Intellectual Capital) that should be the prime concern of business leaders and other stakeholders. People are the true agents in business; all the other assets, whether tangible or intangible, are the result of human actions and ultimately depend on people for their continued existence. Measurement and reporting of Human Capital is therefore of the essence. Measurement of Human Capital is not simple and straightforward. Development of methodologies for valuation of Human Capital is a daunting challenge. In spite of its difficulty, measurement of Human Capital has to be vigorously pursued; the stakes are just too high for the challenge to be shunned. This study proposes a system for valuation of Human Capital. "Valuation" may conjure expectations of financial measurement; however, despite concerted efforts by the accounting profession, currency-based valuation of people has received very little, if any, appreciation in industry. The model put forward here, is a non-monetary Human Capital Index. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Met die fundamentele verskuiwing van die ekonomiese landskap van die wêreld, vanaf 'n industriële ekonomie met produksie-aanlegte en toerusting as primêre bates, tot die nuwe ekonomie wat 'n hoë premie op mense en ontasbare bates plaas, het konvensionele rekeningkundige stelsels toenemend ondoeltreffend geraak. Intellektuele kapitaal het 'n onontbeerlike onderdeel van korporatiewe waarde geword. Die betekenisvolle premie wat die markwaarde bo die batewaarde van genoteerde maatskappye geniet, lewer bewys van hierdie tendens. Deur te fokus op fisiese en monetêre bates, en nie intellektuele bates in ag te neem nie , verontagsaam konvensionele rekeningkundige stelsels 'n kern beginsel. Die uitsluiting van intellektuele kapitaal as deel van prestasie verslagdoening lei tot 'n gebrekkige inligtingsbasis vir beide interne en eksterne belangegroepe van die organisasie. Meting van, en verslagdoening oor intellektuele kapitaal, het dus 'n noodsaaklikheid geword. Dit is egter die menslike hulpbron komponent van intellektuele kapitaal wat die primêre oorweging by sakeleiers en ander belanghebbendes behoort te wees. Mense is die werklike rolspelers in organisasies. AI die ander bates, tasbaar of ontasbaar, is die gevolg van menslike aktiwiteit, en hang uiteindelik van mense af vir hul voortgesette bestaan. Daarom is dit van die uiterste belang dat daar 'n proses is wat menslike bates evalueer en verslag doen. Die meting van menslike kapitaal is nie eenvoudig en voor die hand liggend nie. Die ontwikkeling van metodes om menslike kapitaal te assesseer is 'n besondere uitdaging. Ten spyte van die probleme moet die assessering van menslike kapitaal daadwerklik nagestreef word; hierdie saak is te belangrik om te ontwyk. Hierdie studie stel 'n model voor om waardebepaling van menslike kapitaal te doen. So 'n waardebepaling mag verwagtinge van 'n finansiële metingsbasis skep; tog, ten spyte van doelgerigte pogings deur die rekeningkundige professie, het 'n monetêre waardebepaling van mense weinig, indien enige, aanvaarding in die sakewêreld ontvang. Die model wat hier voorgestel word, is 'n nie-monetêre menslike kapitaal indeks.

This study examines the intellectual capital (IC) disclosure practices in the annual reports of 100 listed UK firms selected from sectors considered to be IC-intensive. It also investigates the possible determinants of such disclosure practices from the three perspectives of corporate governance structure, company characteristics and market factors. IC disclosures were captured using content analysis, and were measured by a disclosure index, supported by word count and percentage of word count metrics to assess the variety, volume and focus of IC disclosure respectively, at both overall and subcategory levels. The presentational formats and locations of IC disclosures were also recorded. The results indicate that the UK firms sampled provide considerable IC information in their annual reports, mainly in text form, with popular use of numerical information, while the use of graphs and pictures for many IC elements remains low. The distribution of IC disclosures, captured in three categories, varies by the three measures of disclosure applied. IC information was found in virtually all sections of the annual report and was most concentrated in the Operating and Financial Review section. IC terms typically used in the academic literature do not feature in the sampled annual reports. The results of the statistical analyses based on the three measures of IC disclosure indicate significant associations with a number of corporate governance factors (i.e. board composition, share concentration, audit committee size and frequency of meeting, board directors' shareholding, audit committee directors' shareholding, and board directors with cross-directorships), company characteristics (i.e. firm size, profitability, and listing age), and market factors (i.e. 'hidden value', share price volatility, share turnover, and multiple listing). These findings offer support for a number of theories, such as information asymmetry, agency and signalling theory. The influence of these explanatory factors on human, structural and relational capital disclosures, based on all three disclosure measure metrics, as well as on the format of IC disclosure, was also explored. The study also finds that its IC framework is more effective than a less detailed framework used in prior studies for the purpose of examining IC disclosure practice and its determinants. The study contributes to the further advancement of the state of knowledge in relation to IC disclosure both empirically and methodologically. It provides information users, preparers, regulatory bodies and academics with a state-of-the-art understanding of IC disclosure practices in the annual report. The transparent content analysis process enables future replication and comparison of results. The rigorous measurements of IC disclosure, the greater specificity of disclosure about the location and presentational format, and the more detailed IC research framework can be usefully applied by other studies. By examining the relationship between explanatory factors and IC disclosure, it helps shareholders and other groups of information users as well as the regulatory bodies to identify factors that may encourage IC disclosure in the annual report.

在全球化、自由化的浪潮及科技變革的引領下，帶給企業競爭優勢之資源，不再侷限於有形資產，更須仰賴無形資產(智慧資本)的有效管理與運用。王耀興(2002)分析我國銀行業經營績效不彰原因，顯示我國銀行業亟須透過智慧資本衡量指標之建置與管理，以改善經營績效。一般認為外國銀行較具智慧資本管理經驗，故本研究以某外國銀行之在台分行為研究對象，分析該行之重要智慧資本衡量指標，以供我國銀行業參考，主要探討之問題包括： (一)辨認銀行業智慧資本具重要性之衡量指標為何？ (二)辨認銀行業智慧資本具重要性之衡量指標是否因業務性質互異而不同？ 此外，並發展銀行業智慧資本衡量指標先導性問卷，以供後續研究者大量施測問卷之參考；另針對王耀興(2002)之分析，嘗試提出以策略為核心之組織績效衡量架構。 本研究除建立銀行業智慧資本衡量指標先導性問卷外，有關結論如下： (一)銀行受訪者認為重要之智慧資本衡量指標計34項，其中組織資本佔16項為最高，其次為人力資本及顧客資本各9項。訪問結果顯示組織資本在銀行業之重要性，惟有提升作業效率，才能增加客戶滿意度。 (二)由於業務性質不同，銀行兩部門受訪者對於若干智慧資本衡量指標重要性之認知，有相當之差異性，並多見於衡量人力資本之指標。 (三)銀行業務性質特殊，建議本國銀行多重視人力資本之經營團隊領導力、徵募與訓練計畫完整性及員工績效表現等指標，組織資本之組織架構調整性、組織體系具風險控管能力及整合性風險管理等指標，以及顧客資本之產品獲利率及目標客戶群貢獻度等指標。 關鍵字：智慧資本、衡量指標、策略 / Under the wave of globalization, deregulation and rapid change in information technology, the sources of competitive advantages of an organization rely heavily on the management of its intangible assets (intellectual capital). The operating performance of domestic banks in Taiwan has been slow. Analysis shows that consideration for the measurement and management of intellectual capital could be helpful. Based on interviews with officers from a foreign bank’s branch office located in Taipei, the main research questions explored in this thesis are as follows: 1. What are the important intellectual capital indicators to a bank? 2. Will the nature of the business influence cognition of the importance of intellectual capital indicators? In addition, built on measures reviewed from the literature and interviews with practitioners, this research develops a preliminary questionnaire that provides an initial basis for further research. The primary findings of this research are shown as follows: (1) There are 34 important indicators, including 16 indicators for organizational capital, 9 indicators for human capital and customer capital respectively. The results show that organizational capital is extremely important to the bank interviewed. An enhanced organization capital can improve efficiency and better serve its customers. (2) Differences in the nature of banking business influence the cognition of importance of indicators. The essential differences are found mostly in human capital. (3) It is suggested that emphases on indicators such as management team leadership, recruiting and training program, employees’ performance, adjustability in organizational structure, risk management, product profitability and profitability for target customers could be considered for domestic banks as a starting point to improve their performance. Key words: banking industry, intellectual capital, indicators, strategy.