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Investment Effects of Wealth Taxes under Uncertainty and IrreversibilityNiemann, Rainer, Sureth-Sloane, Caren January 2015 (has links) (PDF)
The growing dissatisfaction with perceived distributional inequality and budgetary constraints gave rise to a discussion on the (re-)introduction of wealth taxes. Wealth taxes are typically levied on private wealth, in some countries also on corporate wealth. To avoid
misleading statements concerning possible distributional consequences of wealth taxes, preceding analyses of the economic and particularly investment effects are necessary. As investments drive job creation, tax-induced changes in investment timing may significantly affect the income and wealth distribution. We analyze the impact of wealth taxes
on investment timing under uncertainty and irreversibility and the propensity to carry out risky projects. Using a Dixit/Pindyck type real options model we find that wealth
taxes have real effects. This means that higher wealth tax rates can either stimulate or depress the propensity to invest in risky projects. We find that apparently paradoxical wealth tax effects (accelerated investment due to higher wealth tax rates) are more likely
for low interest rates and for high-risk investments. Using either historical cost or fair value accounting may affect investment timing ambiguously. Thus, the design of wealth
taxes is crucial for the resulting delay or acceleration of investment. Although our model takes an individual perspective, our findings are also relevant for the current tax policy discussion on the introduction of wealth taxes. Our results indicate that wealth taxes are particularly harmful for specific classes of investments, for example low-risk investments. (authors' abstract) / Series: WU International Taxation Research Paper Series
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Irreversible parallel dynamics in statistical mechanicsMariani, Riccardo 12 December 2018 (has links)
Nous présentons des approches théoriques et numériques pour deux dynamiques irréversibles et parallèles sur des modèles de mécanique statistique. Dans le premier chapitre, nous présentons les résultats théoriques sur un système de particules induite par une chaîne de Markov irréversible, à savoir le TASEP. Permettant des multiples retournements de spin \`à chaque itération, nous définissons un modèle avec une dynamique parallèle appartenant à la famille des PCA et nous dérivons sa mesure stationnaire. Dans ce cadre, nous traitons {\it le problème du blocage}, {\it i.e.} comprendre les effets d’une perturbation localisée dans le taux de transition des particules sur des systèmes irréversibles: le problème du blocage. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous présentons une version unidimensionnelle du modèle d'Ising avec potentiel de Kac. Nous définissons une PCA avec une interaction asymétrique et nous trouvons sa mesure stationnaire avec condition aux limites périodique.Ensuite, nous prouvons la convergence, dans la limite thermodynamique, de cette mesure stationnaire vers la mesure de Gibbs pour toutes les températures supérieures à la température critique via les estimations de F\"ollmer et le théorème d'unicité de Dobrushin. Dans la seconde partie de la thèse, nous étudions ces deux dynamiques à travers des expériences numériques. Dans le cas du TASEP en exploitant des processeurs graphiques (GPU) et CUDA pour identifier une estimation raisonnable du {temps de m\'elange} et renforcer la conjecture qu’à la fois dans la version, la règle de mise à jour série ou parallèle, le courant peut ne pas être analytique dans l’intensité du blocage autour de la valeur $ \varepsilon = 0 $ / In this thesis we present theoretical and numerical approaches for two irreversible and parallel dynamics on one-dimensional statistical mechanics models. In the first chapter we present theoretical results on a particles system driven by an irreversible Markov chain namely the totally asymmetric simple exclusion process (TASEP). Allowing multiples spin-flips in each time-step we define a model with a parallel dynamics that belongs to the family of the probabilistic cellular automata (PCA) and we derive its stationary measure. In this framework we deal with {\it the blockage problem}, {\it i.e.} to understand the effects of a localized perturbation in the transition rates of the particles on irreversible systems: the blockage problem. In the second chapter we present a one-dimensional version of the Ising model with Kac potential. Again we define a PCA dynamics with asymmetric interaction between particles and we find its stationary measure for periodic boundary condition. Then we prove the convergence, in the thermodynamic limit, of such stationary measure to the Gibbs measure for all temperatures above the critical one via F\"ollmer estimates and dobrushin's uniqueness theorem. In the second part of the thesis, we investigate these two dynamics through numerical experiments.In the case of the TASEP we exploit general purpose graphical processors unit (GPGPU) writing a parallel code in CUDA to identify a reasonable {\it mixing time} and reinforce the conjecture that in both version, serial or parallel update rule, the current may be non-analytic in the blockage intensity around the value $\varepsilon = 0$
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Irreversibility and informationGranger, Léo 28 May 2014 (has links)
This thesis is concerned with the irreversibility of certain information processing operations. The two main results of this thesis concern the recording and erasure of information on a physical memory and the measurement, or acquisition of information by a physical device. These operations are shown to be irreversible, and their degree of irreversibility is related to the amount of information processed.
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Atomistic simulation of fatigue in face centred cubic metals / Simulation atomistique de la fatigue dans les métaux cubiques à faces centréesFan, Zhengxuan 18 November 2016 (has links)
La fatigue induite par chargement cyclique est un mode d'endommagement majeur des métaux. Elle se caractérise par des effets environnementaux et de grandes dispersions de la durée de vie qui doivent être mieux comprises. Les matériaux analysés sont de type cfc : aluminium, cuivre, nickel et argent. Le comportement de marches naturellement créées en surface par le glissement cyclique de dislocations est examiné par simulations en dynamique moléculaire sous vide et sous environnement oxygène pour le cuivre et le nickel. Un phénomène de reconstruction est observé sur les marches en surface, qui peut induire une forte irréversibilité. Trois mécanismes de reconstruction des marches apparues en surface sont observés et décrits. L’irréversibilité de ces marches est ensuite analysé. Elles sont irréversibles pour des chargements expérimentaux, sauf arrivée de dislocations de signe opposé sur un plan de glissement directement voisin.Avec arrivée de dislocations sur des plans non voisins, l'irréversibilité s’accumule cycle par cycle et il est possible de reproduire l’apparition de fissures en surface dont la profondeur augmente graduellement.Un environnement oxygène modifie la surface (début d’oxydation) mais pas l’irréversibilité parce que l’oxygène n’a pas d'influence majeure sur les différents mécanismes liés à l’évolution du relief.Une estimation grossière de l'irréversibilité est faite pour des dislocations coin pures dans une bande de glissement persistante pour les matériaux dits ondulés. On obtient un facteur d’irréversibilité entre 0,5 et 0,75 pour le cuivre, sous vide et sous l’environnement oxygène, en accord avec des mesures récentes en microscopie à force atomique.La propagation de fissures est simulée en environnement inerte. Les fissures peuvent se propager à cause de l'irréversibilité des dislocations générées, liée à leurs interactions allant jusqu’à la création de jonctions. / Fatigue is one of the major damage mechanisms of metals. It is characterized by strong environmental effects and wide lifetime dispersions which must be better understood. Different face centred cubic metals, Al, Cu, Ni, and Ag are analyzed. The mechanical behaviour of surface steps naturally created by the glide of dislocations subjected to cyclic loading is examined using molecular dynamics simulations in vacuum and in air for Cu and Ni. An atomistic reconstruction phenomenon is observed at these surface steps which can induce strong irreversibility. Three different mechanisms of reconstruction are defined. Surface slip irreversibility under cyclic loading is analyzed. All surface steps are intrinsically irreversible under usual fatigue laboratory loading amplitude without the arrival of opposite sign dislocations on direct neighbor plane.With opposite sign dislocations on non direct neighbour planes, irreversibility cumulates cycle by cycle and a micro-notch is produced whose depth gradually increases.Oxygen environment affects the surface (first stage of oxidation) but does not lead to higher irreversibility as it has no major influence on the different mechanisms linked to surface relief evolution.A rough estimation of surface irreversibility is carried out for pure edge dislocations in persistent slip bands in so-called wavy materials. It gives an irreversibility fraction between 0.5 and 0.75 in copper in vacuum and in air, in agreement with recent atomic force microscopy measurements.Crack propagation mechanisms are simulated in inert environment. Cracks can propagate owing to the irreversibility of generated dislocations because of their mutual interactions up to the formation of dislocation junctions.
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First and Second Law Analysis of Organic Rankine CycleSomayaji, Chandramohan 03 May 2008 (has links)
Many industrial processes have low-temperature waste heat sources that cannot be efficiently recovered. Low grade waste heat has generally been discarded by industry and has become an environmental concern because of thermal pollution. This has led to the lookout for technologies which not only reduce the burden on the non-renewable sources of energy but also take steps toward a cleaner environment. One approach which is found to be highly effective in addressing the above mentioned issues is the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), which can make use of low- temperature waste heat to generate electric power. Similar in principle to the conventional cycle, ORC is found to be superior performance-wise because of the organic working fluids used in the cycle. The focus of this study is to examine the ORC using different types of organic fluids and cycle configurations. These organic working fluids were selected to evaluate the effect of the fluid boiling point temperature and the fluid classification on the performance of ORCs. The results are compared with those of water under similar conditions. In order to improve the cycle performance, modified ORCs are also investigated. Regenerative ORCs are analyzed and compared with the basic ORC in order to determine the configuration that presents the best thermal efficiency with minimum irreversibility. The evaluation for both configurations is performed using a combined first and second law analysis by varying certain system operating parameters at various reference temperatures and pressures. A unique approach known as topological method is also used to analyze the system from the exergy point of view. Effects of various components are studied using the exergy-wheel diagram. The results show that ORCs using R113 as working fluid have the best thermal efficiency, while those using Propane demonstrate the worse efficiency. In addition, results from these analyses demonstrate that regenerative ORCs produce higher efficiencies compared to the basic ORC. Furthermore, the regenerative ORC requires less waste heat to produce the same electric power with a lower irreversibility.
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Ineliminable idealizations, phase transitions, and irreversibilityJones, Nicholaos John 21 November 2006 (has links)
No description available.
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Modélisation et affinement des structures locales de matériaux désordonnés à base d'oxyde-hydroxyde de nickel par spectroscopie d'absorption des rayons X / Local Structure Modeling and Refinement of Disordered Materials based on Nickel Oxide- Hydroxide by X-ray Absorption SpectroscopyBounif, Mohamed 13 October 2009 (has links)
Les composés électrochomes changent de couleur en fonction d'une tension qui leur est appliquée. La tenue en cyclage de couches minces à base de NiO, électrochrome cathodique, dépend fortement de la température et de la pression de dépôt. D’autre part la proportion de phase électrochimiquement active dépend fortement de l’épaisseur des couches. Selon le modèle proposé NiO en milieu KOH se transforme en hydroxyde de nickel Ni(OH)2 puis dans la phase de coloration en oxyhydroxyde NiOOH avant de revenir à sa forme réduite durant la phase décoloration. À la fin de ce cycle, des traces de phase colorée persistent. Nous avons développé des nouvelles méthodes numériques d’analyse des spectres d'absorption de rayons X, caractérisant la structure locale autour du nickel dans ces phases non cristallisées, afin de déterminer les concentrations des diverses espèces au cours du cycle. Aucune des méthodes habituellement pratiquées, comme la combinaison linéaire d’espèces modèles par la méthode des moindres carrés linéaire, et la méthode d’Analyse en Composantes Principales, ne sont adaptées aux cas de spectres fortement corrélés comme les oxydes-hydroxydes de nickel. Nous montrons qu’il est possible d’améliorer la méthode des moindres carrés en utilisant un algorithme original : « la méthode des Moindres Carrés Linéaire Progressive ». La base de cette méthode est fondée sur l’étude statistique des erreurs et corrélations. Ce travail a permis de valider le modèle électrochimique et d’évaluer pour la première fois la concentration en NiOOH dans la phase réduite, signature de l'irréversibilité. Seule, la présence avant cyclage de Ni(OH)2 dans les films de NiO n'a pu être expliquée / Electrochromic materials change their color versus an applied electric voltage. The electrochemical study of NiO thin films, which are cathodic electromic materials, shows an important oxidationreduction cycles lifetime dependance on thin films deposition temperature and pressure. The proportion of electrochemically active material depends on the film thickness. The proposed model suggests that in KOH NiO is transformed first to nickel hydroxide Ni(OH)2, and to nickel oxihydroxide in the coloration process, before returning to Ni(OH)2 in the decoloration step. At the end of the cycle, traces of the colored phase are still observed. We have developed a new X-Ray absorption spectroscopy numerical analysis method in order to characterize the concentration of each species present in these non crystalline materials. Mixed Ni oxides and hydroxides XAS spectra are highly correlated and Linear Least Squares and Principal Component Analysis methods proved to be totally inefficient. In order to improve the linear least squares method, we have developed a home-made algorithm named « Progressive Linear Least Squares method ». This method is based on the use of statistical errors and correlations evaluation of the spectra. It was then possible to valid the electrochemical model and to evaluate for the first time the concentration of residual NiOOH in the reduced thin film phases, related to the irreversibility of the electrochromic process. However, we were unable to explain the presence of a small amount of de Ni(OH)2 in the NiO films prepared at room temperature, prior to any electrochemical treatment
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不確定市場下建商投資行為之研究陳冠華, Chen, Kuan-Hua Unknown Date (has links)
由於土地開發乃是一項典型具有「不可回復性」(irreversibility)以及「可遲延性」(deferability)的投資行為,因此Titman(1985)等人透過「實質選擇權理論」(the real option theory)的觀念重新建構未開發土地的評價模式與土地開發「時機」(timing)的「門檻價值」(hurdle value;critical value)。而相關文獻的結論也都說明了市場不確定性的增加將會增加未開發土地的價值,也將因而延後土地開發的時機。
然而,傳統文獻大多立基於「未開發土地」的觀點作為研究的主軸,並未考慮建商投資過程中取得土地成本支出對於土地開發時機選擇的影響;再者,對於台灣的建商來說,由於取得土地的成本往往佔整體投資成本支出六、七成以上,因此可以預期的是:當「土地取得」的動作納入建商的投資行為中時,則土地成本勢必將對土地開發決策的實質選擇權模型產生深遠的影響。
因此本文首先由「房價不確定性」的觀點探討建商取得土地後立即進行開發的決策標準,而藉由比較靜態分析與模擬分析的方式也發現了房價波動程度以及預期房價上漲率越高時,則未開發土地的開發時機將被延後;而必要報酬率及機會成本(如轉投資的利潤、租金率)的增加卻會減少了土地等待開發的選擇權價值,因而提前了未開發土地的開發時機。
其次,本文則進一步的透過「附合選擇權」(compound option)的概念探討建商發現:當建商取得土地成本為沈入成本時(即建商無法轉售未開發土地),則其決策標準將較單純考慮開發成本時更為嚴格;而當土地等待開發選擇權價值的增加意味著土地不適合立即進行開發時,則建商取得土地的動作也將隨延後。
其次,本文則進一步的探討建商在同時面臨房價水準以及地價水準不確定下取得土地的投資決策,而其結論說明了:在考量了地價水準的不確定性之後,市場總體不確定性的增加仍將會增加建商投資的門檻,但我們卻無法判斷房價水準以及地價水準個別的不確定性對於門檻價值的影響。其次,在其他條件不變的情況下,當房價預期上漲率增加時將會延後建商取得未開發土地的意願,但在地價上漲率增加時,則會增加建商持有未開發土地的意願。
最後,本文沿用Episcopos(1995)的概念,將影響土地開發計畫價值的「隨機衝擊」因子劃分為以「地價中位數」及「預售屋平均房價」,並分別針對象徵建商投資量的純土地買賣移轉件數以及建照面積進行實証分析。然而,由實証的結果卻發現:除了預售屋平均房價的變動與純土地交易登記件數呈現顯著的正向關係之外,市場不確定性不但未如預期的與市場投資量的變動量產生反向變動的關係,而且多呈現出不顯著的關係——這說明了在國內建商投資的過程中只重視房價水準的變化,並未考慮市場不確定性所隱含的風險,因此往往在市場稍微景氣的情況下就貿然購入土地以作為未來的開發之用,但一旦市場景氣不如預期理想時,則在面臨沈重的購地貸款壓力下又不得不以推案的方式來將低損失。而本文也認為造成實證結果不佳的原因可能是因為資料品質不佳、預售制度、建商行為以及房價變動假設偏誤的緣故。
第一章 緒論………………………………………………1
第一節 研究動機與目的………………………………………1
第二節 研究問題、方法與限制………………………………5
第三節 研究架構與流程………………………………………9
第二章 相關理論與文獻回顧……………………………11
第一節 建商投資行為…………………………………………11
第二節 實質選權理論…………………………………………13
第三節 小結……………………………………………………26
第三章 以實質選擇權理論為基礎的建商投資行為……27
第一節 實質選擇權在土地開發時機的應用與說明…………27
第二節 地價水準確定時建商取得土地的實質選擇權模型…47
第三節 地價水準不確定下建商取得土地的實質選擇權模型51
第四節 小結……………………………………………………56
本章附錄…………………………………………………………58
第四章 實證分析…………………………………………64
第一節 建立實證模型…………………………………………64
第二節 實證結果與分析………………………………………72
第三節 小結……………………………………………………76
第五章 結論與後續研究…………………………………77
第一節 結論……………………………………………………77
第二節 後續研究………………………………………………79
參考文獻 …………………………………………………80
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Strategic and environmental uncertainty in social dilemmasLindahl, Therese January 2005 (has links)
Social dilemmas constitute a broad class of quandaries, including, for example, common pool resource (CPR) dilemmas and public good (PG) dilemmas. CPR's are characterized by non-excludability and rivalry and are often associated with overexploitation. Through similar arguments, the features non-excludability and non-rivalry give rise to under-provision of PG's. The prevalence and inefficiencies often associated with CPR's have given rise to an extensive literature and the role of resource uncertainty has not been ignored. Uncertainty combined with rivalry is often said to augment users' incentive to overexploit. However, underlying most of the theoretical research is an explicit or implicit assumption of symmetric information, or a symmetric lack of information. In reality, people generally have access to different sources of information and they may differ in their abilities to process information. In the first two papers of this thesis, the assumption of symmetry is relaxed and both papers demonstrate that from a welfare perspective, the distribution of uncertainty is also of importance. Many CPR's and PG's are natural, which can complicate the situation. In the traditional resource management literature, the exploited resource is often assumed to be properly characterized by some concave growth function. Today, there is extensive empirical evidence suggesting that many ecosystems have more complex, often non-linear dynamics. Management of such resources can be quite challenging as the non-linear dynamics can make the ecosystem flip between alternate stable states, and even marginal changes can cause radical transformations of such ecosystems. Most of the CPR models assume the shared resource to be of fixed size or to be able to generate a constant flow of services. In the third paper we aim at providing a more complete picture of the overexploitation of a common resource, by combining the institutional structure with complex ecological dynamics. We manage to raise questions and doubts about the standard assumptions. Another feature of convex-concave resources is that a state can become highly robust and sometimes an ecosystem change may even be irreversible. This is problematic if, for example, we wish to restore a degraded ecosystem. The aim of the fourth paper is to empirically analyze this question, by eliciting peoples' preferences through a hypothetical referendum on the issue. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2005
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Propriétés structurales et magnétiques de ferrites de gallium substituées par des terres rares / Structural and magnetic properties of gallium ferrites substituted by rare earth elementsNeacsa Iurcut, Daniela Maria 23 September 2016 (has links)
Nous présentons une contribution expérimentale à l’étude des propriétés structurales et magnétiques de ferrites de gallium substituées par des terres rares. Ce travail s’inscrit dans la thématique plus générale des multiferroïques magnétoélectriques dont fait partie le composé Ga2-xFexO3 qui est ferrimagnétique et présente une polarisation spontanée à température ambiante. On s’intéresse à l’influence de la substitution d’atomes de gallium ou de fer par des éléments de terres rares (Sc, Yb, Er, Sm) sur les paramètres structuraux de Ga2-xFexO3 avec 0,9 x 1,2 et à l’effet de la substitution par Sc et Yb sur la température de transition magnétique et l’aimantation à saturation. On présente une étude expérimentale du magnétisme du composé Ga0.99Yb0.01FeO3, réalisée à partir de mesures de la susceptibilité alternative et de l’aimantation en fonction du champ magnétique, H, et de la température T. Un large domaine d’irréversibilité magnétique est observé dans le diagramme de phase H–T. Les résultats suggèrent que Ga0.99Yb0.01FeO3 constitue un verre de spin Heisenberg tridimensionnel. / We present an experimental contribution to the study of structural and magnetic properties for gallium ferrites substituted by rare earth elements. This work is part of the more general theme of magnetoelectric multiferroïc which includes the Ga2-xFexO3 compound ferrimagnetic and with a spontaneous polarization at room temperature. We study the influence of the substitution of gallium or iron atoms with rare earth elements (Sc, Yb, Er, Sm) on the structural parameters of Ga2-xFexO3 with 0.9 x 1.2 and the effect of the substitution by Sc and Yb on the magnetic transition temperature and the saturation magnetization. We present an experimental study of magnetism Ga0.99Yb0.01FeO3 compound, realized from alternative susceptibility and magnetization measurements as a function of magnetic field, H, and the temperature T. A wide irreversible magnetic area is observed in the phase diagram H–T. The results suggest that Ga0.99Yb0.01FeO3 is a three-dimensional Heisenberg spin glass.
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