L’attitude du juge administratif français face à la Cour de justice et au regard des obligations imposées par la procédure préjudicielle est particulièrement démonstrative des difficultés de mise en place d’un dialogue des juges, bien que le mécanisme préjudiciel soit considéré comme le canal privilégié de celui-ci et comme son pendant juridique. Le juge administratif a cru pouvoir affirmer son indépendance et son autonomie en usant de la théorie de l’acte clair et de la règle du précédent. Les abus commis dans l’utilisation de ces moyens procéduraux, occultant le renvoi préjudiciel, ont posé des difficultés et il en fut de même pour l’autorité et les effets des arrêts préjudiciels. De son côté la Cour a aussi exprimé des volontés contraires ou incompatibles avec l’instauration d’un dialogue entre juges par la voie préjudicielle. Elle a voulu affirmer son autorité en utilisant de façon extensive les compétences que lui avaient délivrées les Traités. Fort heureusement, par plusieurs assouplissements jurisprudentiels de part et d’autre, les relations dialogiques préjudicielles se sont bonifiées. Une acceptation mutuelle des compétences et des autorités a été acquise par la voie de dialogues qu’il convient de cerner, d’entretenir, de favoriser et de fortifier par le biais d’échanges courants et de techniques nouvelles, mieux adaptées au pluralisme juridique européen et au renouvellement actuel de l’office du juge en Europe. / The difficulties to establish a dialogue between judges are well illustrated by french administrative judge’s attitude with respect to the Court of Justice of European Union and regarding the preliminary ruling proceedings. Indeed, french administrative judges have clearly considered that they could assert their autonomy through the use of the acte clair doctrine and the rule of precedent (stare decisis) to prevent the preleminary ruling. The excessive use of both procedural approaches has been the source of numerous problems, notably for the authority and effects of preliminary ruling decisions. For its part, the Court also took positions either radically opposite to that of the national judges, or that at least were not in favour of a putative dialogue. Indeed, the Court has clearly wished to assert its authority over the national judges by an extensive use of the competences European Treaties awarded to it. This context has fortunately started to resolve itself through a reciprocal acceptance of competences and prerogatives by the concerned authorities in the dialogue. This emerging dialogue must be reinforced and promoted via routine exchanges and novel techniques. Both jurisdictions will have to steer in harmony in this direction of the european legal pluralism.

L'objectif général de cette thèse est d'étudier l'évaluation de la créativité dans le domaine du design. Plus précisément, ce travail se centre sur l'évaluation de productions créatives en design graphique et il repose sur des méthodes complémentaires d'analyse des critères utilisés par des juges. L'approche adoptée vise à explorer les variations de jugements, dans différents contextes d'évaluation, afin d'identifier les facteurs influant sur les critères (ou les « référents évaluatifs ») qui sont pris en considération par les juges. Deux facteurs ont plus particulièrement été pris en compte : les points de vue adoptés par les juges en fonction de leur parcours professionnel (designers, directeurs artistiques, enseignants en design et public visé) et le niveau d'expertise en design (experts affirmés, experts intermédiaires et non-experts).Cette recherche a été réalisée dans différents contextes d'évaluation et elle tente d'identifier les éléments caractéristiques des jugements, selon le profil des juges émettant ces jugements. La première étude vise à comprendre les représentations mentales des juges, en explorant les critères qu'ils déclarent importants pour la créativité. La seconde étude analyse les corrélations entre les scores attribués aux productions en design sur un ensemble des critères, ainsi que les niveaux d'accords inter-juges pour chacun de ces critères. La troisième étude permet une analyse qualitative des verbalisations spontanées exprimées par des juges durant leurs évaluations de productions en design. / The present thesis aims to study creativity assessments in design. More precisely, this research focuses on the evaluation of creative productions in graphic design area and it is based on complementary methods of analysis of used criteria and "evaluative referents". It aims to identify, in various assessment contexts, factors that exert an influence on the judgments of creative productions. It develops a multiple feedback approach by exploring assessments made by judges with different professional backgrounds (designers, art directors, design teachers and targeted audience) and levels of experience in design (asserted experts, intermediary experts and laypeople).The research frame includes different contexts of assessment situations and tries to capture the characteristics of judges' approaches to creativity in design, on the basis of three complementary studies. The first study focusses on judges' mental representations by exploring criteria they declare important to creativity in design. The second study allows an analysis of correlations between scores attributed to design productions with regard to different criteria as well as an analysis of inter-judge agreement on them. The third study aims to perform qualitative analyses of spontaneous verbalizations expressed by judges during their analyses of design outcomes.

A presente dissertação tem como escopo a análise das situações em que a eleição da arbitragem como meio adequado de solução de conflitos possibilitará - ou, em algumas hipóteses, tomará imprescindível - a atuação do Poder Judiciário, via processo judicial. Uma das premissas básicas de que parte o estudo em tela reside no fato de que a arbitragem, enquanto mecanismo extrajudicial de solução de conflitos livremente escolhido pelas partes, não estará sujeita à intervenção indiscriminada do Poder Estatal. Essa relação entre juízes togados e árbitros suscita o debate de diversas questões de ordem prática, algumas patológicas e ainda pouco exploradas pela doutrina, as quais serão aqui enfrentadas. Nos ocuparemos, deixando sempre clara a independência de um e de outro, da inter-relação entre o processo arbitral e o processo judicial, partindo do estudo das seguintes fases: pré, durante e pós arbitragem. A importância desta dissertação decorre da constatação de que a arbitragem vem sendo cada vez mais adotada como método adequado de solução de contendas e de que a inter- relação entre os processos arbitral e judicial ora estudada, por vezes, dá azo a situações práticas até então não solucionadas. Nesse panorama, parece-nos que o estudo das hipóteses em que o Poder Judiciário será provocado a atuar justamente em virtude da eleição do processo arbitral pelas partes, seja antes, na constância ou até mesmo depois de encerrada a arbitragem, não só será bastante útil e atual, como de extrema relevância prática para a moderna ciência processual civil brasileira. Por fim, cumpre destacar que este trabalho combina o estudo da teoria ao exame de casos concretos, a fim de verificar como o Poder Judiciário vem decidindo em matéria de arbitragem, o que lhe confere inquestionável importância técnica. / The scope of this dissertation involves analysis of situations in which opting for arbitration as an appropriate means of conflict solution will render possible - or, in some cases, essential- involvement of the Judicial Branch via legal proceedings. One of the basic assumptions underpinning this study is the fact that arbitration, while being an extrajudicial conflict resolution mechanism freely chosen by parties, will not be subject to indiscriminate intervention by the State. Such relationship between judges and arbitrators provokes debate of several practical issues; some pathological and still relatively unexplored by doctrine, to be examined herein. We will deal with the interrelation between arbitral and judicial processes - while clearly acknowledging their independence from each other - based on study of the following phases: pre, during and post arbitration. The importance of this dissertation arises from the evident fact that such proceedings are increasingly adopted as a suitable method of resolving differences and that the interrelation between arbitral and legal processes studied herein may, at times, give rise to theretofore unresolved practical situations. In such scenario, it is clear to us that the study of situations in which the Judiciary is called upon to act in virtue of election by parties for arbitration, whether before, during or even after such proceedings are concluded, will not only prove useful and topical, but will also be of utmost practical relevance to the science of modern Brazilian civil procedural law. Finally, it is worthy of note that this paper combines theoretical study with examination of real finalized cases in order to see how the Judiciary deliberates in respect of arbitration, thereby conferring unquestionable technical importance upon it as a study.

O objetivo primordial deste trabalho é fazer uma apresentação do Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos (SIDH) aos operadores jurídicos do Brasil, em especial aos juízes brasileiros. Para isso, noticia-se a mudança de rumo mundial a partir de 1948, com uma nova concepção dos direitos humanos. A soberania do Estado se relativiza. A ONU é criada, conformando o Sistema Global de Proteção aos Direitos Humanos e na sua esteira, os sistemas regionais são instituídos. De maneira pontual, o Sistema Regional Europeu, o Sistema Regional Africano e a incipiência do Árabe e do Asiático são referidos e contextualizados. Nesse ponto da pesquisa, debruça-se sobre o Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos, sistema regional das Américas, fazendo alusão ao seu surgimento, órgãos e instrumentos normativos. Dentre os órgãos, situa-se a Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos como intérprete final dos vários instrumentos normativos do sistema. O mais importante deles é a Convenção Americana de Direitos Humanos (CADH). Denominada também de Pacto de San José da Costa Rica, esta convenção cria um sistema próprio e eficiente de responsabilização estatal a violadores de seus preceitos. Nos termos da CADH, a porta de entrada das denúncias perante o SIDH é a Comissão Interamericana de Direitos Humanos, cujas atribuições são também estudadas. Com o desejo de dotar o leitor de um conhecimento aprofundado acerca da garantia do juiz independente, imparcial e préconstituído, o segundo capítulo do trabalho adentra na jurisprudência da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos. São relatados vários casos contenciosos e uma opinião consultiva, buscando dotar o leitor de uma precisa noção do entendimento do tribunal interamericano sobre tais garantias. No terceiro capítulo, a partir dos conceitos no Brasil de juiz independente, imparcial e pré-constituído, faz-se um paralelo com a jurisprudência da Corte, demonstrando-se o imperativo de que o juiz brasileiro tenha ciência da jurisprudência do SIDH para necessariamente aplicá-la sob pena de responsabilização do Estado brasileiro. Temas como a hierarquia dos tratados internacionais no Brasil, controle de convencionalidade e diálogo das Corte são tratados, buscando dar uma ampla visão dos reflexos do Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos no direito brasileiro. / Tem main objective of this work is to present the Inter-American Human Rights System (IAHRS) to the legal professionals in Brazil, in particular to Brazilian judges. To accomplish that, we review the worldwide change of perspective concerning human rights that transpired as of 1948, by means of a new conception thereof. State sovereignty is relativized. The UN is organized, the Global Human Rights Regime is formatted, and, in its wake, the regional human rights regimes are also established. One by one, the European, African, and the incipient Arab and Asian regional human rights regimes are referred to and contextualized. At this point of the research, we focus on the Inter-American Human Rights System, the regional human rights regime of the Americas, and point out its origin, organs and normative instruments. Among its organs, we highlight the Inter-American Court of Human Rights as the court of last resort for the interpretation of the several normative instruments of the system, among which we point out the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR) as the most important. Also known as Pact of San José, Costa Rica, this convention establishes a unique and efficient system of state responsibility for the infringement of its precepts. Pursuant to the ACHR, complaints under the IAHRS shall be made before the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights, whose competences are also reviewed. In order to grant to the reader an in-depth knowledge on the guarantees of an independent, impartial, and preappointed judge, the second chapter of this work focuses on the case law of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. We set forth several litigation cases and one advisory opinion to convey to the reader a precise notion of the Inter-American Court of Human Rightss construction of such guarantees. In the third chapter, from the concepts of an independent, impartial and pre-appointed judge in Brazil, we make a comparison with the Inter-American Court of Human Rightss case law and demonstrate that it is essential that Brazilian judges be acquainted with the IAHRS case law to necessarily apply it, whereas failing to do so may subject the State of Brazil to international responsibility. Themes such as the hierarchy of international treaties in Brazil, control of conventionality, and communication among courts are also reviewed in order to provide the reader with a broad perspective of the influence of the IAHRS on the Brazilian Laws.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:29:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JULIANA B OLIVEIRA.pdf: 397845 bytes, checksum: 1fe218cc24459ea6207d54fdd25797e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-14 / In an effort to identify responses pointing towards resilience in the behavioral system of individuals who are successful in confronting adversities and also to understand how such behaviors unfold 220 people were interviewed for the event 148 women and 72 men. The following instruments were used: Identification Data Form Inventory of Stress Symptoms (I.S.S.) Database of Stress Source and Database of Behaviors Pointing to Resilience. It is observed that 72% of individuals are stressed. There is notably a frequent occurrence of psychological symptoms and 76% of the individuals agree to be daily susceptible to innumerous stressful situations. The main stressor refers to the administration of personal tasks especially if the individual is a female and it also refers to the work itself. It is noted that men show a more frequent behavior of resilience than women do. Moreover men manifest a greater ability to control emotions and to face new challenges. However it is noticed both in men and women that those individuals with more distinguished sense of self-control and ability to understand the basis of adversities and those who are optimistic and sympathetic are less likely to develop symptoms of chronic stress. A balanced emotional attitude is considered the main protection factor. Most of those individuals who are not stressed consider that effective skills to confront the adversities are learned throughout the course of their lives. / A fim de identificar comportamentos indicadores de resili?ncia no repert?rio comportamental de indiv?duos que obt?m sucesso no enfrentamento de adversidades e o modo como tais comportamentos foram desenvolvidos, entrevistaram-se 220 pessoas, das quais, 148 mulheres e 72 homens. Utilizaram-se os seguintes instrumentos: Formul?rio de Dados de Identifica??o, Invent?rio de Sintomas de Stress (I.S.S.L.), Levantamento de Fontes de Stress e Levantamento de Comportamentos Indicadores de Resili?ncia. Observou-se que 72% dos participantes apresentaram stress. Houve maior freq??ncia de sintomas psicol?gicos e 76% dos participantes consideraram-se expostos a muitas fontes cotidianas de stress. Os principais estressores encontrados referem-se ? administra??o de rotinas pessoais, especialmente no caso das mulheres, e ao trabalho. Os homens apresentaram maior freq??ncia de comportamentos indicadores de resili?ncia do que as mulheres e demonstraram maior habilidade em regular emo??es e em se predispor a novos desafios. Em ambos os sexos, constatou-se que pessoas com maior senso de auto-efic?cia e com habilidade em analisar as causas das adversidades, controlar emo??es, ser otimista e se comportar com empatia est?o menos expostas ao risco de desenvolver quadros de stress cr?nico. A regula??o emocional mostrou-se o mais influente fator de prote??o. A maioria dos participantes n?o estressados considerou que o repert?rio eficaz de enfrentamento de adversidades foi aprendido ao longo de sua hist?ria de vida.

Submitted by Elba Lopes (elba.lopes@fecap.br) on 2018-06-05T20:44:27Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Antonio Carlos Ferreira da Silva.pdf: 1044121 bytes, checksum: 52e18db88557f93675efb3efb710e7d0 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-05T20:44:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Antonio Carlos Ferreira da Silva.pdf: 1044121 bytes, checksum: 52e18db88557f93675efb3efb710e7d0 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-05 / In order to safeguard civil rights, the citizens require State intervention to enforce the law in the composition of controversies. Justice applies the Civil Procedure Law ??? CPC/15, to give reason to whomever has it. The forensic accounting report, as an evidence admitted in Court, seeks to shed light on the truth, when proof requires technical-scientific knowledge. In this context, the aim of this study was to ascertain the contribution of such a report to the judges of the Central Civil Court in S??o Paulo city, to support their convictions when passing a sentence. The research is descriptive and qualitative, and it was carried out through documentation survey, content analysis of judge preliminary decisions, forensic accounting reports and sentences of twelve lawsuits in the civil law area. The findings of the forensic accounting report, additional explanation forensic accounting report and additional forensic accounting report are based on the contribution to the motivations of the judges, as to the reasons for their conviction, when passing their sentences. The guidelines of the accounting literature were applied to forensic accounting expertise, CFC standards, and art. 473 of CPC / 15 law with the forensic accounting reports. The quality score of these reports was checked; as well as their use in convincing judges, using keywords relevant to the forensic accounting expertise. The quality score and the degree of reports use are in line with the rates presented in the literature, supporting the fact that reports need improvements, as well as emphasis on continuing professional education programs for forensic accountants; and the interaction between the Regional Accounting Councils (CRC) and the State Schools of the Judiciary. It was found that quality reports contribute with the formation of the judges' convictions and decisions. / O cidad??o, na salvaguarda dos seus interesses, requer a interven????o do Estado, com a aplica????o da lei na composi????o das controv??rsias. A justi??a utiliza o C??digo de Processo Civil, para dar a raz??o a quem efetivamente a tem. O laudo cont??bil como prova admitida em ju??zo busca dar luz ?? verdade, quando a prova requer conhecimento t??cnico-cient??fico. Nesse cen??rio, o objetivo deste estudo ?? conhecer a contribui????o do laudo para os ju??zes do Foro Central C??vel da Capital Paulista, no processo de fundamenta????o de suas convic????es ao proferirem as senten??as. A pesquisa ?? descritiva e qualitativa, e efetivou-se a partir do levantamento documental, pela an??lise de conte??do das decis??es de saneamento, laudos cont??beis e senten??as de 12 processos da ??rea do direito civil de diferentes varas e peritos. Buscou-se nos achados reportados no laudo cont??bil, laudo de esclarecimentos e laudo complementar a contribui????o para as fundamenta????es dos ju??zes, quanto ??s raz??es do seu convencimento, ao proferirem suas senten??as. Foram trianguladas as diretrizes da literatura aplicada ?? per??cia cont??bil, normas do CFC, e o art. 473 do CPC/15, com os laudos cont??beis. Aferiu-se o n??vel de qualidade dos laudos e o seu grau de utiliza????o na forma????o de convencimento dos ju??zes, com o uso de palavras-chave pertinentes ?? per??cia. A nota de qualidade e o grau de utiliza????o dos laudos obtidos est??o em linha com os ??ndices apresentados na literatura, corroborando que melhorias s??o necess??rias nos laudos, al??m de maior ??nfase nos programas de educa????o profissional continuada para os peritos cont??beis. Ainda, a intera????o entre os Conselhos Regionais de Contabilidade e as Escolas Estaduais da Magistratura. Encontrou-se que laudos realizados com qualidade contribuem para a forma????o das convic????es e decis??es dos ju??zes.

No description available.

The purpose of this study is to assess why the race and gender of defendants influence judges’ decisions using the focal concern theory. This study will require around 84 participants. Participants will be federal judges who will be recruited via email. In an online survey, participants will be randomly assigned to one of four conditions . Participants will all read a vignette which an individual was convicted for in trafficking of Xanax. The vignette will be manipulated by the name and accompanying a mugshot based on the race (Black/White) and gender (male/female) of the defendant. The expected result is that there will be a significant effect on sentencing time based on race and gender due to perceived offender characteristics (perceived culpability, perceived aggression). The judges’ prejudice (sexism, racism, and feelings of paternalism toward the defendant) will also have a significant effect on sentencing length. With more research about judges’ perceptions and biases, reforms can be implicated to reduce sentencing disparity and to make the legal system more fair.

De acordo com a crença de que seus primeiros colonizadores tinham ascendência nobre, o orgulhoso Estado de São Paulo se desenvolveu cultivando valores como nobreza, família, religião, bravura e autonomia, os quais se refletiram nas virtudes exigidas de seus magistrados. Desde o período Colonial, com sua complexa estrutura de jurisdições justapostas, exigia-se dos juízes que fossem imparciais, honestos e devotados ao trabalho. O Poder Correicional se ocupava de punir corrupção e mau comportamento em público. Apesar das mudanças estruturais que se seguiram à Independência em 1822 e à Proclamação da República em 1890, esses valores tradicionais persistiram, tanto assim que a principal Corte de São Paulo, seu Tribunal de Justiça, ainda se refere a si própria como Justiça Bandeirante. As últimas décadas, no entanto, trouxeram mudança substancial: espera-se agora dos juízes que sejam proativos e que empreguem técnicas de administração para aumentar o número dos processos julgados. Numa época em que a produtividade triunfa sobre as virtudes tradicionais, há risco de que o Poder Correicional, algumas vezes travestido de orientação, tente coagir a independência judicial para servir às ideologias políticas do momento. / Following general belief that its first colonizers were of noble descent, the proud Estate of São Paulo developed by cherishing nobility, family, religion, bravery and autonomy, values that mirrored the virtues required from its magistrates. Since the Colonial period, with its complex structure of juxtaposing jurisdictions, judges were required to be impartial, honest and devoted to work. Correctional Power aimed at punishing corruption and public misbehavior. In spite of the structural changes ensuing the 1822 Independence of Brazil and the 1889 Proclamation of Republic, these traditional values persisted, so much so that the main Courthouse of São Paulo, its Tribunal of Justice, still calls itself Justiça Bandeirante. The last decades, however, have brought substantial change: judges are now expected to be proactive and to adopt management techniques to increase the number of cases solved. In an era where productivity supersedes the traditional values, theres a risk that the Correctional Power, sometimes misrepresented as guidance, might attempt to coerce the judicial independence for the sake of the political ideologies of the moment.

The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) established by the UN Security Council in the early 1993 and 1994 respectively in the wake of mass atrocities commented in the Balkans and in Rwanda are arguably the first truly international criminal tribunals (ICTs). While the Nuremberg and Tokyo tribunals set up by the Allies to prosecute the Germans and Japanese responsible for atrocities committed during World War II provided some precedent, much of the ICTs’ substantive law had never been litigated. In addition, differences in the circumstances surrounding the two sets of prosecutions meant that the ICTs’ procedural system was effectively brand new. In this context, the role of the ICTs’ judges in progressively developing international criminal law and the international criminal justice system assumes great importance. Since the establishment of the ICTs, a permanent international criminal court and several ‘hybrid’ international courts have been created. Each of these has drawn heavily on the jurisprudence and procedural law, practices and norms of the ICTs. This further underscores the importance of understanding the development of international criminal law by ICT judges. / Studies of factors influencing the behaviour of judges have generally focused either on micro-level factors, primarily the policy position of judges, or macro-level factors, primarily the relationship between States and international courts. This thesis argues that the exploration of factors influencing judicial behaviour on both levels is important. This thesis uses a broad institutional perspective to identify the types of factors likely to be salient influences on judicial behaviour and the way in which those factors operate, in particular the way in which the ICTs as organisations operate to mediate exogenous influences. / The thesis uses a range of data sources, including interviews with judges and defence counsel to empirically explore two micro level and three macro level influences. The micro-level influences explored are judges’ national system and professional backgrounds. The macro-level influences explored are the reliance of the ICTs on States, the need for the ICTs to establish and maintain legitimacy and the broader expectations directed towards war crimes tribunals. / The thesis findings show that exploring both the micro and macro-levels provide important insights into judicial behaviour at the ICTs. The findings on the influence of the micro-level factors explored in the thesis reveal that both national system background and professional background do influence some aspects of judicial behaviour. The findings also suggest the importance of understanding the process of institutionalisation when exploring judicial behaviour and the organisational factors that facilitate or impede this. The findings on the influence of the macro-level factors explored in the thesis suggest that each of these factors do influence judicial behaviour at the ICTs in certain ways, but that the level to which the factors influence behaviour is context-contingent.