Increasing development of the relationship between Vietnam and other countries has resulted in a great demand for English language teaching (ELT) throughout the country. The need is ever greater for a considerable number of people who can use English effectively in their work. However, at present ELT in Vietnam is still far from satisfactory. There exists a common problem of communicative incompetence in Vietnamese learners. ELT in the Hanoi Foreign Languages Teachers' College (HFLTC) is taken to illustrate the fact that even after five years of training, students frequently remain deficient in the ability to actually use the language, to understand its use in normal communication, and to carry out their teaching adequately afterwards. That existing situation demands a critical look at ELT in all institutions to work out suitable materials and methods to be used in the Vietnamese setting. This work has been undertaken as an exploratory study of this problem. To provide a context for the study, the background to ELT in Vietnam is reviewed. Following it is a detailed description of different approaches used in ELT with reference to the teaching and learning situations in Vietnam. Special emphasis is placed on the differences between conventional approaches and the currently influential one - the Communicative Approach. A detailed comparison is made between two lessons taken from structuralbased and functional/notional-based textbooks representing two distinct approaches. This comparison will be examined from the methodological point of view, investigating, for example, how language is treated in the two approaches, how different types of activities are used, and the role of teacher and learner in the two approaches in order to highlight a possible fresh approach for Vietnamese coursebook designers, teachers and learners in ELT. A sample lesson based on the Communicative Approach is finally provided to assist any attempts to teach and learn English communicatively. It is hoped that this survey will contribute to reducing the existing problem of inadequate communicative competence in Vietnamese learners.

In order to examine the factors that impinge on an on-going change, this Field Study involved a consideration of the first two Royal Society of Arts Courses In The Teaching of English in Singapore Schools (RSA TESL). These were part-time courses offered to graduate teachers to enable them to further improve their skills in English Language teaching. The study was based on a questionnaire that incorporated the following components: the general background of the teacher the school climate the level of attainment in relation to the competencies identified the level of sharing the methods of dissemination Of the teachers from courses one and two who were invited to attend a feedback session, forty-eight responded. The questionnaire was designed to elicit responses from the participants in relation to the main factors mentioned above. The results of the study were subjected to three main types of analyses viz, comparisons based on raw data co-relations of the different factors using the Pearson's Product Moment Co-efficient Chi-square and T-score analyses of means of the different factors to ascertain degrees of relationship. Since the course had a task-based emphasis, it was not surprising that the study revealed a high level of attainment of the teachers in relation to the main competencies developed in the course. This in turn was shown to have a significant effect on the confidence of the teachers to share their knowledge and skills with other teachers. Another factor that was significant in terms of the levels of sharing achieved by the teachers was the position held by them. It was found that a greater degree of sharing of skills and knowledge was achieved by the senior subject teachers than those who were not. This was also confirmed when a comparison of courses one and two was made. The degree of sharing achieved by the course one participants was higher because there were more senior subject teachers among them. Furthermore, this difference in sharing in relation to position was marked in both schools that had a good climate or those that had a poor climate. The school climate also significantly affected the relative level of sharing of skills and knowledge achieved by the teachers. Even among the senior subject teachers, the level of sharing was greater in schools with a good climate than in those with a poor climate. Finally, in terms of the method of dissemination, it was found that the senior subject teachers used both the formal (demonstrations, workshops) and informal methods of dissemination while the ordinary teachers used mainly the informal (discussions etc) methods of dissemination. The four main findings arising from the study have had a significant impact on the future developments in relation to the RSA TESL course as well as other in-service courses where a transfer of knowledge/skills is expected on completion of the course.

<p>Språkundervisningen skall idag leda till kommunikativ kompetens och interkulturell förståelse. Tidigare forskning har visat att läroboken har en stark ställning och auktoritär roll i engelskundervisningen. Studier har visat att etnisk tillhörighet ofta framställs som traditionell och ensidig. Uppenbara rasistiska element har försvunnit men schablonmässiga framställningar finns fortfarande kvar i läroböckerna.</p><p>I examensarbetet studeras hur kulturella inslag med betoning på etniska stereotyper och schablonmässiga föreställningar presenteras i två läroböcker i engelska framtagna för skolår nio i grundskolan. Forskningsfrågorna syftar till att visa hur respektive lärobok skildrar kulturella inslag samt om dessa innehåller etniska stereotyper. Vidare undersöks vilka attribut som tilldelas människor.</p><p>Studiens teoretiska ram innefattar kultur som något föränderligt och relativt samt språk som en social verksamhet. Kultur blir således kärnan i skolans språkundervisning. Texter förstås som ett resultat av sociala omständigheter, vilka både kan bevara och förändra de omständigheter de uppstår i.</p><p>Undersökningen är en form av textanalys som omfattar både text och bild. I analysen beaktas hur människor och platser framställs samt vilka attribut dessa tillskrivs. Analysen uppmärksammar även språkliga uttryckssätt samt vilka associationer dessa kan ge upphov till.</p><p>Resultatet av studien visar att kultur i språkundervisning mestadels handlar om realiakunskaper vilka är av vikt men inte direkt leder till interkulturell förståelse. Beträffande läroböcker tyder studien på att de inrymmer en del stereotypiska bilder av andra kulturer. Lärobokstexterna är till stor del skrivna ur ett eurocentriskt perspektiv, dvs att det europeiska och västerländska uppfattas som norm.  </p>

Der Sammelband beinhaltet 10 Beiträge zu den Themen „Sprachwandel“ und „Entwicklungstendenzen“ aus sprachdidaktischer Sicht. Es werden Anregungen gegeben zur Behandlung der Themen im Unterricht speziell in der Sekundarstufe II. Die Autoren sind Linguisten oder Didaktiker für das Fach Deutsch. Dem Band liegt ein weites Verständnis von Sprachwandel zugrunde. Behandelt werden Erscheinungen des Wandels aus den Bereichen Wortschatz, Orthografie, Grammatik, Text, Diskurs und Varietäten. Alle Beiträge enthalten kurze theoretische und begriffliche Hintergründe zum jeweiligen Thema und einen Materialteil mit im Unterricht nutzbaren Texten, Beispielen und Aufgaben. / The present volume is a collection of 10 papers dealing with the subject of language change in German from a language teaching perspective. The contributions come from linguists and experienced professionals involved in teacher education and offer a rich variety of stimulating ideas and practical suggestions for the language classroom. The underlying concept of language change is a broad one, ranging from lexis, grammar and orthography to text, discourse and varieties. All contributions give a brief overview of the theoretical background followed by sections containing teaching materials for classroom use (i.e. texts, examples, exercises).

Språkundervisningen skall idag leda till kommunikativ kompetens och interkulturell förståelse. Tidigare forskning har visat att läroboken har en stark ställning och auktoritär roll i engelskundervisningen. Studier har visat att etnisk tillhörighet ofta framställs som traditionell och ensidig. Uppenbara rasistiska element har försvunnit men schablonmässiga framställningar finns fortfarande kvar i läroböckerna. I examensarbetet studeras hur kulturella inslag med betoning på etniska stereotyper och schablonmässiga föreställningar presenteras i två läroböcker i engelska framtagna för skolår nio i grundskolan. Forskningsfrågorna syftar till att visa hur respektive lärobok skildrar kulturella inslag samt om dessa innehåller etniska stereotyper. Vidare undersöks vilka attribut som tilldelas människor. Studiens teoretiska ram innefattar kultur som något föränderligt och relativt samt språk som en social verksamhet. Kultur blir således kärnan i skolans språkundervisning. Texter förstås som ett resultat av sociala omständigheter, vilka både kan bevara och förändra de omständigheter de uppstår i. Undersökningen är en form av textanalys som omfattar både text och bild. I analysen beaktas hur människor och platser framställs samt vilka attribut dessa tillskrivs. Analysen uppmärksammar även språkliga uttryckssätt samt vilka associationer dessa kan ge upphov till. Resultatet av studien visar att kultur i språkundervisning mestadels handlar om realiakunskaper vilka är av vikt men inte direkt leder till interkulturell förståelse. Beträffande läroböcker tyder studien på att de inrymmer en del stereotypiska bilder av andra kulturer. Lärobokstexterna är till stor del skrivna ur ett eurocentriskt perspektiv, dvs att det europeiska och västerländska uppfattas som norm.

Desde el punto de vista de la tipología lingüística, el chino-mandarín es uno de los idiomas más alejados del castellano, dado que en cualquier nivel de descripción gramatical presenta su peculiaridad en comparación con el español: escritura, fonética y fonología, morfología, léxico, sintaxis o semántica. En este estudio, nos concentramos en una de las diferencias que más singularizan a ambas lenguas: el artículo, una partícula totalmente desconocida para la lengua asiática. La investigación se lleva adelante con los siguientes objetivos: a). encontrar los procedimientos que emplea el chino para realizar las funciones que presenta el artículo en español; b). Obtener una visión global de la situación de conocimiento del artículo por parte de los alumnos chinos en diferentes niveles, detectar los errores más frecuentes que cometen los estudiantes y comprobar la influencia que ejerce la lengua materna en su proceso de aprendizaje a la hora de utilizar este tipo de determinantes: los errores no siempre se deben a la influencia de la L1, pero una buena parte de los errores se explican por ella. c). Describir y explicar las causas de los errores y tratarlos elaborando una propuesta pedagógica dirigida especialmente a los futuros profesores chinos de ELE. La investigación se realiza dentro de varios marcos teóricos y metodológicos: las explicaciones y síntesis del uso del artículo se hacen de acuerdo con la teoría del funcionalismo; los apartados de comparación y análisis, así como la propuesta didáctica, se apoyan en las teorías de tipología y lingüística aplicada y se emplean los métodos de análisis contrastivo y análisis de errores. Esta tesis se organiza en ocho capítulos, además de la presente introducción. Estos capítulos se estructuran en tres partes principales: una parte teórica (Aspectos Teórico-metodológicos), una parte aplicada (el análisis de errores) y una parte complementaria (Anexos y Bibliografía). / The Castilian is gaining importance in China. Therefore, it seems necessary to develop research in teaching of ELE, especially to students of Chinese origin. In this thesis, we just see the article, a particle completely unknown to the Asian language. The research was carried out with the following objectives: a). Explain the values found in Spanish article and find the methods used by the Chinese to perform the same functions. b). Get an overview of the situation of dominance of the article by Chinese students at different levels, detect the most common mistakes and check the influence of the mother tongue in the learning process. c). Describe and explain the causes of the errors and try to develop a pedagogical grammar aimed specifically at prospective Chinese teachers of ELE. This thesis is organized into eight chapters, in addition to this introduction. These chapters are structured into three main parts: a theoretical part (Theoretical and methodological issues), A applied part (error analysis) and a complementary part (Appendices and Bibliography).

This study aimed to investigate how English language curriculum of the sixth, seventh and eighth grades of public primary schools was implemented by teachers and how it was experienced by students. The major areas of investigation were the teachers&rsquo / and students&rsquo / perceptions of the curriculum goals and content, instructional strategies, evaluation and assessment procedures, learner attitudes and the problems encountered during the curriculum implementation. Through a questionnaire for teachers and students, the data collected were from 368 teachers and 1235 students randomly selected from the 21 cities and 42 towns of the seven regions of Turkey. The results revealed that the implementation process of the English language curriculum showed differences in relation to the facilities of schools and classrooms, teacher and student characteristics and perceptions. Majority of the curriculum goals were attained at a moderate level and there were some problems with the selection and ordering of curriculum content. Various types of teacher-centered and learner-centered instructional strategies were implemented depending on the language skill to be taught and learned, and the students had positive attitudes towards most of these instructional strategies. The main problems encountered in the implementation process resulted from the lack of materials and resources, the course-book, the learners, the classroom environment and the curriculum. These problems influenced the attainment of goals, classroom practices and the assessment procedures. v Teachers&rsquo / perceptions of curriculum goals and content differed in relation to school location, age, teaching experience and educational background. Students&rsquo / perceptions of the curriculum differed in relation to their grade levels, gender, parents&rsquo / educational and English level and previous English grade. English language curriculum, English language teaching, curriculum implementation, teacher perceptions, student perceptions, primary school

The present study aimed to investigate teaching self efficacy beliefs of instructors working at university prep-schools and to examine whether years of teaching experience, English competency, self reported proficiency and graduate department predicted instructors&rsquo / self efficacy beliefs and their efficacy beliefs in student engagement, instructional strategies and classroom management. Two-hundred-fifty-seven prep-school instructors from universities in Ankara participated in the study. The data were collected through Teacher Sense of Efficacy Scale, Self Reported English Proficiency Scale and Language Teaching Methods Scale. Both descriptive and inferential statistics, correlation and hierarchical regression analysis, were utilized by PASW 18. The results of the study indicated that the instructors have quite higher overall self efficacy beliefs. The instructors feel more efficacious in classroom management than using instructional strategies while they feel least efficacious in student engagement. Moreover, instructors&rsquo / overall self efficacy beliefs were significantly predicted by experience, English competency and self reported proficiency. Student engagement efficacy was not predicted by experience while it was significantly predicted by English competency and self reported proficiency. Instructional strategy efficacy beliefs were significantly predicted by experience, English competency and self reported proficiency. Classroom management efficacy was predicted by experience and self reported proficiency while English competency was not a significant predictor. Being a graduate of Faculties of Education was not a significant predictor in any regression models. Lastly, there was a significant relationship between the instructors&rsquo / use of communicative method and their overall self efficacy beliefs and its three sub-scales.

The thesis explores the possibilities for immersion in a First Nation small community whose language survival hinges on the action by the 5% fluent speakers. Curriculum planning is needed at a time when First Nations do not have the resources or experience in teaching their language as a second language and very limited experience with curriculum development and school administration. The author is familiar with the deep emotional desire for effective language programs but the communities cannot find an effective means for truly successful results. The occasional Native teacher searches for methods by learning linguistic strategies or modeling literate classroom lessons. Community leaders face surmounting obstacles while elders pass away with each crucial decade. These obstacles and constraints are not only due to social ills but also to the attempt at developing curriculum with models which do not origninate with the community, the culture, or the language itself. The thesis therefore attempts to find avenues for blending learning strategies of an oral culture and recognizing and validating the culture which embraces the cultural background to the language. The avenues for language revitalization involve ethnographic research which is seen as practical to the community if these are steps toward cultural development. The social issues level is considered as Native language speakers are often adversely effected due to schooling in residential schools. The thesis then concludes the specific needs for the Ditidaht context as concerns community process, as traditional protocol, and as the nature of an effective curriculum (received in generalized concepts from the community interviews). Other First Nation Community strategies are reviewed from many nations throughout Canada and the United States. The Canadian French immersion experience provides a preview into immersion evolution. The research is found necessary for any First Nation community in search of the crucial need for effective second-language curriculum focus.

Current explanations for the development of immersion programs in relation to language reform in Canada were found to be inadequate and superficial. The lack of attention to the existence of different sociopolitical contexts has, furthermore, flawed the sociological interpretation of programs. A comparative case study and multi-method approach was therefore proposed to examine the historical development of programs in two provinces with very different sociolinguistic and sociopolitical contexts, Quebec and British Columbia. Comparative analysis revealed that both commonalities and differences could be identified in the development of immersion programs in these two provinces and that these have implications for the political and sociological analysis of programs. In both contexts, it was seen that the implementation and expansion of programs has required similar organizational adjustments. The relationship of programs to language reform is, however, very different In Quebec, programs represent a community response to the changing status of French and are only indirectly related to federal efforts to implement a national policy of official bilingualism. In British Columbia, programs were initiated by parents, but eventually became directly related to federal involvement in language education and to Ottawa's efforts to implement a national language policy. By providing support to the parent association "Canadian Parents for French", Ottawa found a constituency in English Canada willing to promote official bilingualism. "Canadian Parents for French" and federal funding have played a critical role in the development of immersion programs in British Columbia; whereas in Quebec, neither of these elements has been an important factor in the expansion of programs. Although the development of immersion programs in Quebec and British Columbia has been framed by divergent language policies, in both provinces, the development of immersion programs reflects the adjustment of the English speaking community to the enhanced status of French. Similar sociological patterns were found in how the Anglophone community has made this adjustment and in how schools have been called upon to respond to societal change.