All persons are subjects of law, but not everyone has the “capacity” to fully exercise them. On this basis, people with disabilities have seen their opportunities for development as human beings limited.Why it that people with disabilities have been historically marginalized by the Law? In this article, the author presents a detailed analysis on the subject, including the legal paradigm change that was the adoption of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. / Todas las personas somos sujetos de Derecho, perono todos tenemos la “capacidad” para poder ejercerlos plenamente. Bajo este argumento, las personas con discapacidad han visto limitadas sus posibilidades de desarrollarse como seres humanos.¿Por qué las personas con discapacidad han sido históricamente marginadas por el Derecho? En el presente artículo, la autora nos presenta un detallado análisis sobre la materia, incluyendo el cambio de paradigma jurídico que supuso la adopción de la Convención sobre los Derechos de la Personacon Discapacidad.

[pt] Neste artigo, nos concentramos num canal através do qual a capacidade do Estado explica as diferenças no desenvolvimento econômico: o efeito sobre as firmas. Seguindo a literatura de persistência histórica nos analisamos o efeito da capacidade jurídica histórica, uma dimensão crucial da capacidade do Estado, sobre o tamanho e a estrutura das firmas ao longo do tempo. Esta relação é estudada para o caso peruano. Usamos dados dum censo histórico da administração do Estado realizado em 1793 para analisar o efeito persistente da capacidade legal e, especificamente, dos tribunais coloniais, sobre os indicadores de desenvolvimento das firmas históricas e atuais. Mostramos evidências dum efeito positivo persistente e significativo da capacidade jurídica histórica sobre várias dimensões do desenvolvimento (tamanho e produtividade) e estrutura das firmas (grau de integração do mercado). Além disso, coletamos informações sobre raça e alfabetização de um censo populacional nacional realizado em 1876 e informações sobre a distribuição inicial de empresas do registro de impostos em 1910. Nossas evidências são robustas a essas variáveis importantes destacadas na literatura, como capital humano, distribuição inicial de empresas e heterogeneidade racial. A presença dos tribunais coloniais parece ser a dimensão mais importante da capacidade jurídica. Em terceiro lugar, analisamos o efeito do colonial sobre a atual presença de capacidade legal como um potencial canal de persistência. Observamos que ter capacidade legal no passado afetou o custo relativo de investimentos subsequentes na capacidade do Estado durante o período republicano. Finalmente, temos evidências preliminares sobre a evolução diferente das normas formais e informais. Municípios com capacidade legal colonial afrouxaram os atritos financeiros e exigiram menos crédito informal. Ao mesmo tempo, não há diferenças significativas nas condições para obter uma licença em funcionamento, uma característica relacionada à capacidade geral do Estado. / [en] In this paper, we focus on one channel through which state capacity explains differences in economic development: it s effect over firms. We rely on the literature of historical persistence to analyze the effect of historical legal capacity, a crucial dimension of state capacity, over the size and structure of firms through time. This relationship is studied for the Peruvian case. We use rich data from a historical census of the state administration carried in 1793 to analyze the persistent effect of legal capacity, and specifically from colonial courts, over historical and current firms development indicators. We show evidence of a persistent and significant positive effect of historical legal capacity over several dimensions of firms development (size and productivity) and structure (degree of market integration). Also, we collect information on race and literacy from a national population census held in 1876, and information on the initial distribution of firms from the registry of taxes in 1910s. Our evidence is robust to these important variables highlighted in the literature like human capital, initial distribution of firms, and racial heterogeneity. The presence of colonial courts appears to be the most important dimension of legal capacity. Third, we analyze the effect of colonial over the current presence of legal capacity as a potential channel of persistence. We observe that having legal capacity in the past affected the relative cost of subsequent investments in state capacity during the republic period. Finally, we have preliminary evidence on the different evolution of formal and informal norms. Municipalities with colonial legal capacity have loosened financial frictions and demand less informal credit. At the same time, there are no significant differences in the conditions to obtain a functioning license, a feature related to broad state capacity.

The main objective of this work was to find out how social workers perceive a significant legislative change, which relates to the client's legal capacity. The secondary objective was to determine what role social workers have in the process of "client self-management" and how these clients, respectively, their guardians work together. The research was based on conducting interviews with social workers within the South Bohemian Region who are working with clients with limited self-esteem. The conversations were subsequently overwritten and encoded. Depending on the individual codes, the categories were created, which were then shown for a better overview of graphically using diagrams. The opinion of social workers on the legislative change was positive, but this change is still not fully implemented. Decisions on people without them still prevail. The supportive measures to replace the limitations in the lawfulness are virtually absent in practice. It is difficult to look for a solution to this situation, as the creation of new legislation lasted for many years, so it can be assumed that the change in practice will also be evident after several years. The role of a social worker is not very significant according to research. As far as the course of the proceedings is concerned, the social worker does not interfere with it, but rather acts as a client support or a guardian's guardian. When working with clients with limited authority, an individual approach to each individual is important as well as cooperation with the family, in most cases the family member acts as a guardian. Good cooperation between the social worker and the guardian is related to the welfare of the client. The most important and still neglected fact remains that society must accept individuals with disabilities as well as their rights to freedom, independent decision-making and ultimately a happy life.

This diploma thesis provides an insight into the issue of public guardianship in the Czech Republic from the point of view of public guardians, who in practice have to face a lot of problems in connection with the new legislation. The work is divided into several parts. The theoretical part consists of nine subchapters which define the basic concepts used in guardianship, mentioned in the Act No. 89/2012 Coll., The Civil Code, which deal with the basic principles and history of guardianship, the development of legal regulation of the guardianship institute and the legislative framework of guardianship. It also provides more detailed information on the Institute of Limitation of Authenticity and Guardianship, a public guardian, and the last subchapter focuses on enumerating the mental disorders that a public guardian may encounter with their clients. The empirical part defines objectives, methods of research and own results, which are illustrated and described in tables, discussion and in the final summary. The main objective of the work was to map the activities of public guardians in relation to persons with limited authority, the partial aims were to find out how the public guardians were looking at legislative changes in the area of limiting the authority and to identify the risk areas associated with the limitation of the authority. These research objectives have been addressed: In what areas are the public guardians working in relation to persons with limited authority? What experience does a public guardian have with the absence of information on the limitation of the person's authenticity in the ID? What are the precautionary measures in relation to persons with limited authority from the point of view of public guardians? The diploma thesis was processed by the method of qualitative research using the semi-structured interview technique and the open coding method was used to evaluate the data. The research group consisted of seven social workers who work on municipalities in the South Bohemian Region and act as a public guardian. The research survey highlighted the complexity, importance and necessity of the work of the public guardian and the problems associated with it, where there is a lack of specific legislation and a more detailed methodology in this area. The research also shows that public guardians do not always have good experience with the new legislation, especially the lack of evidence of the limitation of the authenticity of the caretaker's identity card is a problem in practice, and the new institute of supportive measures is not used too much. This diploma thesis could serve as a comprehensive information material for the general public as well as for the members of the public caregiver in the municipalities.

O presente trabalho, a partir da revisão do conceito de personificação, pretende investigar como se desenvolve o processo de naturalização da pessoa jurídica e os eventuais prejuízos decorrentes para a tutela do ser humano nas organizações sociais e para a descrição do fenômeno empresarial. Sob o prisma da filosofia da linguagem, realiza-se uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a utilização do termo pessoa jurídica no discurso do Direito, destacando, principalmente, a desconstrução promovida pelo chamado nominalismo. São, ainda, propostos critérios para a identificação da naturalização, a partir de uma gradação que procura segregar os diversos grupos de casos que lhe são correlatos. A tese foi estruturada em três etapas: subjetividade, titularidade e atividade. Ao cotejar a pessoa natural com a pessoa jurídica, em cada um desses planos, espera-se revelar a assimetria de razões que separam a personificação do ser humano daquela presente nas sociedades, associações e fundações. Do questionamento do individualismo metodológico presente na noção de pessoa jurídica resulta a reconstrução do próprio sistema analítico de conceitos do discurso jurídico, com a revisão das ideias de imputação, relação jurídica, titularidade e autonomia patrimonial. / This work, from a review of the concept of incorporation, aims to investigate how the naturalization process of legal entity develops and any losses incurred for the protection of human being in organizations and for description the phenomenon of the Firm. From the perspective of philosophy of language, this thesis reviews the literature concerning to the use of the term legal person in the discourse of corporate law, especially highlighting the deconstruction promoted by so-called nominalism. They are also proposed criteria for the identification of naturalization, with a gradation that seeks to segregate the different groups of cases that are related to this process.The thesis was structured in three stages: subjectivity, legal capacity and activity. By confronting the human being with legal entity, in each of these plans, it expects to demonstrate the specificity of the process of incorporation, which prevents any comparison with real person. The revision of methodological individualism in this idea of legal personality results in the reconstruction of the concepts of imputation, legal relationship, legal capacity and limited liability.

This thesis discusses the issues of public guardianship in the current practical and legal context. It deals with human rights, the question of the limitation of incapacitation, and the conditions that must be met. I present here, what the different types of guardians are, or what are the rights and obligations of a guardian. I think about the ethical issues in conjunction with guardianship, that relate to human dignity and freedom. In conclusion, through talks I'm trying to look into practice of public guardianship and determine what problems the public guardians deal with.

Informed consent presents interesting legal and ethical challenges that have been widely discussed both in Czech and foreign literature. Significant portion of the literature is concerned with a relationship between doctors and their patients and with the historical development of this relationship or with the principle of autonomy as one of the fundamental principles in the area of healthcare provision. Issues related to informed consent of minors or persons with limited legal capacity are often given only small amount of scholarly attention. It is for this reason that this diploma thesis deals solely with the issues related to the health care provided to minors and persons with limited legal capacity. The aim of this thesis is to create an integrated overview of the law regulating informed consent of these persons, to introduce the most important changes that have been made in recent years by the Act on Health Services and Conditions of Their Provision and by the Civil Code, and finally to add some of my reflections on selected issues which I find particularly problematic. The sixth chapter of the thesis focuses on a comparison between the Czech law and the English common law regulating informed consent of minors and persons with limited legal capacity. The issues of informed consent is an...

The Master's dissertation entitled Limitation of legal capacity for persons with disabilities examines problematics of rights and obligations of clients in protected housing and housing for people with disabilities. The thesis is divided into two parts: theoretical and practical. Basic concepts that are connected to legal capacity are outlined in the theoretical part. These are followed by the rights and obligations of the client and the institute of guardianship. Concepts of mental retardation and its diagnosis and methods of working with people with mental disabilities are outlined as well. The end of the theoretical part of the dissertation deals with the approach to deinstitutionalisation. The method of qualitative research was employed within the research survey. Data were obtained by the method of questioning and technique of semi-structured interviews. The research sample consists of addressing two facilities with constitutional service and two facilities with community service. The main aim of the practical part of the thesis is to compare how people with mental disabilities are limited by legal capacity in housing for people with disabilities and protected housing with appointed guardians. Semi-structured interviews and document studies serve as a help to support this aim. Acquired data...

This diploma thesis focuses on the exercising of voting rights by people with intellectual disabilities. The thesis aims to present the topic of voting rights of people with intellectual disabilities within the domestic and international legislative framework and to explore the perception of elections and voting rights from the perspective of people with intellectual disabilities by applying qualitative research. The theoretical part describes elections, voting rights, specific features of people with intellectual disabilities, and availability of the support to vote. The essential part of the diploma thesis also contains a legislative overview, which anchors the voting rights of people with disabilities. The practical part of the thesis deals with the topic of perception of elections and voting rights from the perspective of people with intellectual disabilities. The partial aims of the research are to find out: how do the people with disabilities evaluate the importance of elections; which factors influence their political choice; which knowledge about the topic of limiting the exercise of the voting right through limiting legal capacity do people with intellectual disabilities have; how do people with intellectual disabilities evaluate the availability of information and support to vote. The...

The child’s participation in any legal matter involving him/her is crucial whether received directly or indirectly through a legal representative. The significance of the child’s views in legal matters is accepted internationally and is entrenched in South African law. This is the main feature of the present research. In Roman law the paterfamilias was the complete antithesis of the best interest of the child with his paternal power entirely serving his own interests. The best interests of the child progressively improved his/her participatory rights and the dominance of paternal authority in Roman, Germanic, and Frankish law eventually gave way to parental authority and assistance in Roman-Dutch law. This advanced the child’s participation in legal matters and under Roman-Dutch law, his/her right of participation included legal representation by way of a curator ad litem. The child’s best interests were consistently viewed from an adult’s perspective and resulted in an adult-centred assessment of his/her best interests. Statutory intervention increased the child’s participatory and representation rights, however, the tenor of these items of legislation remained parent-centred. The Appeal Court later dispelled any uncertainty regarding the paramountcy with respect to the best interests of the child. During the 1970s in South Africa, the emphasis began shifting from a parent-centred to a child-centred approach in litigation between parents in cases involving their children. An open-ended list of factors comprising the best interests of the child accentuated this shift. Courts were encouraged to apply the paramountcy rule in legal matters concerning children and to consider the views of children in determining their best interests. The new democratic constitutional dispensation in South Africa, followed by the ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the African Charter, obligated South Africa to align children’s rights with international law and standards. The South African Law Reform Commission set out to investigate and to formulate a single comprehensive children’s statute. The resultant Children’s Act 38 of 2005 is the most important item of legislation for children in private law in South Africa. The Children’s Act provides for the widest possible form of child participation in legal matters involving the child. It revolutionises child participation requiring no lower age limit as a determining factor when allowing the child, able to form a view, to express that view. The child’s right to access a court and to be assisted in doing so further enhances his/her participatory right. Effective legal representation is the key in ensuring that children enjoy the fundamental right of participation equal to that of adults in legal matters involving children. Comparative research of child laws in Australia, Kenya, New Zealand and United Kingdom confirms that South Africa is well on the way in enhancing children’s participatory and legal representation rights in legal matters concerning them. This illustrates that only the child’s best interests should serve as a requirement for the legal representation of children in legal matters. Continued training is essential to ensure the implementation of the Children’s Act and requires a concerted effort from all role-players. / Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Private Law / unrestricted