The diploma thesis deals with guardianship for people with mental illness. The tehoretical part is divided into six chapters, where the concept of mental disorder is defined within various documents. Furthermore the process of stigmatization, both from the family and the health care professionals, is also discussed here as self - esteem as a serious consequence of society's access to mental illness. The student also mentioned the process of providing psychiatric care, outlined the reform of psychatric care as a significant milestone in health care. A greta part of the theory consits od a complete description of a guardianship and self - administration. The last chapter focuses on social work with people with mental illnesss. The practical part aims to find out how the guardianship system for people with mental disorders works and how custodians loom at guardianship. The student used qualitative surveys ans semi - structured interviews. Using open encoding , several categories were identified and then responded to the main research question.

Given its vast population, India has one of the highest absolute numbers of people with intellectual disability (PwIDs) in the world. Studies have placed the prevalence as high as 3.1% of children aged between 2 to 5 years and 5.2% of children aged between 6 to 9 years. India recently passed the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 (RPwD Act), to align itself with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. This thesis applied the complementary methods of the review of academic and grey literature, document analysis of the RPwD Act, and in-depth informant interviews to become the first full study on the extent to which the RPwD Act meets the needs of PwIDs. Drawing on the biopsychosocial model of disability and intersectional theory, the findings show that the RPwD Act only partially meets the needs of PwIDs. The RPwD Act does incorporate progressive elements such as affirmative action provisions in the labour market, measures to prevent unethical research on PwIDs, and steps toward inclusive education. However, the Act stipulates a disability certification process that remains mired in the medical model of disability and is mostly inaccessible in rural areas. It also continues the system of legal guardianship dating to the colonial era which deprives many PwIDs of legal capacity and leaves some of them confined to long-term institutions with highly inadequate levels of care. Other problems in the Act include inadequate provisions to provide privacy, reproductive rights and education, and protection from discrimination.

Dissertation deal with custodianship of adult persons who are, on the ground of court order, limited their own no legal competention. The main purpose is to describe and explain institutional care adjustment to persons who are limited their legal capacity, and thus give an explanation of public custodianship in the Czech Republic. Custodianship of adult person is set in Civil Code, num. 89/2012, which has brought changes into assessment of legal competention of adult persons. In case, there is no family member who is able to care of no legal competention person, the court enact the village, where is person's permanet address, to be his carer. Public custodianship legislation has been missing up to now, the only document that has been given to help self -government clerks is methodical manual. Besides describing no legal competention care of persons in ny dissertation, I engage in identification problems and putting public custodianship into practise. I identify daily problems of administration workers relating to public custodianship. In empirical part, using qualitative form of research, I interview workers in Liberec district, who work in area of local custodianship.

People with learning disabilities are subject to a wide range of potential interferences with their choices and freedoms when they are 'placed' in institutional care services. The cumulative and pervasive impact of these regimes can be monumentally detrimental to self and wellbeing. Some have suggested that a new law, the Mental Capacity Act 2005, may limit the interferences that people with disabilities are subject to in care services. In this thesis, I subject the Mental Capacity Act to a critique drawn from new republican political theory. I argue that far from limiting the interferences that people with disabilities are subject to, the Act creates a mechanism which permits a proliferation of arbitrary interferences in people's everyday lives, with little recourse for people to 'invigilate' such interferences. I base this argument on a critical analysis of case law connected to the Mental Capacity Act, and by critically examining four key mechanisms of enforcement: Independent Mental Capacity Advocates, the Court of Protection, complaints procedures and regulation by the Care Quality Commission. I argue that, paradoxically, a framework for detention introduced by the Act - the deprivation of liberty safeguards - in fact contains more ingredients for ameliorating states of domination in these services than the Mental Capacity Act itself. However, the safeguards also suffer from serious defects. I conclude by discussing what lessons may be drawn from the problems with the Mental Capacity Act and the safeguards for wider reform efforts connected with the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

L’allongement de l’espérance de vie modifie substantiellement l’ordre sociétal. Les personnes âgées composent une part toujours plus grande de la population et font désormais l’objet d’une attention particulière de la part des politiques publiques comme des acteurs privés. La société est aux portes de sa silver mutation. Pourtant la discipline juridique semble réfractaire à l’idée d’une appréhension spécifique de la vieillesse. Si un soin particulier est d’ores et déjà apporté aux personnes âgées dans de nombreux domaines, ce n’est que de façon parcellaire et éparse. L’adaptation du droit au vieillissement ne pourra se contenter de simples ajustements. La protection de la personne âgée se fait aujourd’hui sous le prisme d’une protection commune où l’âge n’est que peu pris en compte. Dans une toute autre mesure, la personne âgée peut également être protégée via les mécanismes de protection juridique des majeurs. Là encore, l’âge n’est pas considéré comme un critère de protection. Cette négation relative du critère de l’âge avancé comme source d’une protection n’est pas adaptée à l’évolution démographique. La vieillesse devrait être protégée pour elle-même et tout majeur doit être assuré du respect de ses droits et du maintien maximal de sa capacité juridique tout au long de sa vie. C’est pour cette raison que cette thèse propose une réorientation de la norme au profit de la vieillesse. Une pareille évolution pourrait offrir à la société une chance de s’adapter à son propre vieillissement et d’en prendre la réelle mesure. L’insertion d’une post-majorité, conçue comme un nouveau temps général de l’existence, porte la promesse d’une protection diffuse et généralisée de la vieillesse et propose un équilibre nouveau entre capacité et protection. L’objectif poursuivi est de sécuriser l’expression et le respect de la volonté durant la période de vieillesse, tout en stimulant les interdépendances intergénérationnelles qui sont essentielles à la mobilisation de la société en son entier au profit des personnes âgées. / The lengthening of life expectancy sybstantially changes the societal order. Older people make up an ever-increasing share of the population and are now the receiving special attention from both public and private actors. The society is at the gates of its silver mutation. Yet the legal discipline seems refractory the the idea of a specific apprehension of old age. If a particular care is already given to the elderly in many areas, it is only in a piecemeal and sparse way. Adapting the rigth to ageing cannot be satisfied with simple adjustments. The protection of the elderly person is now under the prism of a common protection where age is only little takin into account. In any other measure, the older person can also be protected though the legal protection mechanisms of adults. Again, age is not considered a criterion of protection. This relative negation of the advanced age criterion as a source of protection is not adapted to demographic change. Old age should be protected for itself and every major must be assurez of the respect of her rights and the best maintenance of her legal capacity throughout his life. It is for this reason that this thesis proposes a reorientation of the norm in favour of old age. Such an evolution could give society a chance to adapt to its own ageing and to take the real measure. The insertion of a post-majority, conceived as a new general time of existence, carries the promise of widespread protection of old age and proposes a new balance between capacity and protection. The aim is to secure the expression and respect for the will during the period of old age, while stimulating the intergenerational interdependence that is essential to the mobilization of the whole society for the benefit of elderly.

In 1965 a Reforming Committee, formed by the leading specialist teachers in each of the books of the Civil Code, was created forreviewing  the  Peruvian  Civil  Code of 1936. After about twenty years, the effort of thehard work of the committee resulted in the enactment of the 1984 Civil Code, which we currently use and know.In this article, the author shares his experience as a legislator, emphasizing new and important aspects included in the Civil Code of 1984. He also proposes possible amendments to the First Book of the current Civil Code, such as the incorporation of standards related to Genetics, a comprehensive review of the subject related to legal capacity, reviewing the subject regarding foundations, among others. / En 1965, se creó una Comisión Reformadora, conformada por los más destacados profesores especialistas en cada uno de los libros quecomponen el Código Civil, encargada de revisar el Código Civil peruano de 1936. Después de aproximadamente veinte años, el esfuerzodel arduo trabajo de la Comisión dio como resultado la promulgación del Código Civil de1984, que actualmente conocemos y usamos.En el presente artículo, el autor nos cuenta su experiencia como legislador, haciendo énfasis en los nuevos aspectos incorporados y la importancia de la promulgación del Código de 1984. Asimismo, propone posibles enmiendas al Libro I del Código actual, tales como la incorporación de normas relacionadas con la Genética, la revisión integral de la temática referente a la capacidad jurídica, la revisiónde la temática sobre fundación, entre otras.

Face au recours croissant à la prison soit au titre des peines, soit comme lieu de garde des personnes en attente de jugement, il convient de s’interroger sur les effets de l’incarcération sur la condition juridique des personnes détenues. Longtemps considérée comme étrangère au droit, la prison s’est progressivement dotée d’un corpus de règles que l’on désigne sous le vocable de droit pénitentiaire. Cette recherche vise à interroger les rapports qu’entretiennent le droit de l’institution pénitentiaire et le droit de la société libre afin de préciser les conséquences de l’incarcération sur la vie civile du détenu.De construction récente, le droit pénitentiaire s’est progressivement autonomisé, à tel point qu’il doit être considéré aujourd’hui comme une véritable branche du droit. En cela, il révèle que la prison constitue une microsociété avec ses propres logiques et son propre droit. Véritable décalque de la société civile, la prison évolue dans une orientation toujours plus intrusive dans la vie des personnes qu’elle a sous sa garde.Pourtant, la société civile semble manifester un intérêt croissant pour ses prisons. L’entrée du secteur privé dans la sphère pénitentiaire conjuguée à un contrôle accru du juge a abouti à d’importants changements du système pénitentiaire, notamment au regard du respect des droits fondamentaux du détenu. Toutefois, la réconciliation de la société carcérale et de la société civile n’apparaît possible qu’à la condition d’un alignement du droit pénitentiaire sur le droit privé / In recent decades, it seems important to focus on the effects of incarceration on detainees, as The Criminal Justice System increasingly resort to prison sentences, as well as pre-sentence detentions. After a tradition of lawlessness, penitentiaries have known a phase in of new policies, which are now referred to as Penitentiary law. This research addresses the impact of incarceration on detainees forced to abide by Penitentiary law, the ladder being harsher from the free world law.Thus, developing specific rules, Penitentiary law can now be considered a new type of law, with its own purposes. In the same way, penitentiaries form a micro society following its own rules.Although the trend shows increasingly harsh policies and conditions of confinement, the Criminal Justice System, as to reassure public opinion, seems more and more willing to resort to prison.However, the detainees now afford elaborate constitutional protections, due to private facility management and judicial scrutiny, and the challenge is develop these protections, as to bring Penitentiary law into the line with civil law

The aim of this thesis is to provide an explanation and introduction of a specific legal doctrine; Ultra Vires. In addition, this paper will illustrate how the methodology was applied under the United Kingdom company law from the mid-19th century to 2009. Furthermore, this paper will offer a brief analysis of British law after the abolition of the Ultra Vires doctrine. Ultra Vires is a set of rules that limits the legal capacity of companies. As a result, the company's legal capacity was limited while the doctrine was applied. The scope and capacity of a company was defined by the objects clause contained in the memorandum of association. From this, it was deduced that an act done by the company outside its objects clause (an ultra vires act) was null and void. Considering that the legal capacity of companies in the Czech legal system is unlimited and that there are no research papers dedicated to companies with limited capacity in the Czech language, the aim of this thesis is to provide it. The thesis is divided into six chapters: Introduction; Introduction to the Doctrine of Ultra Vires; Formation of the Doctrine of Ultra Vires; Development of the Doctrine of Ultra Vires; Abolition of the Doctrine of Ultra Vires and a Conclusion. The Introduction is dedicated to the explanation of the legal...

When should it be permissible to act against someone's expressed wishes in their best interests? In both political philosophy and legal practice, answers to this question often appeal to the concept of autonomy. Broadly, the idea is that if a person is sufficiently self-governing, then their wishes must prevail; but if they are not, then their wishes need not be respected when promoting whatever is good for them. This thesis analyses both philosophical models of autonomy and the practice of judges in England and Wales when implementing the Mental Capacity Act 2005. With regard to the philosophical models, it finds that, despite claims to the contrary, they do not offer a plausible way of assessing whether someone else is autonomous without appealing to values that are not the person's own. With regard to legal practice, it finds that, although judges speak about 'autonomy' in contradictory ways, a coherent account of when they will find that they must respect a person's expressed wishes can be constructed. This first stage of analysis makes a gulf between 'autonomy' in philosophy and law obvious. When philosophers talk about 'autonomy', they are largely concerned with the person's relationship to themselves. When judges talk about 'autonomy', they are largely concerned with the person's relationship to the world. 'Autonomy' in the philosophical sense cannot justify current practice because it does not deal with the same subject matter. Analysis of mental capacity cases does, however, allow the development of an alternative justification for actions against a person's expressed wishes. This justification lies in an evaluation of the entire situation, not of the person. It is not reducible to any model of autonomy, not even 'relational' models. Taken seriously, this justification requires a reorientation of the ethics of mental capacity law: away from overreliance on relatively few abstract 'principles' and towards articulating the difficulty and complexity of real situations. The thesis offers two papers towards the development of this latter mode.

O presente trabalho, a partir da revisão do conceito de personificação, pretende investigar como se desenvolve o processo de naturalização da pessoa jurídica e os eventuais prejuízos decorrentes para a tutela do ser humano nas organizações sociais e para a descrição do fenômeno empresarial. Sob o prisma da filosofia da linguagem, realiza-se uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a utilização do termo pessoa jurídica no discurso do Direito, destacando, principalmente, a desconstrução promovida pelo chamado nominalismo. São, ainda, propostos critérios para a identificação da naturalização, a partir de uma gradação que procura segregar os diversos grupos de casos que lhe são correlatos. A tese foi estruturada em três etapas: subjetividade, titularidade e atividade. Ao cotejar a pessoa natural com a pessoa jurídica, em cada um desses planos, espera-se revelar a assimetria de razões que separam a personificação do ser humano daquela presente nas sociedades, associações e fundações. Do questionamento do individualismo metodológico presente na noção de pessoa jurídica resulta a reconstrução do próprio sistema analítico de conceitos do discurso jurídico, com a revisão das ideias de imputação, relação jurídica, titularidade e autonomia patrimonial. / This work, from a review of the concept of incorporation, aims to investigate how the naturalization process of legal entity develops and any losses incurred for the protection of human being in organizations and for description the phenomenon of the Firm. From the perspective of philosophy of language, this thesis reviews the literature concerning to the use of the term legal person in the discourse of corporate law, especially highlighting the deconstruction promoted by so-called nominalism. They are also proposed criteria for the identification of naturalization, with a gradation that seeks to segregate the different groups of cases that are related to this process.The thesis was structured in three stages: subjectivity, legal capacity and activity. By confronting the human being with legal entity, in each of these plans, it expects to demonstrate the specificity of the process of incorporation, which prevents any comparison with real person. The revision of methodological individualism in this idea of legal personality results in the reconstruction of the concepts of imputation, legal relationship, legal capacity and limited liability.