<p>Denna studie syftar till att granska variationer i bedömningar och beslut om ekonomiskt bistånd utifrån vilken betydelse den enskilda organisationens riktlinjer har för dessa. Utifrån syftet, och med stöd av tidigare forskning på området, valdes vinjettstudien som metod. Ett identiskt typfall, gällande en fiktiv ansökan om ekonomiskt bistånd, skickades ut till samtliga kommuner i Västra Götalands län, med undantag för Göteborgs kommun. Vinjetten riktades till socialsekreterare som i sin vardag arbetar med handläggning av ekonomiskt bistånd och totalt erhölls svar från 16 olika kommuner. Resultatet påvisar stora skillnader i både bedömningar och beslut mellan de olika kommunerna vilket verifierar de tidigare studier som gjorts. Trots att samtliga kommuner finner stöd för sina motiveringar i lag och allmänna råd framgår det av resultatet att dessa har tolkats på olika sätt. Eftersom respondenterna ombads att motivera sina bedömningar och beslut utifrån kommunens lokala riktlinjer och direktiv tros dessa också ligga till grund för de variationer som uppstått. Detta gör att den kommunala självstyrelsen kan problematiseras ur ett rättssäkerhetsperspektiv. En diskussion förs om huruvida en ökad detaljstyrning skulle kunna bidra till en ökad rättsäkerhet, men också vilka konsekvenser en sådan rättslig reglering skulle kunna innebära för det sociala arbetet som profession.</p> / <p>This study aims to examine variations in assessments and decisions on financial assistance based on the significance of the local guidelines for these. According to the purpose, and with support by previous research in the field, a vignette study was chosen as a method. An identical scenario, reflecting an application for financial assistance, was sent to all municipalities in Västra Götaland County, with the exception of the municipality of Gothenburg. The vignette was addressed to social workers who are working daily with processing of economic assistance. Totaly was responses from 16 different municipalities received. The results demonstrate significant differences in both assessments and decisions between the various municipalities, which verifies the previous studies performed. Despite the fact that all the municipalities found support for their justification in law and general guidance, it appear in the results that they have been interpreted in different ways. Since the respondents were asked to base their judgments and decisions on the local guidelines, it is believed that these also form the basis of the variations encountered. Because of the big variations between municipalities a problematisation of the legal security can be made. A final discussion is made about wether an increased legal regulation could contribute to a greater legal security, but also what implications of such a regulation could mean for the social work as a profession.</p>

[pt] Essa dissertação tem como objeto o estudo das decisões contra legem, especialmente as que afastam a regra processual. Entende-se por decisão contra legem o ato pelo qual o tomador de decisões, diante de uma situação peculiar, resolve não aplicar a regra jurídica – a lei –, normalmente por entender que essa aplicação é potencialmente violadora de princípios constitucionais. Por esse motivo, o estudo das normas, regras e princípios é fundamental para a compreensão do tema, pois as antinomias entre eles podem configurar situações de conflito normativo, o que, por meio da técnica de ponderação, pode levar à necessidade de decidir contra legem. Como são as regras que casuisticamente são afastadas, a análise de sua constituição deve ser profunda, incluindo-se temas específicos, como sua razão de ser (justificação), antecedente e consequente. O princípio do devido processo legal e da segurança jurídica são fundamentos das regras processuais, por esse motivo, quando uma lei de processo é afastada, os mesmos também o são, o que indica que eles devem ser considerados pelo juiz ao decidir de forma contrária à lei. Por fim, a exposição de casos concretos que possibilitam a aplicação de conceitos teóricos em situações reais, facilitando a compreensão do posicionamento dos tribunais sobre a problemática das decisões contra legem. / [en] This dissertation object study is contra legem decisions, especially those that don t keep the procedural rule. It is understood by contra legem decision the act by which the decision maker faced with a peculiar situation decides not to apply the legal rule - the law - usually because has the understand that this application potentially violate constitutional principles. For this reason, studying norms, rules and principles is essential to understand the topic, mainly because they can set antinomies between normative conflict situations, which through the technique of weighting can lead to contra legem decision. Once the rules are casuistically apart, a deep review about constitution is required, including specific topics such as their rationale (justification), its antecedent and consequent. The principle of due process of law and legal certainty are grounds of procedural rules, and because of that when a law process is passed by, they are as well, indicating that they should be considered by the judge to decide contrary to the law. Finally, exposure of specific cases enables the application of theoretical concepts in real situations, which facilitates the understanding of the position of the courts on the issue of contra legem decisions.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:27:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1980134 bytes, checksum: f49aaf4a6f960add8cd864a3b1ee5966 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The study of the Manaus Industrial Hub development model is important for its representativeness for the State of Amazonas and repercussion within the context of the Amazon region. This dissertation reviews this regional promotional policy through several perspectives with the purpose of shedding some light onto performed stages and the mechanisms applied in its evolution, pitching it against the legal security, an indispensable element for a Law-abiding Democratic State. The study starts off from a rereading of the theories underpinning the conceptual evolution of development both from the interdisciplinary standpoint of the economy, the history and of the economic law giving priority to those which directly or indirectly have influenced the conceptual basis of the Manaus Industrial Hub and showing the new dimensions, highlighting the issue of socioenvironmental sustainability, intrinsically applicable to the Amazon reality. As a whole, the main phases of the national development as sequenced starting from the thirties of the XX century the when the Brazilian State began to adopt developmental strategies until these days, emphasizing political and economic aspects, which have interfered in the readequability of the original proposal and have produced its current conformation, with a brief historical description the public policies, which have intended to interfere in the economic and industrial performance of the Amazon space resulting in the creation of the Manaus Free Trade Zone (ZFM) and of the Manaus Industrial Hub (PIM). The text puts forward some reflections on its main phases, contradictions, difficulties and perspectives and the repercussions resulting from the regulatory alterations at all levels, to, at the end, promote a study of the main constitutional and tributary focuses of the issue giving priority to the theme of legal security, probing into its real existence and effectiveness. / O estudo do modelo de desenvolvimento do Polo Industrial de Manaus reveste-se de importância pela sua representatividade para o Estado do Amazonas e repercussão no contexto da região Amazônica. A presente dissertação analisa essa política de promoção regional sob várias vertentes com a finalidade de compreender os estágios empreendidos e os mecanismos aplicados na sua evolução, confrontando-os com a segurança jurídica, elemento indispensável no Estado Democrático de Direito. O estudo parte da releitura de teorias que embasaram a evolução conceitual do desenvolvimento, tanto pela ótica interdisciplinar da economia, da história e do direito econômico, priorizando aquelas que direta ou indiretamente influenciaram a base conceitual do Polo Industrial de Manaus e apresentando as novas dimensões, com destaque para a questão da sustentabilidade socioambiental, intrinsecamente aplicável à realidade amazônica. No conjunto, são seqüenciadas as principais fases do desenvolvimento nacional, partindo dos anos trinta do século XX quando o Estado brasileiro passou a adotar estratégias desenvolvimentistas até os dias atuais, ressaltando aspectos políticos e econômicos que interferiram na readequação da proposta original e produziram a sua atual conformação, com breve relato histórico as políticas públicas que se propuseram a interferir no desenvolvimento econômico e industrial do espaço amazônico resultando na criação da Zona Franca de Manaus (ZFM) e do Polo Industrial de Manaus (PIM). O texto traz reflexões sobre suas principais fases, contradições, entraves e perspectivas e as repercussões decorrentes das alterações normativas em todos os níveis, para ao final promover um estudo dos principais enfoques constitucionais e tributários da questão, com prioridade para o tema da segurança jurídica, perquirindo sobre a sua real existência e eficácia.

Le PLU fixe, dans le respect de la hiérarchie des normes, les règles d’utilisation du sol sur son territoire. Cette hiérarchie est constituée par un ensemble de normes et principes dont le nombre n’a cessé de s’alourdir depuis la décentralisation. Bien que de nature différente, ces normes s’imposent toutes, à quelques exceptions près, de la même façon au PLU. Ce dernier doit être compatible avec leurs dispositions. Cet agencement, apparemment cohérent, dissimule de nombreuses imperfections. Les normes supérieures non moins générales, peuvent aussi s’exprimer dans des termes précis, mixant élasticité et rigidité, précision et imprécision, certitude et incertitude,… Les rapports normatifs, du fait de leur imprécision, transmettent non seulement la validité déterminée par l’ordre supérieur mais aussi les incertitudes affectant ce dernier. Ils n’excluent pas la possibilité d’intensification qui pourrait aboutir à la conformité ni celle d’un affaiblissement aboutissant à une simple prise en compte. Il revient alors au PLU de tempérer ces excès de rigueur ou de mollesse et d’en ressortir des règles intellectuellement accessibles, relativement stables et juridiquement sécurisées. Mais, l'exercice est très délicat et préoccupe les communes qui ne peuvent adopter une interprétation totalement conforme à l’esprit de la norme supérieure sans échapper à la reproduction, au niveau du PLU, de l’ambiguïté qui caractérise cette norme. Il en résulte un PLU difficilement déchiffrable et juridiquement vulnérable puisque ses destinataires, exposés à la difficulté de donner un sens précis à ses règles et de déterminer avec précision celles applicables à un moment donné, ne manquent pas de le contester. Dans ce contexte, le juge s’est vu accordé de nouveaux pouvoirs en vue de tempérer l’impact du contentieux sur la sécurité juridique du PLU. Ainsi, à un encadrement drastique des conditions de recevabilité des recours contre le PLU s’ajoutent des alternatives à son annulation pure et simple. / The Local Urbanism Plan (LUP) set, within the respect of the norms hierarchy, the using rules of the soil on his territory. This hierarchy is constituted by a number of norms and principles which kept growing more and more since it was decentralized. Even though they’re different, these norms are all applicable in the same way to the LUP, with some exceptions. The LUP has to be compatible with their dispositions. This layout apparently coherent hides a high amount of imperfections. Higher norms, but not less generals, can as well be expressed in precise terms, mixing elasticity and rigidity, precision and imprecision, certitude and incertitude. Since nominative reports are not precise, they share in the first place the validity determined by the higher order, but also the incertitude affecting it. They don’t exclude the possibility it will intensify, meaning it could lead to the conformity, and neither have they excluded the weakening leading to a simple take into account. Then the LUP has to deal with these excess of rigor or weakness and to take into account the intellectuals, accessible, relatively stables, and legally secured rules. But this exercise is very tricky and a lot of towns are concerned since they cannot adopt an interpretation totally conform to the spirit of the superior norm without escaping the reproduction of the ambiguity which characterize this norm at the LUP level. As a result, LUPs become hardly decipherable and legally vulnerable since their recipients, which have hard times to give a precise meaning to this rules and characterize with precision which are applicable to a given time, are always ready to contest it. In this context, the judge received new capabilities in order to temper the litigation impact about the LUP legal security. Thus, alternatives to its cancelling are added to the drastic monitoring of the admissibility conditions of the recourse against the LUP.

This work has the purpose to study the principle of administrative morality, especially as to their content, as well as regarding how best to operationalize its interpretation / application. In this goal, it is evident the need for eticizar Public Administration, the Administrator and their respective acts performed in the exercise of public service, it can not allow the definition of what is ethical in a rule of law is fully open to arbitrary decisions . Against this background, we seek to answer with this study the following questions: the definition of the principle of administrative morality content has limits? And, if so, what are those limits and what are the parameters / methods suitable to be used during the process of interpretation and application of the principle of morality? It is in order to overcome these issues that the research will be developed. So, will begin with brief distinctions between Ethics, Morality and Law, presenting philosophical currents that sought to evaluate the relationship or separation of binding legal and moral systems over the years, ending the first part with some critical considerations as post-positivism, pointing to the need to establish interpretive parameters, especially in a postmodern context marked by pluralism and thirsty for increased security, including legal. The following will be addressed-the set of principles, while study of legal principles, addressing some definitions, distinctions between the rules, principles and normative postulates. In addition, the main functions of principles will be presented and attempts to demonstrate its importance in contemporary legal system, without, however, forget the need to reference point in the act of interpreting them and apply them in specific cases. Finally, the third and final chapter, it is a matter-of analyzing the legal principle of administrative morality, with some definitions, a history on the world stage and later in the Brazilian domestic level until you reach the treatment given to this principle by the Charter Magna 1988. In addition, even in the third chapter, will be differentiated juridicizada the morality of common morality; is also checked the question of the interpretation and application of the principle of morality, presenting a method and parameters aimed at greater legal certainty in achieving this hermeneutical process, concluding with the study of public administration in contemporary times and the role of the principle of administrative morality. Use it will, therefore, as theoretical references studies of Ronald Dworkin and Robert Alexy. Moreover, to achieve the purpose, the theoretical research will be performed after literature of scientific contributions on the subject, as well as documentary research, through the analysis of legislation and case law. Furthermore, the method to be used is the deductive, that part of inferences and general ideas for application to real situations, and the technical procedures to be used will be the thematic analysis and interpretation. / O presente trabalho tem por escopo estudar o princípio da moralidade administrativa, em especial quanto ao seu conteúdo, bem como no que tange a melhor forma de operacionalizar sua interpretação/aplicação. Nesse desiderato, se é notória a necessidade de eticizar a Administração Pública, o administrador e seus respectivos atos praticados no exercício da função pública, também não se pode permitir que a definição do que seja ético em um Estado de Direito esteja completamente aberta a decisões arbitrárias. Diante desse panorama, busca-se responder com o presente trabalho aos seguintes questionamentos: a definição do conteúdo do princípio da moralidade administrativa possui limites? E, em caso afirmativo, quais seriam esses limites e quais seriam os parâmetros/métodos adequados a serem empregados durante o processo de interpretação e aplicação do princípio da moralidade? É com o propósito de superar essas questões que a pesquisa será desenvolvida. Assim, iniciar-se-á com breves distinções entre a Ética, Moral e Direito, apresentando correntes filosóficas que buscaram avaliar a relação de separação ou de vinculação dos sistemas jurídico e moral ao longo dos anos, encerrando a parte inicial com algumas ponderações críticas quanto ao pós-positivismo, apontando a necessidade de se estabelecerem parâmetros interpretativos, mormente em um contexto pós-moderno marcado pelo pluralismo e sedento por maior segurança, inclusive a jurídica. A seguir, abordar-se-á a principiologia, enquanto estudo dos princípios jurídicos, abordando algumas definições, distinções entre as regras, os princípios e os postulados normativos. Além disso, serão apresentadas as principais funções dos princípios, buscando demonstrar sua importância no sistema jurídico contemporâneo, sem, contudo, esquecer-se da necessidade de balizamentos no ato de interpretá-los e aplicá-los em casos concretos. Por fim, no terceiro e derradeiro capítulo, tratar-se-á de analisar o princípio jurídico da moralidade administrativa, apresentando algumas definições, um histórico no plano mundial e, posteriormente, no plano interno brasileiro até chegar ao tratamento conferido ao referido princípio pela Carta Magna de 1988. Ademais, ainda no terceiro capítulo, serão diferenciadas a moralidade juridicizada da moralidade comum; será também verificada a questão da interpretação e aplicação do princípio da moralidade, apresentando um método e parâmetros voltados a conferir maior segurança jurídica na realização desse processo hermenêutico, concluindo com o estudo da Administração Pública na contemporaneidade e o papel desempenhado pelo princípio da moralidade administrativa. Utilizar-se-á, para tanto, como referências teóricas os estudos de Ronald Dworkin e de Robert Alexy. Outrossim, para a concretização do intento, será realizada a pesquisa teórica, após levantamento bibliográfico de contribuições científicas sobre o assunto, bem como a pesquisa documental, por meio da análise de legislações e jurisprudências. Outrossim, o método a ser utilizado será o dedutivo, que parte de inferências e ideias gerais para aplicação a situações reais, sendo que os procedimentos técnicos a serem usados serão a análise temática e a interpretativa. / Mestre em Direito Público

Binding precedents are a tool that not only sustains legal certainty and the right to equality,but also is a unifying path between substantial criteria that is to be applied on similar cases. Even though several jurisdictional bodiesare vested with the power of issuing binding precedents, the lack of specialization in taxmatt ers has enhanced the importance of the binding precedents that the Tax Court issues. The authors highlight the importance of the Tax Court in the development of tax law’s legal framework, thanks to the issuance of binding precedents, as predictability reinforces legal certainty and the right to equality, as well as it reduces the cost of enforcement of tax duties, both for the tax payer and the administration, and has a positive impact on tax collection. / Los precedentes vinculantes sirven tanto como fundamento de la seguridad jurídica y del derecho a la igualdad, cuanto como camino unificador de criterios sustantivos a aplicarse en casos homólogos. Si bien varios órganos jurisdiccionales tienen la facultad de emitir precedentes, su falta de especialización en temas tributarios ha realzado la importancia de los precedentes que emite el Tribunal Fiscal. Las autoras resaltan la importancia que tiene la actuación del Tribunal Fiscal en el desarrollo del marco legal en materia tributaria a través de la emisión de precedentes vinculantes, pues a través de éstos se ve reforzada la seguridad jurídica y el derecho a la igualdad, así como reducidos los costos de cumplimiento de las obligaciones tributarias impactando, además, positivamente en la recaudación fiscal.

A presente dissertação tem por objetivo discutir o problema da litigiosidade de massa por meio da análise das técnicas processuais que conferem repercussão coletiva ao julgamento de demandas individuais. Serão objeto primordial de estudo os mecanismos de julgamento por amostragem, que serão examinados à luz dos princípios da isonomia e do contraditório, de maneira que se possa avaliar se mencionados mecanismos estão aptos a conferir tratamento adequado às demandas repetitivas. Para tanto, busca-se identificar o fenômeno da litigiosidade de massa e seus reflexos no Poder Judiciário, que tem se deparado com novas espécies de conflito, com características próprias e que merecem tratamento homogeneizado. Com base nestes elementos, pretende-se traçar diretrizes fundamentais para um modelo legítimo de julgamento por amostragem, que confira segurança, previsibilidade e legitimidade às decisões proferidas pelo Poder Judiciário. / This work aims to discuss the problem of mass litigation by analyzing the procedural techniques that give collective effect to the judgment of individual demands. Will be primary object of study the mechanisms trial sample, which will be examined in the light of the principles of equality and contradictory, so that it can assess whether those mechanisms are able to give proper treatment to repetitive demands. Therefore, we seek to identify the mass litigation phenomenon and its effects on the Judiciary, which has been facing new kinds of conflict, with its own characteristics and they deserve homogenized treatment. On this basis, we intend to draw basic guidelines for a legitimate model of judgment sample, which offers security, predictability and legitimacy to decisions made by the Judiciary.

La gestion du domaine public suscite des conflits récurrents en matière d’aménagement, de protection et de mise en valeur du littoral et cela concerne notamment les plages. On aurait pu penser que les instruments de contrôle foncier et patrimonial mis à la disposition des pouvoirs publics étaient assez efficaces pour leur permettre de mener à bien leurs missions. Mais la réglementation en vigueur concernant la gestion du domaine public maritime, et tout particulièrement celles des plages, est loin d’avoir apporté une sécurité juridique suffisante. La législation relative aux plages est confrontée à une insécurité juridique ; la réglementation devient difficile à maîtriser en raison de la complexité des règles et de leur « difficile transposition » dans les départements et régions d’Outre-mer liée à leur caractère insulaire, ce qui a pour conséquence d’obscurcir la loi et de rendre ainsi ineffectif le droit en vigueur. L’objet de la présente étude est de montrer que cette insécurité juridique est aggravée dans les Départements d’Outre-mer, de mesurer l’ineffectivité des règles entourant l’exploitation des plages et d’essayer d’éclaircir cet imbroglio juridique. / The management of the public domain is the root of recurrent problems affecting regional and coastal development, as well as environment al protection including notably the beaches. It Would be obvious to think that the measures taken to maintain a control over the real estate and heritage site put at the authorities disposal were effective enough to enable the carrying out of their mission, but the statements of fact is that the current regulation concerning the maritime public domain and especially the beaches, is not what was expected of it, that means a sufficient juridical security. The real issue is to show firstly, that the legislation concerning the beaches is confronted to a legal insecurity, then demonstrate that the regulation is becoming difficult to master because of the complexity of rules, as well as their tricky transposition in the overseas departments due to the insular nature of these regions. The consequence is the darkening of the law which leads inevitably to its inefficiency. The purpose of this study in to show that this juridical insecurity is worse in the overseas departments, to put also in evidence the ineffectiveness of the rules concerning the exploitation of the beaches, in order to clarify this juridical mess.

Denna studie syftar till att granska variationer i bedömningar och beslut om ekonomiskt bistånd utifrån vilken betydelse den enskilda organisationens riktlinjer har för dessa. Utifrån syftet, och med stöd av tidigare forskning på området, valdes vinjettstudien som metod. Ett identiskt typfall, gällande en fiktiv ansökan om ekonomiskt bistånd, skickades ut till samtliga kommuner i Västra Götalands län, med undantag för Göteborgs kommun. Vinjetten riktades till socialsekreterare som i sin vardag arbetar med handläggning av ekonomiskt bistånd och totalt erhölls svar från 16 olika kommuner. Resultatet påvisar stora skillnader i både bedömningar och beslut mellan de olika kommunerna vilket verifierar de tidigare studier som gjorts. Trots att samtliga kommuner finner stöd för sina motiveringar i lag och allmänna råd framgår det av resultatet att dessa har tolkats på olika sätt. Eftersom respondenterna ombads att motivera sina bedömningar och beslut utifrån kommunens lokala riktlinjer och direktiv tros dessa också ligga till grund för de variationer som uppstått. Detta gör att den kommunala självstyrelsen kan problematiseras ur ett rättssäkerhetsperspektiv. En diskussion förs om huruvida en ökad detaljstyrning skulle kunna bidra till en ökad rättsäkerhet, men också vilka konsekvenser en sådan rättslig reglering skulle kunna innebära för det sociala arbetet som profession. / This study aims to examine variations in assessments and decisions on financial assistance based on the significance of the local guidelines for these. According to the purpose, and with support by previous research in the field, a vignette study was chosen as a method. An identical scenario, reflecting an application for financial assistance, was sent to all municipalities in Västra Götaland County, with the exception of the municipality of Gothenburg. The vignette was addressed to social workers who are working daily with processing of economic assistance. Totaly was responses from 16 different municipalities received. The results demonstrate significant differences in both assessments and decisions between the various municipalities, which verifies the previous studies performed. Despite the fact that all the municipalities found support for their justification in law and general guidance, it appear in the results that they have been interpreted in different ways. Since the respondents were asked to base their judgments and decisions on the local guidelines, it is believed that these also form the basis of the variations encountered. Because of the big variations between municipalities a problematisation of the legal security can be made. A final discussion is made about wether an increased legal regulation could contribute to a greater legal security, but also what implications of such a regulation could mean for the social work as a profession.

Une solution au problème du sous-développement est apparue dans le transfert international de technologie, qui combine à la fois assistance, formation, coopération, et parfois aide financière. Devant l'intérêt de ce processus, les Nations Unies ont entamé un processus de légifération. On se souvient encore du «Code international de Conduite pour le transfert de technologie », qui apparaissait comme une avancée majeure des pays en développement dans le progrès économique. Malgré l’échec de cette tentative, le processus est resté au cœur des échanges internationaux, la technologie s’imposant comme l’instrument de mesure du développement. C’est pourquoi les pays les moins développés s’adonnent à une véritable course à la technologie, gage de leur droit au développement. Ce qui fit évoluer les mécanismes juridiques de transferts, eux-mêmes désormais liés aux technologies transférées. On assiste donc sur l’échiquier international à une série de lois relatives au transfert de technologies et à sa propriété intellectuelle, qui témoignent non seulement de la sécurité juridique des transactions, mais aussi de la nouvelle vision des relations économiques, notamment celle de tenir compte des effets de la technologie sur l’environnement. Avec un droit de la propriété intellectuelle existant mais pas répressif, les pays de l’Afrique subsaharienne tentent particulièrement d’obtenir leur développement par le canal des investissements. Ils créent en ce sens des cadres réglementaires favorables. Partenariat international, investissement privé et public, brevets,... tous ces moyens d’accès à la technologie qui méritent d’être examinés au fond.Cette thèse est rédigée dans l'objectif de comparer et promouvoir une acquisition de technologies adaptée pour les pays en développement, mais aussi favoriser l'implantation des entreprises étrangères dans ces pays. / A solution to the underdevelopment appeared in the international transfer of technology, which combines assistance, training, cooperation, and sometimes financial assistance.Given the interest of this process, the United Nations began a making process policy. We still remember of the "International Code of Conduct for the transfer of technology ", which appeared as a major breakthrough in economic progress for developing countries. Despite the failure of this attempt, the process has remained at the heart of international trade, like technology itself is considered as the instrument of measuring development.This is why the least developed countries are engaged in a race to technology, guarantee of their right to development.There is, on an international scale, a series of laws relating to technology transfer and intellectual property, which reflect the legal security of transactions, and also the new vision of economic relations, notably to take account the effects of technology on the environment.With an existing but not repressive law of intellectual property, sub-Saharan Africa trying to get their development by investment. For that, they set up favorable laws.International partnerships, private and public investment, patents, ... all these ways of access to the technology which deserve to be examined.This thesis is written with the objective to compare and promote technology acquisition adapted for developing countries, but also promote the establishment of foreign companies in these countries.