Numerous studies have evaluated and confirmed many benefits of errorless learning and fluency-based procedures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the benefits of combining an errorless learning procedure, stimulus shaping, and fluency-based procedures to teach see/say letter sound discriminations to three preschool children. Participants were taught 6 letter sounds using a hear/point stimulus shaping procedure followed by a see/say fluency-based procedure. A second letter set was taught using only the fluency-based procedure. Results showed that combining the procedures reduced the amount of teaching time by up to 40% and the percent of errors by up to 50%. This preliminary evidence shows exceptional promise in application of this combination of procedures to teach letter sounds to preschool children.

Bank guarantee Even after recodification of the private law in the Czech Republic, the bank guarantee remains an important means of covering risk; mostly due to its universal nature. The aim of this thesis is to provide a comprehensive view on the topic of bank guarantees, especially in light of the new Civil Code. The work will focus on defining the nature of the bank guarantee, as well as the ties between the subjects of the relationship formed within bank guarantees, and its basic principles. I have chosen this subject matter, as the bank guarantee remains pertinent, not only in foreign trade, but also in the Czech Republic, as evidenced by legislation such as the Public Procurement Act, the Act on Public Auction, or in the Customs Law. However, the most important role of bank guarantees remains in international trade, where in addition to market risk and performance risk of the contractual counterparty, a territorial risk prevails. In international trade, usually multiple banks take part in the guarantee relationship. This thesis is divided into eight chapters. The first chapter deals with ways of debt security in the new Czech Civil Code and conceptual and terminological changes. It briefly outlines and defines the institutes of insuring debt in new Civil Code. The second chapter concentrates...

The thesis focuses on the impact of the banking regulation Basel III on bank-intermediated trade finance. The theoretical part of the thesis explains details of Basel III requirements, history of Basel Accords and their future in the form of Basel IV, characteristics of trade finance products and of the whole industry. Trade finance industry voiced worries about the negative effect that these new requirements might have on trade finance business. The thesis estimates determinants of bank-intermediated trade finance and includes a regulatory variable. We use trade finance data from the Czech Republic and Hong Kong in 2000−2014 and from India in 2007−2014. A negative effect of Basel III on trade finance growth is found using pooled OLS regression. Contrary to previous research, we also estimate a negative coefficient of banks' capital to assets ratios. To the best of our knowledge, the thesis provides the first empirical analysis of the impact of Basel III on trade finance. Trade finance research usually focuses more on the relationship of trade finance and trade flows and the thesis provides an extensive literature summary of this topic. The final part of the thesis contrasts different levels of risk of trade finance and shows that the imputed low-riskiness does not apply to the Czech data.

The Green Light letter from President Franklin Roosevelt to Major League Baseball Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis gave MLB permission to continue throughout World War II. The team owners felt relief that MLB is the only professional sport to survive during the years of World War II (1941-1945). MLB became a primary contributor toward the war effort. While war-supporting efforts were conducted, team owners positioned themselves to benefit from the bond between baseball and the American people. MLB portrayed itself through the commissioner’s office policy as a patriotic partner by providing entertainment for American factory workers and contributing equipment to servicemen overseas. MLB also remained a monopoly without Congressional inquiries or public challenge. Since MLB was exempt from anti-trust laws, team owners operated within MLB’s anti-trust exemption and strengthened position for the post war period.

The thesis on "The Bill and real possibilities of its use in the practice of Czech banks" is focused on the characteristics of bills as a directing and payment instrument and possible ways of its use, taking into account both economic and legal aspects. This work includes a wide range of banking products, in which the bills are used, indicating their advantages and disadvantages too. The conclusion provides justification for attractiveness of bills for the banks, but also the reasons for which it is viewed by public with some skepticism.

Cartas al editor / Revisión por pares

Nous traitons la question d’un rapport entre écriture et voix dans la clinique des psychoses. A l’appui des témoignages de sujets psychotiques, sujets disant écrire ce qui survient sous forme de voix, nous interrogeons les ressorts et les enjeux de ce passage à la lettre. Revenant sur la clinique de l’hallucination, nous détaillons ce que les sujets psychotiques nous enseignent sur les mécanismes impliqués dans l’instant de la voix hallucinée. Suivant ce fil, nous mettons en valeur la dimension de jouissance inhérente à la voix. Dans un second temps, nous nous penchons plus spécifiquement sur les pratiques d’écriture des sujets rencontrés, pratiques où il s’agit de noter, d’arrimer sur papier ce que les voix font entendre. Suivant les pistes annoncées par nos patients, nous questionnons la fonction régulatrice d’une pratique de la lettre. Pour ce faire, nous reprenons les conceptions lacaniennes de la lettre comme « littoral » ou comme « godet ». De même, les propos de nos patients nous mènent à interroger en quoi l’écriture pourrait permettre de « faire partir » la voix, en quoi elle ferait le moyen d’un détachement. Les œuvres et les témoignages d’écrivains nous donnent l’occasion de pousser plus avant notre questionnement, d’arpenter les domaines où, toujours, l’artiste précède le clinicien. Ainsi, nous revenons sur les travaux de James Joyce, de Louis Wolfson et, surtout, de Samuel Beckett. Nous nous penchons sur les indications qu’ils nous livrent au sujet d’un nouage entre écriture et voix. L’objet de notre recherche est de mettre à l’épreuve l’hypothèse selon laquelle, dans la clinique des psychoses, le recours à l’écrit peut relever d’un traitement de la voix. / We examine the issue of a link between voice and writing in psychosis. Relying on psychotic subjects who say they write what they hear through voices, we study the nature of this shifting from voice to letter. As a first step, we specify what we mean by voice. We detail what psychotic subjects teach us about the mechanisms involved in the moment of the hallucinated voice. By doing so, we point out the part of jouissance involved in voice.As a second step, we focus on their writing practices, the moment when they take note, when they put down on paper what they hear through voices. We endeavour to elucidate the issues of this movement. We are led to examine the regulating function of writing. Therefore, we refer to the lacanian concept of letter as « littoral » or « godet ». Moreover, patients’ words led us to specify how writing could be a way to make the voice “go away”, a way to separate. The works and the testimonies of writers lead us to go on exploring a field where the artist always precedes the clinician. We refer to James Joyce, to Louis Wolfson, and especially, to Samuel Beckett’s works. We try to grasp the indications they give about a link between voice and writing. The purpose is to test the hypothesis which states that, in psychosis, the use of writing can be a way to treat the voice.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:33:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Debora Ferreira da Rocha.pdf: 446239 bytes, checksum: f6ad97a0770768eef9aa3d7e71a46f36 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-11 / This dissertation is based in the research line of Text and speech in oral and written forms and its theme is the descriptive textual sequences in complaint letters. The general objective of this study is to contribute to a better understanding of descriptive textual sequences present in the genre complaint letters texts. The specific objectives are to identify and analyze the descriptive sequences in complaint letters and interpret their occurrence in this textual genre.In order to develop our study, we have chosen as the theoretical linguistics Textual, to deal with textual typology (TRAVAGLIA, 1991, 2002, 2004a, 2004b, 2007a, 2007b, 2007c, 2009 and 2014), descriptive genre (Marquesi, 2004) textual sequences (ADAM, 2008) and descriptive textual sequences (ADAM, 2008; Marquesi, 2011) and the theory of genres (Bakhtin, 2006 [1979]; Marcuschi (2008), to deal with the genre letter of complaint (GREGÓRIO and Cecilio 2006; MIRANDA, 2004; SILVA and LEAL, 2003; Wilson, 2001; MELO, 1999. The methodology was a review of the literature about text types and descriptive text, textual sequences and descriptive textual sequences, besides the theory that treats textual genre, with special focus on the complaint letter; establishment of categories of analysis, due to the recurrent strategies observed in the selected corpus, newspaper letters selection from the newspaper Diário de S. Paulo and analysis of the corpus according to the categories proposed in the theoretical foundation chapter. The corpus has about 22 complaint letters selected from April to July 2014, in the section A Vez e a Voz do Leitor , from the newspaper Diário de S. Paulo. The results show that the descriptive textual sequences not only indicate as well, along with other textual sequences, contribute in building the argue that the text producer has in mind / Esta dissertação está inserida na linha de pesquisa Texto e discurso nas modalidades oral e escrita e tem como tema as sequências textuais descritivas em cartas de reclamação. O objetivo geral deste trabalho é contribuir para uma melhor compreensão das sequências textuais descritivas presentes em textos do gênero cartas de reclamação. Os objetivos específicos são: identificar e analisar as sequências descritivas em cartas de reclamação e interpretar suas ocorrências nesse gênero textual. De modo a desenvolvermos nosso estudo, elegemos como aporte teórico a Linguística Textual, para tratarmos de tipologia textual (TRAVAGLIA, 1991, 2002, 2004a, 2004b, 2007a, 2007b, 2007c, 2009 e 2014), tipo descritivo (MARQUESI, 2004), sequências textuais (ADAM, 2008) e sequências textuais descritivas (ADAM, 2008; MARQUESI, 2011) e a teoria de gêneros (BAKHTIN, 2006 [1979]; MARCUSCHI (2008), para tratarmos do gênero textual carta de reclamação (GREGÓRIO e CECÍLIO, 2006; MIRANDA, 2004; SILVA e LEAL, 2003; WILSON, 2001; MELO, 1999. No que se refere à metodologia, procedemos à revisão da literatura sobre tipologias textuais e tipo descritivo, sequências textuais e sequências textuais descritivas, além da teoria que trata de gênero textual, com enfoque especial sobre carta de reclamação; estabelecimento das categorias de análise, em virtude das estratégias mais recorrentes observadas no corpus selecionado; seleção de cartas do jornal Diário de S. Paulo e análise do corpus de acordo com as categorias propostas no capítulo de fundamentação teórica. O corpus é composto por 22 cartas de reclamação selecionadas entre abril a julho de 2014, na seção A Vez e a Voz do Leitor , do jornal Diário de S. Paulo. Os resultados mostram que as sequências textuais descritivas não só indiciam como também, juntamente com as demais sequências textuais, contribuem na construção da argumentação visada pelo produtor do texto

Os acontecimentos que perturbam a relação da criança com a escrita não estão exclusivamente circunscritos pelos processos linguísticos, cognitivos e pedagógicos implicados na aquisição. Esta pesquisa pretendeu problematizar as concepções pretensamente científicas que enquadram os problemas na escrita das crianças como manifestações de dislexia. A clínica psicanalítica dá o testemunho de que há uma articulação entre este fenômeno e o sujeito que se institui na escrita. Este trabalho fez um caminho pela psicanálise de orientação lacaniana, através de sua teoria e de sua clínica, para discutir qual é o estatuto deste fenômeno que se dá a ver na escrita da criança. A idéia de sujeito que permite esta leitura não é a de sujeito epistêmico, aquele que conhece. Será aquela formulada pela psicanálise: o sujeito é entendido como resposta do real, não é mais produto exclusivo do funcionamento simbólico, é assim que o sujeito efeito (e não causa) do jogo significante, e situado fora da cadeia que sustenta o funcionamento simbólico- foi considerado nessa pesquisa. Estudou-se ainda as construções conceituais de sintoma e escrita na psicanálise. Este caminho apresentou a articulação do gozo na produção de escrita e foi preciso explicar as relações entre significante e letra, noções em psicanálise que não se confundem com a letra alfabética, o caractere, nem com o escrever referido a produção de texto, mas que exatamente por não se confundirem, são importantes para que se decida um modo de abordagem da escrita que inclua o sujeito como elemento da discussão. Se o desligamento do significante mostra o gozo na escrita, os fenômenos clínicos ali presentes são tecidos também como dinâmica gozosa, e portanto, em relação à economia de gozo do falasser. Para abordar a escrita da criança em tempos de aquisição é preciso ter clara a idéia de que esta não é representação da fala, mas que, entre elas, a articulação é moebiana. Há gozo na escrita, o que o gozo aí engendra e também o que o engendra aí a clínica vai responder. Será preciso dar tratamento ao que resta. É nesse sentido que os impasses aos quais um sujeito se submete e que perturbam sua escrita são matéria para o psicanalista. / The events that disturb the relationship of a child with writing are not exclusively limited to the linguistic, cognitive and pedagogical processes implied in the acquisition of this skill. This study aimed at problematizing the supposedly scientific concepts that frame the problems of children´s writing, such as dyslexia. Clinical psychoanalytical data show that there is an articulation between this phenomenon and the subject that is being written about. This study made its way using Lacanian-oriented psychoanalysis, through its theory and its clinic, to discuss the statute of this phenomenon that can be seen in the writing of a child. The idea of subject that permits this reading is not that of an epistemological subject, the one that knows. It is the one formulated by psychoanalysis: the subject as an answer of the real, it is no longer the exclusive product of symbolic functioning, this is how the subject - effect (and not cause) of the meaningful game, and situated outside the chain that sustains the symbolic functioning was considered in this study. Also studied were the conceptual constructions of symptom and writing in psychoanalysis. This path presented the articulation of satisfaction from the production of writing and it was necessary to explain the relationship between meaning and letter, notions that in psychoanalysis are not to be confused with the letter of the alphabet, the character, nor even with the writing referring to the production of the text, but which precisely because they are not to be confused, are important to deciding on the approach to be used in writing, which includes the subject as an element of the discussion. If the detachment of meaning shows the jouissance in writing, the clinical phenomena that are present are also woven as the dynamic of jouissance and, therefore, in relation to the frugality of jouissance of the falasser. To broach the writing of the child in times of acquisition it is necessary to clearly understand that this is not a representation of speech, but rather that between them, the articulation is moebian. There is jouissance in writing, what the satisfaction engenders there, and also what engenders it there will be answered by the clinic. It will be necessary to treat what remains. It is in this sense that the impasses to which a person submits himself and which disturb his writing are material for the psychoanalyst.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:40:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Julieta Jerusalinsky.pdf: 1960391 bytes, checksum: e621fe1c2f5a9c553f5e4df87d97be29 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis approaches the production of the inscriptions that constitute the psychism in mother-baby ties. The text is present within the field of fundamental psychopathology and theoretical-clinical psychoanalysis. The author posits that the inscription of the letter a concept employed by Jacques Lacan to situate psychic inscriptions depends on the mother's involvement in the baby's economy of jouissance. The transmission of the inscription does not take place through the direct presence of a code, but rather through a succession of enigmatic effects on the baby's ties with his mother. She is an embodied mOther, in view of which the subject must emerge on the border between jouissance and knowledge, body and language. On the basis of the given-to-be-seen on the baby's body, the mother formulates the supposition of the knowledge of which the baby is a tributary. It is knowledge of the mother's desire and is enigmatic to the mother herself, but the baby becomes involved in it. The givento- be-seen on the baby's body takes on the character of a formation of the unconscious. The mother's psychism operates there as an initially prosthetic psychic apparatus for the baby to function physically. The baby s economy of jouissance is thus bound to its mother's knowing. The earliest roots of psychic constitution thus reveal the lack of correspondence between body and subject. Through her care, the mother "embroiders" the letter on the baby's body as she occupies herself with his economy of jouissance, by being affected by what affects him. She thus links the baby's physical functioning to a language structure by which he inadvertently becomes involved in the tie with the mOther. From then on, the tie is indispensable in his circuit of satisfaction. For this reason, the baby is also affected by the sounds and lalangue through which the mother's jouissance emerges in the act of enunciation. When the baby becomes emotionally involved in the games that constitute the subject, the mother attributes their authorship to him, and the knowledge of this playing permanently transits with him through the positions of object and subject. She presumes that he is the subject that knows about playing. At the same time, when she makes the baby an object of jouissance, she herself obtains jouissance by transitively identifying with the jouissance of the baby's passivity. Therefore, the jouissance involved in the tie between mother and baby is not reduced to either the anxiety of insufficiency nor to the measure of phallic strength, nor even to the masochistic jouissance of the mater dolorosa. Through jouissance located beyond the phallic, a creation can be produced, a child can be raised. The raising of the child indicates the transitivist dimension of the earliest roots of the tie between mother and baby. If motherhood can make room for an act that, for a woman, is creative, the child, in turn, has a way to be creative when playing. The relationship between mother and baby is limited neither to phallic jouissance nor to the search for complementarity with the jouissance of the mOther, but it can open the way to an Other jouissance, a supplementary creation, which, even if it makes use of the paternal function, does not stop at the Oedipus complex. In view of the mental suffering involved when a baby painfully gives-to-be-seen on his body, the clinician intervenes, not by observing but by reading, which can decipher. Operating on the basis of the key to the code, the letter, which insists on symptomatic repetition, the clinician opens the way to supplementary creations / A tese aborda a produção das inscrições constituintes do psiquismo no laço mãe-bebê sob o marco acadêmico de pesquisa em Psicopatologia Fundamental e teórico-clínico da psicanálise. Considera que a inscrição da letra conceito utilizado por Jacques Lacan para situar as inscrições psíquicas depende da implicação materna na economia de gozo do bebê. Sua transmissão não ocorre pela via direta de um código, mas por uma sucessão de efeitos enigmáticos no laço com a mãe, enquanto Outro encarnado, diante dos quais o sujeito precisará advir, no litoral entre gozo e saber, corpo e linguagem. A partir do dado a ver no corpo do bebê, a mãe formula a suposição de um saber do qual este seria tributário: saber sobre o desejo materno que, à própria mãe, resulta enigmático, mas em relação ao qual o bebê fica implicado. Assim, o dado a ver no corpo do bebê assume o caráter de formação do inconsciente. O psiquismo materno opera aí como um aparelho psíquico inicialmente protético para o funcionamento corporal do bebê, que passa a ter sua economia de gozo atrelada ao saber materno. Os primórdios da constituição psíquica, portanto, deixam em relevo a não correspondência entre corpo e sujeito. A mãe realiza em seus cuidados o "bordado" da letra ao corpo do bebê, ao ocupar-se de sua economia de gozo, ao afetar-se pelo que o afeta. Assim, parasita o funcionamento corporal do bebê com uma estrutura "linguageira" pela qual este, inadvertidamente, se engaja no laço com o Outro a partir daí imprescindível em seu circuito de satisfação. Por isso o bebê também é afetado pela prosódia e alíngua pelas quais comparece o gozo materno no ato da enunciação. Quando o bebê se engaja "gozozamente" nos jogos constituintes do sujeito, a mãe passa a atribuir-lhe a autoria, o saber, sobre esse brincar, transitando permanentemente com ele pelas posições de objeto e sujeito. Ela o supõe sujeito que sabe do brincar; ao mesmo tempo, quando o faz objeto de gozo, goza identificando-se transitivamente ao gozo da passividade do bebê. Portanto, o gozo implicado no laço mãe-bebê não está reduzido nem à angústia da insuficiência nem à medida da potencia fálica. Tampouco ao gozo masoquista da mater dolorosa. Por meio de um gozo situado para além do fálico, pode-se produzir uma criação: a criação da criança aponta a dimensão transitivista dos primórdios do laço mãe-bebê. Se a maternidade pode dar lugar a um ato criativo para uma mulher, por sua vez, a criança tem aí uma brecha para vir a ser criadora no brincar. A relação mãe-bebê não se limita nem ao gozo fálico nem à busca da complementaridade com o gozo do Outro, mas pode dar acesso a um gozo Outro, a uma criação suplementar, que, mesmo se servindo da função paterna, não se detém no complexo de Édipo. Diante do pathos que o bebê em sofrimento dá a ver em seu corpo, o clínico intervém, não por uma observação, mas por uma leitura que possibilita uma decifração. Operando a partir da cifra, da letra que insiste na repetição sintomática, abre lugar para criações suplementares