La prédominance de l’informel dans l’économie d’Haïti, où plus de 80% de la population vit en dessous du seuil de la pauvreté et plus de 35% au chômage, laisse entrevoir des liens étroits entre l’économie informelle, la pauvreté et le marché du travail. Faire ressortir ces interrelations, exige une évaluation de cette économie informelle qui fait l’objet des quatre chapitres de notre thèse traitant successivement l’évolution de la situation macroéconomique, le capital humain, les gains des travailleurs informels, et la segmentation du marché du travail.Le premier chapitre fait un diagnostic du phénomène selon l’état des lieux des théories élaborées et l’évolution du cadre macro-économique d’Haïti de 1980 à 2010 et propose une évaluation macroéconomique de l’informel à partir d’un modèle PLS (Partial Least Squares) en pourcentage du PIB.Le chapitre deux établit les relations entre l’évolution de l’économie informelle, dérégulation et politiques néolibérales grâce à un modèle LISREL (Linear Structural Relations). Nous examinons les incidences des politiques fiscales, budgétaires et monétaires des 30 dernières années sur l’économie informelle. Nous réévaluons aussi les causes de l’évolution de l’informel généralement évoquées par les études empiriques (taxes, sécurité sociale).Au chapitre trois, nous analysons la dimension micro-réelle de l’informel grâce à un modèle des gains à la Mincer estimé par les équations logit à partir des données d’une enquête nationale sur l’emploi et l’économie informelle (EEEI) de 2007. Nous analysons les déterminants des gains informels au regard de la position des travailleurs sur le marché (salariés, entrepreneurs et indépendants) ; et les revenus (formels et informels) et les caractéristiques socioéconomiques des travailleurs pauvres et non-pauvres par rapport au seuil de pauvreté.Au chapitre quatre, nous testons d’abord la compétitivité et la segmentation du marché de l’emploi en faisant usage de modèle de Roy et du modèle de Roy élargi à travers une estimation d’un modèle Tobit. Nous utilisons un modèle de Processus de Dirichlet : d’abord analyser la segmentation et la compétitivité éventuelle du marché du travail informel ainsi que ses déterminants, selon les données de l’EEEI-2007 ; ensuite, pour distinguer les caractéristiques fondamentales des informels involontaires (exclus du marché du travail formel) de celles des informels volontaires qui en retirent des avantages comparatifs. / The predominance of the informal sector in the economy of Haiti, where more than 80% of the population lives below the threshold of poverty and more than 35% unemployed, suggests links between the informal economy, poverty and the labour market. Highlight these interrelationships, requires an assessment of the informal economy, which is the subject of the four chapters of this thesis, dealing successively with the evolution of the macroeconomic situation, human capital, the informal earnings of workers, and the segmentation of the labour market.The first chapter made a diagnosis of the phenomenon according to the State of affairs of the developed theories and the evolution of the macroeconomic framework of Haiti from 1980 to 2010. And then offers a macroeconomic assessment of the informal sector as a percentage of GDP from a PLS (Partial Least Squares).Chapter two sets out the relationship between the evolution of the informal economy, deregulation and neo-liberal policies through a LISREL (Linear Structural Relations) model. We look at the impact of the budgetary, fiscal and monetary policies of the past 30 years on the informal economy. We also reassess the causes of the evolution of the informal economy generally evoked by the empirical studies (taxes, social security).In the chapter three, we analyse the micro-real dimension of the informal economy through a model of the Mincer earnings estimated by the equations logit from data in a national survey on employment and the informal economy (EEEI) in 2007. We analyse the determinants of informal gains in terms of the position of the market workers (employees, entrepreneurs and self-employed); and revenues (formal and informal) and the socio-economic characteristics of the working poor and non-poor compared to the poverty line.In chapter four, we first test the competitiveness and the segmentation of the labour market by making use of model of Roy and the expanded Roy model through an estimate a model Tobit. We use a model of Dirichlet process: first analyse the segmentation and possible informal work and market competitiveness as its determinants, according to data from the EEEI 2007; then, to distinguish the fundamental characteristics of the involuntary informal (excluded from the formal labour market) than the voluntary informal who gain comparative advantages.

[pt] O objetivo principal deste trabalho consiste em identificar, dentre um conjunto de atributos de satisfação, lealdade e retenção, os elementos que têm maior impacto na retenção de clientes no serviço de telefonia celular. Foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo com uma amostra de 123 usuários do serviço de telefonia celular prestado por operadoras no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Inicialmente são discutidos os conceitos de satisfação, lealdade e retenção de clientes acompanhados pela identificação dos principais atributos destes elementos no serviço de telefonia celular. Logo após é apresentado o modelo integrativo de Gerpott, Rams e Schindler (2001) que serviu de base para este trabalho. Depois é apresentada a metodologia utilizada nesta pesquisa seguida pelos resultados obtidos na pesquisa de campo. A análise dos dados confirma a existência de uma relação causal de dois estágios entre a satisfação, lealdade e retenção de clientes, na qual a satisfação é um atributo chave da lealdade que, por sua vez, é um determinante central da retenção de clientes. O estudo também identifica que o atendimento aos clientes, os benefícios pessoais que o serviço de telefonia celular oferecem, e a avaliação que os clientes fazem sobre os preços cobrados pelo serviço são, dentre um conjunto de atributos de satisfação, lealdade e retenção, os elementos que têm o maior impacto na retenção de clientes no serviço de telefonia celular. / [en] The purpose of this study is to identify, among a group of elements of customer satisfaction, loyalty and customer retention, the elements which have the greater impact over customer retention in the mobile telecommunications service. A field research was conducted with a sample of 123 users of the mobile telecommunications service in Rio de Janeiro. Initially the concepts of customer satisfaction, loyalty, and retention are discussed, followed by the identification of some of their elements in the mobile telecommunications service. Then Gerpotts, Rams and Schindlers (2001) integrative model, which is used as a basis for this study, is presented. Next, the methodology used in this research is explained, followed by the presentation of the results obtained in the field research. Data analysis supports the existence of a two- staged causal relationship between customer satisfaction, loyalty and retention, with satisfaction having a significant impact over loyalty which in turn influences customer retention. This research also identifies that customer care, the personal benefits derived from the use of the mobile telecommunications service, and the evaluation that clients make about the price of such service are, among a group of customers satisfaction, loyalty, and retention attributes, the elements which have the greater impact over customer retention in the mobile telecommunications service.

A dramatic decline in physical activity levels occurs from adolescence to young adulthood. Those who were sedentary as adolescents tend to maintain a sedentary lifestyle. Women are particularly vulnerable to the effects of a sedentary lifestyle because of the risk for cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this research was to test a theoretical model of exercise in adolescent and young adult women using the theory of unpleasant symptoms with social cognitive variables and then to test a revised model that was determined a priori. The central hypotheses were that the relationships as depicted in the proposed theoretical models would be reproducible in data from adolescent and young adult women of ages 18 to 25.

沒有中文摘要 Abstract List of Tables List of Figures Chapter Ⅰ Introduction 1 Section 1. Research Background and Motivation 1 Section 2. Research Questions 5 Section 3. Thesis Structure 7 Chapter Ⅱ Literature Review 8 Section 1. Customer Satisfaction 8 Section 2. Customer Expectation 13 Section 3. Customer Perceived Quality/Performance 15 Section 4. Customer Perceived Value 16 Section 5. Importance of Customer Satisfaction 17 Section 6. Measurements of Customer Satisfaction 19 CSI Model 19 SERVQUAL 21 Other Measurements of Customer Satisfaction 23 Chapter Ⅲ Research Hypotheses and Methodology 25 Section 1. Research Hypotheses 25 1.1 Research Model 25 1.2 Research Hypotheses 26 1.3 Research Variables 27 Section 2. LISREL Model 31 2.1 Introduction of LISREL 31 2.2 Structural Equation Model and Measurement Model 33 Section 3. Research Design 42 3.1 Research Target and Sampling 42 3.2 Questionnaire Design 42 Section 4. Comparison of Questionnaires 44 4.1 Design of Sales Questionnaire 44 4.2 Data Analysis of Sales Questionnaire 45 4.3 Design of Service Questionnaire 46 4.4 Data Analysis of Sales Questionnaire 47 4.5 Comparison of Lexus and CSI Questionnaires 47 Section 5. Limitations of Research 49 Chapter Ⅳ Data Analysis and Results 50 Section 1. Data Handling 50 1.1 Handling of Sample 50 1.2 Handling of Customer Loyalty Data 50 1.3 Handling of Customer Complaints Data 51 1.4 Handling of Perceived Value Data 51 Section 2. Analyzed Result 53 2.1 Model Estimation 53 2.2. Squared Multiple Correlation 55 2.3 Parameter Estimation 56 Section 3. Hypotheses Test 60 Section 4. Meaning of Data Result 65 Section 5. Summary of Customer Opinions 67 Chapter Ⅴ Conclusion and Recommendations 69 Section 1. Research Conclusion 69 Section 2. Recent Customer Service Effort of Lexus 72 Section 3. Recommendations 74 List of References 76 List of Appendices 79 Appendix 1. CSI Lexus Questionnaire (English) 79 Appendix 2. CSI Lexus Questionnaire (Chinese) 84 Appendix 3. Lexus Original Sales Questionnaire (English) 88 Appendix 4. Lexus Original Sales Questionnaire (Chinese) 93 Appendix 5. Lexus Original Service Questionnaire (English) 97 Appendix 6. Lexus Original Service Questionnaire (Chinese) 102 Appendix 7. Samples of Lexus Questionnaire Data Analysis Result 106 / As the numbers of manufacturers and providers strive to out-do each other, Taiwan is increasingly becoming a competitive market. As the market becomes competitive, traditional norm was for firms to compete on the basis of price. However, firms are realizing that competing on price does not only decrease their profit margins, but it is also very costly to continuously acquire new customers. Therefore, various firms have started to attach more and more importance on improving customer satisfaction to retain current customers. Lexus is one of those firms, which is striving to increase customer satisfaction level as a way to compete in a very competitive market in Taiwan. With the precious chance to cooperate with Taiwan Lexus, the main purpose of this research is to explore the Taiwanese Lexus system of customer satisfaction by understanding the Customer Satisfaction Index model introduced by Fornell et al. in 1996. From the research result by employing LISREL model, it was found that for Taiwanese Lexus owners, perceived quality is the only variable directly and positively influencing overall customer satisfaction, although through perceived quality, customer expectation indirectly influences overall customer satisfaction. Further, unlike CSI model, perceived value does not exist as one of the antecedents of overall customer satisfaction. Another important founding was that customer complaints have positive influence on customer loyalty. In the final section, based on the research results of LISREL model, some recommendations are offered. Mainly, improve perceived quality, for it is the most effective way of increasing the level of customer satisfaction. In addition, based on the findings from the customer opinion section of the questionnaire, improve the product quality of Lexus’ GS model, lower the costs of repair and parts, improve service reliability, attitude of service personnel, and quality of maintenance and repair. Finally, from the discussion with Taiwan Lexus, it was revealed that the importance of customer satisfaction and its concept are not fully accepted by the Lexus dealers. Therefore, along with the effort of improving customer satisfaction of Lexus owners, educating and getting consensus of the dealers are very important for the success of customer service system at Taiwan Lexus.

L'évaluation des enseignements par les étudiants est utilisée à travers de monde. Ce travail consiste à faire le point sur la qualité de ce dispositif.

Der statistische Diskussionbeitrag untersucht, ob und wie sich Erwartungen und Stimmungen in der Wirtschaft bilden bzw. von welchen volkswirtschaftlichen Größen sie abhängen. Als Methodik werden Partial Least Squares (PLS) Modelle genutzt, eine Modellklasse der Pfadanalyse mit latenten Variablen. Die verwendeten Daten wurden vom Ifo-Institut und aus der amtlichen Statistik entnommen. / This paper analyses the development of sentiments and expectations in the German economy. The issue is how these expectatons are influenced by major macroeconomic variables like investments or unemployment. Several Partial Least Squares models (PLS) are used to estimate the relations. The data is derived from the German Ifo Institut and the official statistic.

Nowadays, the internet is an unseperatable part of human life and instant messaging software becomes an important role of communication channel. There are 40 million global IM registration popularity who use IM and billions of messages are sent everyday. In Taiwan, there are 6.5 million registration popularity and IM is the third important internet appilication, besides WWW and e-mail. As IM has become more and more important, there was few academic researchs published. We investigated consumer IM adoption behavior by focus group interview and structural equation model analysis. After holding a focus group interview, some antecedent of adopting IM was found out. Then we integrated technology acceptance model with media richness, computer self-efficacy and subjective norm as the antecedents of perceived usefulness(PU) and perceived ease of use(PEU) and analysised this structural equation model with LISREL. We found that subjective norm is an antecedent of PU, media richness and computer self-efficacy are PEU¡¦s antecedents. Finally, we made some suggestion for practice and other researchers base on the result.

People are always the most precious assets and very hard to be replaced in the enterprises. Therefore, how to retain talented and experienced auditors and keep them in accounting firms is a very important issue that every accounting firm has to face. In this study, we want to understand: (1) If different auditors in accounting firms have influence on career orientation, achievement motivation, job satisfaction and their intention to stay. (2) Whether the career orientation, achievement motivation and job satisfaction of auditors in accounting firms affect their intention to stay. (3) To use job satisfaction as a mediator, analyze if achievement motivation passes through job satisfaction and then affects auditor¡¦s intention to stay. The results show that auditors with higher degrees of achievement motivation have higher degrees of job satisfaction. And if auditors with higher degrees of job satisfaction, their intentions to stay in accounting firms will also be stronger. Therefore, if accounting firms want to keep auditors to stay in accounting firms, first of all, they should recruit employees with higher degrees of achievement motivation. Then, they should try to increase auditors¡¦ degrees of job satisfaction. If these things can be done, auditors¡¦ intention to stay in accounting firms will be higher. If accounting firms can completely understand this point and try to raise auditors¡¦ welfares and improve their working environments, this study believes that auditors are willing to stay in the accounting firms and try their best to do their jobs.

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Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, Passau, 2000.