Os impactos causados na manufatura das empresas que buscam a implementação das técnicas e ferramentas guiadas pelos conceitos da produção enxuta não se limitam às questões técnicas. Para que se atenda ao dinamismo nas operações requerido por essa filosofia, é dado empowerment aos operadores do chão-de-fábrica para que executem ações corretivas e de melhoria por si próprios, mudando os papéis desses funcionários de simples cumpridores de ordens para tomadores de decisão. Para isso, é necessário que, além da autoridade, esses operadores tenham disponíveis as informações requeridas para fomentar adequadamente suas decisões, e que essas informações sejam atuais e alinhadas às diretrizes definidas para a empresa. Este trabalho propõe um modelo de sistema de medição de desempenho e elementos estruturais que têm por objetivo eliminar a lacuna identificada entre outras propostas de sistemas desse tipo e as necessidades identificadas em ambientes de produção enxuta reais. O modelo é baseado no levantamento bibliográfico da literatura técnica sobre o tema e na realização de estudos de casos de duas empresas reconhecidamente bem-sucedidas na implantação da produção enxuta em suas operações. Propõe-se uma estrutura que internaliza as melhorias desenvolvidas pela empresa em políticas que servirão de base para análises e tomada de decisões futuras, formalizando um ciclo virtuoso de estruturação e gestão do sistema de medição de desempenho para ambientes de produção enxuta. / The impacts caused in the manufacturing in companies that look for the implementation of techniques and tolls driven by lean manufacturing concept are not restricted to technical aspects. In order to achieve the dynamism required by this philosophy, the shop floor workers are empowered and they have to conduct corrective and improvement actions by themselves, what changes their roles from command executioners to decision makers. Therefore, it is necessary that, in addition to the authority, these operators have access to the information required to support their decisions adequately - this information must be up to date and related to the guidelines defined by the company. This dissertation proposes a model of performance measurement system that seeks to eliminate the gap identified among other similar proposals and the needs identified in real lean manufacturing environments. The model is based on bibliographical research in the technical literature and on case studies conducted in two companies recognized as successful in implementing lean manufacturing in their operations. It proposes a framework that incorporates the improvements developed in the company into a policy which will serve as basis for future analysis and decisions, i. e., it formalizes a virtuous circle for structuring and managing the performance measurement system for lean manufacturing environments.

[pt] O nível de competitividade atual privilegia o desenvolvimento do pensamento estratégico, exigindo que as empresas se posicionem adequadamente frente às pressões dos agentes de mercado. Um bom sistema de medição de desempenho é fundamental para a estratégia da organização, pois permite verificar se a organização está no rumo desejado. Nesse contexto, alinhar os indicadores estratégicos de área aos corporativos tem grande importância, visto que uma área poderá afetar o desempenho da corporação. Medir esses indicadores não é uma tarefa trivial, haja vista o elevado número de indicadores adotados pelas empresas, geralmente pouco úteis e não balanceados. O modelo de avaliação de desempenho proposto por Kaplan e Norton, em 1990, o Balanced Scorecard permite um melhor equilíbrio entre os indicadores. Uma das organizações que implementaram o BSC é a Petrobras, que vem trabalhando intensamente no refinamento dessa ferramenta em suas Unidades de Negócios. A adoção do BSC pela Petrobras tem como foco uma melhora em seus indicadores e a criação de um Mapa Estratégico que explicita seus objetivos estratégicos de modo apropriado. Essa dissertação analisou o BSC da Petrobras, focalizando os indicadores do Downstream. Em decorrência da análise, sugere-se um novo Mapa Estratégico, com um número menor de objetivos e indicadores, o que possibilita um melhor entendimento das estratégias. / [en] Nowadays, the high degree of competitiveness privileges the development of strategical thinking, and the companies are required to adequately face the market pressure. A good performance measuring system is fundamental for the strategy of the organization, for it helps the organization to maintain the desired direction. In this context, it is important to align each area strategical indicators with corporative objectives, since an area might affect corporation performance. To measure these indicators is not a trivial task, since the companies can adopt a great number of them, generally ineffective and not balanced for. The model of performance evaluation proposed by Kaplan and Norton, in 1990, called the Balanced Scorecard, provides a better balance between performance indicators. Petrobras, as one organization that implemented BSC, is intensely working in the refinement of this tool in its businesses units. The adoption of BSC by Petrobras aims at improving its indicators and creating a Strategical Map that highlightens its strategical objectives in an appropriate way. This dissertation analyzes Petrobras BSC, focusing the indicators at the Downstream area. As a result of this analysis, a new Strategical Map is suggested, with a reduced number of objectives and indicators, which makes possible to better communicate its strategies.

With the purpose of verifying the quality of industrialization of yogurt without artifivcial preservatives with fruit pulp it was decided to use the Analysis of Risks and Critical Control Points, APPCC in SETREM agro industry. The work has started with an APPCC group first constitution were, hen in a second moment established the risks and ways of prevention. Subsequently, the points to be controlled and the points that demonstrate greater risk incidence were determined, the ones called priorities, the critical points of control that the critical limits determined. For the critical limits the control procedures had been established among them the statistics was used carrying out the statistical process control in temperature control during the fermentation of the yogurt where from the superior and inferior limits the control letters were built to follow the process. In order to verify the efficiency of the equipment and operators the application of the Measurement System Analysis (MSA) in ten yogurt samples during the determination of pH-gâmetro. Later wasandyzed necessary corrective actions were delimited to be applied in apply wag lines of the critical limits. Some procedures verification for proper system APPCC were needed, that is, procedures in addition to those used in the control to demonstrate if the system APPCC is being efficient. With the application of the tools, the guarantee of the quality of the final product was gotten decreasing the necessity of the finished product inspections / Com a finalidade de verificar a industrialização do iogurte sem conservante com polpa de fruta, com qualidade, é que se decidiu empregar a ferramenta de Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle, APPCC, na agroindústria/SETREM. O trabalho iniciou com a constituição da equipe APPCC, a qual inicialmente se estruturou para num segundo momento levantar os perigos e medidas preventivas. Subseqüentemente, determinaram-se os pontos a serem controlados e os pontos que demonstram maior incidência de risco, os assim chamados prioritários, os pontos críticos de controle, para os quais determinou-se os limites críticos. Para os limites críticos foram estabelecidos os procedimentos de monitoração entre os quais utilizou-se da estatística, realizando-se o controle estatístico de processo no controle da temperatura durante a fermentação do iogurte sem conservante com polpa de fruta onde, a partir dos limites superiores e inferiores, construíram-se os gráficos de controle. Para verificar a eficiência do equipamento/operador, utilizou-se a aplicação da análise do sistema de medição, MSA, em dez amostras de iogurte durante a determinação do pH, com a utilização do pH-gâmetro. Posteriormente, delimitaram-se as ações corretivas necessárias a serem aplicadas nos desvios dos limites críticos. Também foram necessários alguns procedimentos de verificação para o próprio sistema APPCC, ou seja, utilizaram-se procedimentos em adição àqueles aplicados na monitoração para evidenciar se o sistema APPCC está sendo eficaz. Com a aplicação da ferramenta, obteve-se a garantia da segurança do produto final, diminuindo-se a necessidade de testes dos produtos acabados

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<p>To increase overall aircraft engine efficiency, the diameter of the high-pressure turbine is reduced, leading to low aspect ratio airfoils. Secondary flow dominates in these low aspect ratio turbines, and the small airfoil geometry inhibits flush-mounted, full-spatial dynamic pressure measurements with pressure transducers. Airfoil surface pressure measurements are vital to understanding the inherently unsteady flow phenomena in turbines. Additionally, aerodynamic performance data derived from high-resolution surface pressure measurements provide invaluable data for validating computational fluid dynamics codes used for prediction. Non-intrusive measurement techniques such as fast-responding Pressure Sensitive Paint (PSP) offer a potential solution of a full-field optical measurement of surface pressure fluctuation, with each camera pixel representing a sensor. The porous binder improves the dynamic response of PSP, making it suitable for unsteady flow environments such as turbomachinery applications. In this view, the overall objective of the current doctoral research is to develop a lifetime PSP method using laser-based excitation for surface pressure measurement on a new class of high-pressure turbines. </p> <p>The overall research goal was subdivided into three main strategies. (1) A pulse lifetime calibration procedure of a porous polymer/ceramic binder PSP was developed in a pressure-controlled chamber to assess the correlation between pressure and time-resolved luminescent lifetime, pressure sensitivity, and signal-to-noise ratio. (2) The lifetime technique was implemented for surface pressure measurements in a linear test section to measure high spatial pressure gradients and resolve unsteady flow features. A data reduction routine and an optimal binning bundle of pixels were proposed for calibration analysis to reduce the overall pressure uncertainty. Uncertainty quantification and sensitivity analysis were also completed to determine the parameters with a substantial effect on the pressure uncertainty. (3) The pulse lifetime method was demonstrated on a high-pressure turbine vane suction surface at engine representative conditions. The surface pressure data were corroborated with static pressure tappings and computational simulations. This research effort provided new insights into time-resolved luminescent lifetime PSP techniques. Steady and unsteady flow features from surface pressure measurements were identified using a precise calibration method. The lifetime pulse method was effective in a high-pressure turbine flow field, paving the way for back-to-back PSP experiments with different turbine geometries. </p>

Companies within the manufacturing industry are often aiming to increase productivity and simultaneously maintain the quality of their products. To achieve higher productivity and quality it is imperative to have tools with a high speed and accuracy. Atlas Copco BLM's STbench is a measurement system which enables manufacturers to validate their tools during different situations. The purpose of this case study was to improve the robustness of the STbench so it would operate well during situations with both low and high tool speed. To define and investigate how to improve the STbench, a modified DMAIC-approach was used. During the investigation it was found that the area with the largest improvement possibilities was the STbench's PID-controllers. Design of Experiments was used as the method to optimize the P- and I-element of the PID-controllers; hence, increase the robustness. The optimal settings could improve the robustness of the STbench with approximately 50%, but the result has not been verified. This case study presents results that can increase the robustness of the STbench; thus answering the purpose. Furthermore, this master thesis presents several revelations regarding using experimental plans while optimizing control systems, an area that has not been extensively investigated in previous literature.

Title: Key Performance Indicators - Refine, adjust or remove Level: Final assignment for bachelor's degree in business administration. Author: Isabelle Nilsson and Maria Bäckström  Supervisor: Niklas Bomark Date: Autumn - 20  Aim: The aim of this study is to seek understanding of how the change process of KPIs works and whether information asymmetry and conflicts of interest can arise in the interaction between managers and group leaders in process. Method: The study is based on a qualitative research design and an interpretive hermeneutic research methodology. The empirics are collected through semi-structured interviews with managers and group leaders in a fintech company. A total of 4 managers and 5 team leaders have contributed to the content of the empirics. Secondary data have been collected from previous scientific research. The analysis is structured according to themes that have been compiled based on our research questions as well as collected data from previous research and empirics. Result &amp; Contribution of the thesis: We have come to the conclusion that the process of changing KPIs goes through four different phases; 1. Problems are identified, 2. Measures are taken, 3. Delegation and 4. Evaluation. In connection with this, we have seen that conflicts of interest and/or information asymmetry can arise between managers and group leaders, which should be taken into account in the change process. The study has also found that conflicts of interest may in themselves cause a need to change KPIs. Suggestion for future research: - A longitudinal study could contribute to a deeper understanding of the changing process, by looking at the phenomenon for a longer time and doing repeated analyzes to detect any deviations or patterns. - The possibilities of the study could be broadened by not only measuring the end goal but also the ongoing process in sales, and for example look at factors such as customer satisfaction, returning customers or customer recommendations and references.

Severe disturbances in a large electrical interconnection cause a large mismatch in generation and load in the network, leading to frequency instability. If the mismatch is not rectified quickly, the system may disintegrate into multiple islands. Though the Automatic Generation Controls (AGC) perform well in correcting frequency deviation over a period of minutes, they are ineffective during a rolling blackout. While traditional Under Frequency Load Shedding Schemes (UFLS) perform quick control actions to arrest frequency decline in an islanded network, they are not designed to prevent unplanned islanding. The proposed Intelligent Load Shedding algorithm combines the effectiveness of AGC Scheme by observing tie line flows and the speed of operation of the UFLS Scheme by shedding loads intelligently, to preserve system integrity in the event of an evolving cascading failure. The proposed scheme detects and estimates the size of an event by monitoring the tie lines of a control area using Wide Area Measurement Systems (WAMS) and initiates load shedding by removing loads whose locations are optimally determined by a sensitivity analysis. The amount and location of the load shedding depends on the location and size of the initiating event, making the proposed algorithm adaptive and selective. Case Studies have been presented to show that control actions of the proposed scheme can directly mitigate a cascading blackout. / Ph. D.

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