Magister Scientiae - MSc / Various dermatological disorders, such as formation of black pigmented patches on the surface of the skin arise from the over-activity of tyrosinase enzyme's degenerative action. This enzyme is further implicated in the involvement of melanin in malignant melanoma, the most lifethreatening skin tumors. Although, synthetic products were found effective to combat this menace, nevertheless, overtime detrimental effect on human skin is a challenge. Investigation of natural tyrosinase inhibitors from methanol extracts of medicinal plants of Lamiaceae family using L-tyrosine as substrate on three different complementary assays (TLC bio-autography, spectrophotometry and cyclic voltammetry) was carried out accordingly. The result indicated Salvia chamelaeagnea, Salvia dolomitica, Plectranthus ecklonii, Plectranthus namaensis, and Plectranthus zuluensis, with significant zone of inhibition against tyrosinase on TLC bio-autography, spectrophotometry result showed that extracts of Plectranthus ecklonii (IC50 = 21.58 μg/mL), Plectranthus zuluensis (IC50 = 23.99 μg/mL), Plectranthus madagascariensis (IC50 = 23.99 μg/mL) and Salvia lanceolata (IC50 = 28.83) demonstrated good anti-tyrosinase activity when compared with kojic acid (IC50 = 3.607 μg/mL). On the other hand, cyclic voltammetry are in consonant with above results thereby supported the nomination of some of the extracts as strong anti-tyrosinase agents. Salvia chamelaeagnea showed strong activity in cyclic voltammetry and clear zone of inhibition on TLC bioautography, these reasons gave us justification for further chemical study to isolate the bioactive constituents. Phytochemical investigation of the bioactive extract of Salvia chamelaeagnea using different chromatographic methods including column chromatographic and semi preparative HPLC afforded six (6) known compounds viz carsonol (C1), carnosic acid (C2), 7- ethoxylrosmanol (C3), ursolic acid (C4), rosmanol (C5) and ladanein (C6). Their chemical structures were elucidated by analyses of spectroscopic (1H and 13C NMR) data as well as correlations with existing literature. The methanolic extract of S. chamelaeagnea (SC) showed moderate antityrosinase (IC50 = 267.4 μg/mL) activity, total antioxidant capacities measured as: Oxygen radicals absorbance capacity (ORAC; 14970 ± 5.16 μM TE/g), ferric-ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP; 9869.43 ± 7.87 μM AAE/g) and trolox equivalent absorbance capacity (TEAC; 13706.5 ± 0.95 μM TE/g). Excellent total antioxidant capacities were demonstrated by C1 and C5 respectively as FRAP (9338.92 ± 1.72; 8622.73 ± 1.92) μM AAE/g; TEAC (16505 ± 0.86; 10641.5 ± 0.52) μM TE/g; ORAC (14550.5 ± 3.65; 14633.90 ± 3.84) μM TE/g and including the inhibition of Fe2+ -induced lipid peroxidation (IC50 = 32.5; 30.25) μg/mL. All the compounds except C4 are electro-active with well-defined oxidation-reduction peaks while C1 demonstrated the highest tyrosinase inhibitory activity by strongly decreased the inhibition current with time using cyclic voltammetry method. The isolated compounds especially C1, C2 and C5 are well known to combat with ageing problems and documented for their powerful activity against oxidative stress and alzheimer's diseases, which are ageing related symptoms. The isolation of such bioactive compounds indicated the synergetic effect of the results of the three methods used in this thesis. This is the first report on the evaluation of both anti-tyrosinase and total antioxidant capacities of the isolated compounds from S. chamelaeagnea. The findings therefore can be used as background information for exploitation of skin depigmentation and antioxidant agents from natural source.

?rea de concentra??o: Ci?ncias farmac?uticas. / Incluir como ag?ncias financiadoras: Grupo Coimbra das Universidades Brasileiras (GCUB) e Organiza??o dos Estados Americanos (OEA). / Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-01-03T17:55:46Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) maria_angelica_mera_cordoba.pdf: 4879022 bytes, checksum: 13557ebc3d06581da850d1f24cc11a52 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-01-19T16:40:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) maria_angelica_mera_cordoba.pdf: 4879022 bytes, checksum: 13557ebc3d06581da850d1f24cc11a52 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-19T16:40:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) maria_angelica_mera_cordoba.pdf: 4879022 bytes, checksum: 13557ebc3d06581da850d1f24cc11a52 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / O Cerrado mineiro possui muitas esp?cies vegetais utilizadas na medicina popular, dentre elas est?o a Pseudobrickellia brasilensis , a Miconia ferruginata e Ageratum fastigiatum, plantas popularmente usadas como analg?sico, cicatrizante e anti-inflamat?rio. Estudos realizados no Laborat?rio de Imunologia da UFVJM indicaram que extratos destas plantas possuem efeito inibit?rio sobre a ativa??o de linf?citos humanos in vitro. Em virtude disso, e com base em relatos populares sobre uma poss?vel a??o antitumoral, o objetivo principal deste trabalho foi pesquisar se estes extratos apresentariam ou n?o efeito citot?xico sobre a linhagem tumoral Jurkat, utilizando-se concentra??es n?o t?xicas, j? avaliadas sobre c?lulas mononucleares do sangue perif?rico humano (PBMC). Uma vez que os extratos vegetais foram dilu?dos no solvente Dimetilsulf?xido (DMSO), inicialmente investigou-se a concentra??o m?xima de DMSO que n?o alteraria a viabilidade das c?lulas Jurkat ap?s 24, 48 e 72 horas de cultura. O efeito citot?xico dos extratos foi avaliado sobre linf?citos tumorais (Jurkat) e sobre linf?citos humanos de volunt?rios h?gidos pelo m?todo de exclus?o com azul de tripan, com exce??o das culturas tratadas com P.brasilensis, onde a viabilidade foi avaliada por citometria de fluxo. Tamb?m foram calculados os ?ndices de seletividade e percentuais de efic?cia dos extratos com rela??o ao f?rmaco antineopl?sico Paclitaxel. Foi avaliada tamb?m a interfer?ncia desses extratos sobre as fases do ciclo celular das c?lulas Jurkat, bem como os mecanismos de morte envolvidos na a??o citot?xica dos extratos. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, o DMSO n?o apresentou efeito t?xico sobre as c?lulas Jurkat na concentra??o de 1%v/v nos tr?s tempos de incuba??o, sendo esta a concentra??o de solvente utilizada em todos os ensaios realizados. Extratos etan?licos das folhas da P. brasilensis (PBf) a 200?g/mL, das partes a?reas da A. fastigiatum (Afpa) a 50?g/mL e extratos etan?licos e aquosos da M. ferruginata (Mfet, Mfaq) a 125?g/mL mostraram maior toxicidade sobre as c?lulas Jurkat principalmente ap?s 72h de tratamento. O tratamento, por 24h, com extrato Afpa 50 ?g/mL mostrou ser o mais seletivo e eficaz com rela??o aos outros extratos. Foi evidenciado em todos os extratos, que nas maiores concentra??es, ap?s de 24 horas de tratamento, houve uma inibi??o na progress?o da fase G2M do ciclo celular. O extrato das partes a?reas de Ageratum fastigiatum tamb?m produziu uma reten??o dessas c?lulas na fase G0-G1. Todos os extratos induziram a apoptose as c?lulas Jurkat, onde o n?mero de c?lulas em apoptose tardio foi predominante em rela??o aos processos necr?ticos. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-gradua??o em Ci?ncias Farmac?uticas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017. / The Cerrado Mineiro has many vegetable species used in folk medicine. Plants like Pseudobrickellia Brasilensis, Miconia ferruginata and Ageratum fastigiatum are widely used as analgesic, healing or anti-inflammatory. Studies carried on the Immunology Laboratory (UFVJM) shown that extracts from these plants has inhibitory effects in the activation of in-vitro-cultured human lymphocytes. In this way, and based on folk stories related with their anti-tumor action, the main objective of this work was research about the cytotoxic effect of this plants on Jurkat tumor line-cell cultures, using as first experiment non-toxic extract concentrations previously proved on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBCM). Once the vegetable extracts were diluted in dimetilsulfoxide (DMSO), previously, the maximum DMSO concentration not-altering cell viability was determined after 24, 48 and 72 hours. Cytotoxic effect was studied using the exclusion method with tripam blue on tumor lymphocytes (Jukart) and human lymphocytes, donated by healthy volunteers, except for P.brasilensis treated line cells, for which cell viability was studied by flux cytometer. The selectivity index and extracts efficiency percentage were calculated and related with the antineoplastic Paclitaxel drug. The extracts interference on the Jukart cell cycle phases and the cell death mechanisms related with the cytotoxic activity were evaluated. According to the obtained results, DMSO does not show cytotoxic effects on Jukart cells in 1% (v/v) concentration at the three incubation times, being this the solvent concentration used in all the experiments. Ethanol extracts of P. brasilensis leaves (PBf) at 200?g / mL, aerial parts of A. fastigiatum (Afpa) at 50?g / mL and M. ferruginata aqueous and ethanolic extracts (Mfet, Mfaq) at 125?g / mL showed higher Toxicity on Jurkat cells mainly after 72h of treatment. The 24 h treatment with Afpa at 50 ?g/mL was the most selective and effective in comparison with the other tested extracts. It was evidenced in all extracts, that at the highest concentrations, after 24 hours of treatment, there was an inhibition in the progression of the G2M phase of the cell cycle. The extract of Ageratum fastigiatum aerial parts also produced the G0-G1 phase retention. All extracts induced Jukart cell apoptosis, and cell number on late apoptotic phase predominated on the necrotic ones.

Incluir como ag?ncias financiadoras: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq); Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG). / Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-03-08T19:58:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) fernando_henrique_marques_costa.pdf: 968489 bytes, checksum: 0df569b110148887e113292d0d960db5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-03-09T18:48:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) fernando_henrique_marques_costa.pdf: 968489 bytes, checksum: 0df569b110148887e113292d0d960db5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-09T18:48:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) fernando_henrique_marques_costa.pdf: 968489 bytes, checksum: 0df569b110148887e113292d0d960db5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (Capes) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) / O consumo popular do boldo (P. boldus) ? feito com fins medicamentosos para tratar problemas relacionados ao f?gado e a m? digest?o. Apesar de ser uma planta mundialmente conhecida, no Brasil outras esp?cies tamb?m recebem o nome de boldo, portanto ? comum a confus?o entre os seus v?rios tipos. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo objetiva estudar a composi??o qu?mica dos extratos de duas esp?cies de boldos (V. condensata e P. barbatus) e quatro produtos comerciais (boldo, eparema, hepatilon, e ch? de boldo) provenientes do P. boldus. Al?m disso, ? feita uma compara??o dos extratos com os produtos comerciais. As folhas das esp?cies V. condensata e P. barbatus foram submetidas ? macera??o para o preparo dos extratos aquoso (EA) em duas temperaturas (25 e 100 ?C), etan?lico (EE) e hex?nico (EH) na propor??o de 1:10 (amostra/solvente). Para o preparo dos produtos comerciais, cinco amostras de 10 mL de cada produto, de mesmo lote, foram misturadas e armazenadas em frasco ?mbar. Tanto os extratos preparados quanto os produtos comerciais foram secos em fluxo de ar e aquecimento para posterior derivatiza??o antes da an?lise por CG-EM. Os extratos polares foram os que extra?ram a maior quantidade de compostos, destacando-se os extratos aquosos que se assemelham aos produtos comerciais. Os carboidratos foram os compostos majorit?rios nas duas esp?cies e nos quatro produtos comerciais. Em rela??o aos ?cidos graxos, estes foram identificados em maiores quantidades nos extratos hex?nicos, e os compostos arom?ticos, apenas nos produtos comerciais. Ao final do estudo, concluiu-se que a t?cnica da derivatiza??o e posterior an?lise por CG-EM se mostrou eficiente na identifica??o de compostos presentes nas esp?cies do boldo e nos produtos comerciais que n?o foram encontrados na literatura. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Qu?mica, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017. / The popular consumption of boldo (P. boldus) is made for medical purposes to treat problems related to liver and poor digestion. In spite of being a world-known plant, in Brazil other species also receive the name of Boldo, therefore is common the confusion between its several types. In this context, the present study aims to study the chemical composition of the extracts of two species of boldos (V. condensata and P. barbatus) and four commercial products (boldo, eparema, hepatilon, and boldo) from P. boldus. In addition a comparison of the extracts with the commercial products is made. The leaves of the species V. condensata and P. barbatus were submitted to maceration to prepare aqueous extracts (EA) at two temperatures (25 and 100 ? C), ethanolic (EE) and hexane (EH) in the ratio of 1:10 (Sample / solvent). For the preparation of the commercial products, five 10 ml samples of each product of the same batch were mixed and stored in an amber bottle. Both the prepared extracts and the commercial products were dried in air stream and heated for further derivatization prior to GC-MS analysis. The polar extracts were the ones that extracted the largest amount of compounds, standing out the aqueous extracts that resemble the commercial products. Carbohydrates were the major compounds in both species and in the four commercial products. In relation to fatty acids, these were identified in greater amounts in the hexane extracts, and the aromatic compounds, only in commercial products. At the end of the study, it was concluded that the technique of derivatization and subsequent analysis by CG-EM was efficient in identifying compounds present in Boldo species and in commercial products that were not found in the literature.

Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-05-08T19:27:10Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) cibele_lima_santos.pdf: 1218952 bytes, checksum: 03cd087ac0502ce45a8d70ed5ee937a2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-05-14T14:55:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) cibele_lima_santos.pdf: 1218952 bytes, checksum: 03cd087ac0502ce45a8d70ed5ee937a2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-14T14:55:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) cibele_lima_santos.pdf: 1218952 bytes, checksum: 03cd087ac0502ce45a8d70ed5ee937a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Esta pesquisa surge do interesse de investigar as formas de tratamentos alternativos e complementares conhecidos como Pr?ticas Integrativas de Sa?de incentivadas pela Organiza??o Mundial da Sa?de (OMS), bem como, aproximar de culturas e pr?ticas pouco valorizadas socialmente, frente ao mundo globalizado que se sobrep?e aos modos de vida, costumes e que, imprudentemente, se sobrep?e ?s pessoas. Assim, buscar saber quais foram as contribui??es das benzedeiras para o Programa Farm?cia Viva, desenvolvido no Distrito de S?o Sebasti?o das ?guas Claras ? Nova Lima/MG, e se seus saberes e pr?ticas tradicionais e populares acerca da medicina desenvolvida atrav?s das plantas medicinais formaram os objetivos dessa pesquisa. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa e explorat?ria, que se ancorou na hist?ria oral como forma de traduzir o sentimento singular guardado na mem?ria dos participantes, em especial das benzedeiras. Os dados foram coletados a partir de um question?rio com quest?es semiestruturadas, cujas entrevistas foram gravadas e transcritas em igual teor. Os dados analisados, portanto, partiram da sensibilidade de cada entrevistado. Assim, foi poss?vel transformar os retalhos em ricos relatos que nortearam as reflex?es na tentativa de alcan?ar os objetivos da pesquisa. Como em toda pesquisa, os resultados alcan?ados nem sempre respondem prontamente ?s expectativas. Todavia, mesmo tendo alcan?ado resultados animadores e satisfat?rios, algumas frestas ainda permeiam o universo velado da ci?ncia e da cultura. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-gradua??o em Ensino em Sa?de, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017. / This study originates from the intend to investigate the alternative therapeutic options known as Integrative Health Practices encouraged by the World Health Organization (WHO), as well as to come closer to cultures and practices underappreciated by the society in the globalized world that prevails over lifestyle, traditions and recklessly over people. Thus, the main purpose of this research was try to find out what the contributions of the faith healers were to the program Farmacia Viva, carried out in the district of Sao Sebasti?o das ?guas Claras ? Nova Lima/MG, if their knowledge and traditional folk practices regarding the medical science developed through medicinal plants were respected. This is a qualitative and exploratory research anchored in oral history as a means to express the singular feeling kept in the contributors memory, particularly the faith healers. The data were collected through a survey with semi-structured questions and had the interviews recorded and reproduced in equal content. Therefore, the analysed data stemmed from the sensitivity of each interviewed, making it possible to transform the fragments into a full reports that guided the reflections in the attempt to achieve the research goals. However, as in any research, the results achieved not necessarily respond to the question promptly. Given that, although encouraging and satisfactory results have been reached, some gaps still permeate the veiled universe of science and culture.

Discovery of cheap, nontoxic and readily available antiatherosclerotic drugs is an extraordinary challenge in this modern world. Atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases have been predicted to be the leading cause of death by the year 2030. Hence, this thesis was designed to search for plant (s) with anti-atherogenic properties, investigate its possible side effects and extrapolate its likely mechanism(s) of action. An ethnobotanical survey was employed in identification of locally important plants used for the management and treatment of cardiovascular diseases and its predisposing factors in Nkonkobe Municipality, Eastern Cape in South Africa. Information on the names of plants, their parts used and methods of preparation was collected through a questionnaire which was administered to herbalists, traditional healers and rural dwellers. The most frequently used plant (Rhizomes of Tulbaghia violacea Harv.) was investigated for toxicity using brine shrimp lethality (in vitro) and in vivo toxicity test (acute and subchronic) on rats to determine safety dosage. The in vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of the plant was investigated using models such as 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide (NO), 2,2’- azinobis [3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid] diammonium salt (ABTS), lipid peroxidation inhibition and the ferric reducing agent. Phytochemical content and the effect of oral administration of fresh methanolic extract rhizomes of Tulbaghia violacea (250, 500 mg/kg. bwt/day) on Lipid peroxidation (TBARS), serum and tissue antioxidant enzymes in normal, hypercholesterolemic and diet induced atherogenic rats were also assessed. More so, the potential of the extract (250 and 500 mg/kg. bwt) to protect against atherogenic diet (4 percentage cholesterol 1 pecentage cholic acid and 0.5 percentage thiouracil) induced fatty streaks formation, dyslipidemia, oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction was also investigated. Ethnobotanical study revealed that 19 plant species are used for the treatment of heart related diseases in the Municipality. 53 percentage of the plants mentioned were used for the management of chest pain, 47 percentage for high blood pressure, 42 percent for heart disease, 16 percentage for stroke and 11 percentage for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Tulbaghia violacea was repeatedly mentioned as the plant species used for the treatment of high blood pressure and predisposing factors in the study area. The brine shrimp cytotoxicity test revealed that fresh, dried methanolic extracts and essential oil of the T. violacea exhibited a high degree of cytotoxic activity with IC50 values of 18.18 (fresh) and 19.24 (dried) μg/ml. An IC50 value of 12. 59 μg/ml was obtained for the essential oil of the plant. The low cytotoxicity values obtained, suggested that rhizome of T. violacea may serve as a potential source of antimicrobial and anticancer agents. In vivo acute study of single oral administration of 5g/kg dose does not produce mortality or significant behavioral changes during 14 days observation. In the sub-chronic study, the extract (250, 500 mg/kg/bwt/ day) administered for a period of 28 days showed no mortality or morbidity. The weekly body and organ weight of the rats showed no significant differences between the control and the rats treated with the extract. The extract at all doses does not show any effect on of biomarkers of liver or renal damage. However, a significant decrease in the activity of ƔGT was observed in the extract treated groups. Hematological evaluation revealed that oral administration of fresh methanolic extracts of rhizomes of T. violacea does not cause anaemia or leucocytosis in the animals. Furthermore, histopathology results of the internal organs revealed no detectable inflammation. These results demonstrated that the rhizome extract of T. violacea was potentially safe for consumption orally even in chronic concentration. In vitro antioxidant evaluation showed that the essential oil, fresh and dried methanolic extracts exhibited potent antioxidant activities in a concentration dependent manner. Phytochemical investigation reveals that the fresh and the dry extract of RTV are rich in flavonoid, flavonol, phenols, tannin and proanthocyanidin, while the essential oil contained dimethy disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, (methyl methylthio) methyl, 2,4-dithiapentane (11.35 percent) and (methylthio) acetic acid, 2- (methylthio) ethanol, 3-(methylthio) - and propanenitrile (7.20 percent). The fresh extract had higher radicals scavenging activity than the essential oil or dried extract, with 50 percentage inhibition of DPPH, hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation at a concentration of 35.0 ± 0.12, 19.3 ± 0.11 and 17.9 ± 0.15 μg/ml respectively. Oral administration of methanolic extract of RTV in 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg to female Wistar rats significantly inhibited reduction of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). The extracts also inhibited (p< 0.05) lipid peroxidation in normal, high cholesterol and diet induced atherosclerosis fed rats in a dose dependant manner. Also the extract (250 and 500 mg/kg/bwt/day) caused a significant (p<0.05) improvement in body weight of treated animals compared with untreated hypercholesterolemia control rats. The extracts also protected significantly (p<0.05) against atherogenic diet induced liver damage or fatty streaks formation in the aorta as revealed by histological examination. The anti-cholesterolemia and anti-atherosclerotic activities of the extract compared favorably well with standard drugs Gemfibrozil and Atorvastatin respectively. Conclusively, rhizomes of T. violacea possess significant anti-atherogenic activity and its mechanism of action(s) may be due to its antioxidant and anti-hypercholesterolemia properties. The results of this study also suggested that rhizome of T. violacea is relatively safe for human consumption and it may be used as an alternative to garlic.

Objetivos: descrever a utilização de plantas medicinais e fitoterápicos concomitantemente com outros medicamentos na população do município de Teutônia, RS. Métodos: a pesquisa seguiu um modelo transversal descritivo e o instrumento de coleta de dados foi um questionário semi-estruturado. As entrevistas ocorreram no período de dezembro de 2005 a maio de 2006. As plantas coletadas foram identificadas botanicamente pelo Herbário ICN/UFRGS, do Departamento de Botânica da UFRGS. Resultados e Conclusões: Dos 196 entrevistados 87,2% eram do sexo feminino, com idade média de 44,4+13,86 anos. O uso de plantas medicinais foi relatado por 92,9% dos entrevistados, com média de 4,8+3,7 plantas por pessoa. Para a maioria dos respondentes (74,8%) a informação sobre o uso das plantas medicinais está baseada no conhecimento tradicional, sendo usadas principalmente para tratar sintomas de condições relacionadas ao trato gastrintestinal, ao sistema respiratório ou simplesmente como bebida. 58,6% das plantas medicinais referidas são cultivadas nas moradias dos entrevistados. Quanto à utilização de medicamentos, 37,8% dos entrevistados relataram que utilizam medicamentos sempre, 31,1% quando não se sentem bem e 8,7% somente quando consultam o médico. Das pessoas entrevistadas, 86,2% relataram o consumo de algum tipo de medicamento no mês anterior à entrevista. Foram citados 467 medicamentos, perfazendo a média de 2,4 medicamentos por pessoa. O uso de fitoterápicos foi de apenas 7,28%. A presença de doenças crônicas foi relatada por 45,9% do total dos entrevistados, correspondendo a 90 entrevistados. A hipertensão arterial foi a mais prevalente. Neste estrato, 90% utilizam plantas medicinais com média de 5,26+4,02 plantas por pessoa. A análise de comparação entre médias demonstrou que não existe diferença significativa entre o número médio de plantas medicinais utilizadas por pessoas com doenças crônicas e pessoas sadias (pcalc= 0,1056; p>0,05; t-Student). Os resultados deste estudo reforçam que o intercâmbio entre os conhecimentos científico e popular é um instrumento importante para o uso racional das plantas medicinais. / Objective: Describing the use of the medicinal plants and herbal medicines with other medicines in the population of Teutonia city, RS. Methods: The research followed a descriptive cross-sectional study model, using a questionnaire semi-structured in a data collection. The interviews occurred from December 2005 to May 2006. The collected plants were botanically identified by the herbal ICN/UFRGS, from Botanic department of UFRGS. Results and Conclusions: 196 were interviewed and among them 87.2% were female, at the average age of 44.4 around 13.86 years. The use of medicinal plants was told for 92.9 % of the interviewed, the average of 4.8, around 3.7 plants for each person. For the most of them (74.8%) the information about the use of medicinal plants is based in the traditional knowledge, being used mainly for treating the symptoms of conditions related to the gastrointestinal treat, to respiratory system or just as a beverage. In 58.6% medicinal plants mentioned, they are grown in the homes of the interviewed. About the using of the medicines, 37.8% of the interviewed tell that they always use the medicines, 31.1% use them when they do not feel well and 8.7 only when see the doctor. From the interviewed people, 86.2% told about the using of some kind of medicine in the month before the interview. Were mentioned 467 medicines, making the average of 2.4 medicines per person. The herbal medicines use was only of 7.28%. The presence of chronic diseases was related for 45.9% from the amount of interviewed, being 90 interviewed people. The arterial hypertension was the most prevalent. In this sample, 90% use medicinal plants with the average of 5.26 around 4.02 plants for each person. The analysis of comparison between averages showed that there is not significant differences between the middle number of medicinal plants used by people with chronic diseases and health people (p=0.1056; p>0.05; t-Student Test).The results of this study reinforces that the exchange between the popular and scientific knowledge is an important instrument for the rational use of the medicinal plants.

The aim of this Thesis was find out if adult population has experience with the use of medicinal plants, if people prefer local herbs to exotic plants, what is their knowledge in the preparation of herbal products and if they ever know what the herbs are and what is the meaning of the term Phytotherapy. Another aim was the creation of electronic manual of the most used herbs, which would include information on sellected medicinal plants and their effects on human body. In this thesis there are comprehensively summarized the theroetical and practical knowledge, which should be beneficial for general population. Research survey in the form of a questionnaire was focused on experience and utilization of herbal therapy in adult population. That was realized in South Bohemian and Pilsen Regions. Results of this work point out, that respondents still consider herbal medicine as an important supplement to classical medical treatment. On the basis of the research there were conclusion written and made the recommendation for practise.

Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2013-04-09T15:57:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Alessandra (4).pdf: 2685859 bytes, checksum: 5365f2b719ecbda7464c4a77b11585ec (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Hilda Fonseca(anahilda@ufba.br) on 2013-04-18T17:37:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Alessandra (4).pdf: 2685859 bytes, checksum: 5365f2b719ecbda7464c4a77b11585ec (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-18T17:37:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Alessandra (4).pdf: 2685859 bytes, checksum: 5365f2b719ecbda7464c4a77b11585ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / CAPES / O presente trabalho é uma contribuição à pesquisa de plantas medicinais, e descreve o estudo farmacognóstico das espécies Averrhoa bilimbi e Poiretia bahiana no que diz respeito aos aspectos botânicos, fitoquímicos e à avaliação de atividade biológica. As folhas e frutos da espécie A. bilimbi foram caracterizados pelos aspectos morfoanatômicos, e apenas de seus frutos foram realizadas extrações com metanol, seguido de fracionamento para obtenção dos extratos brutos hexânico, clorofórmio e acetato de etlia. Estes extratos foram avaliados quanto ao potencial citotóxico através do bioensaio com o microcrustáceo Artemia salina. Os extratos brutos clorofórmio e acetato de etila foram submetidos ao fracionamento e isolamento de substâncias através de técnicas cromatográficas. A identificação das substâncias isoladas foi realizada através de métodos espectroscópicos, tais como RMN de 1H e 13C. Para a espécie P. bahiana, o estudo envolveu a caracterização anatômica de suas folhas e obtenção de extratos brutos hexânico, clorofórmio, acetato de etlia e hidroalcoólico através de técnicas cromatográficas. Os extratos obtidos foram avaliados quanto ao potencial citotóxico frente a A. salina, e a capacidade seqüestradora de radical livre, medida pelo método DPPH (2,2-difenilpicril- hidrazil). Os resultados apresentados no estudo farmacobotânico das espécies A. bilimbi e P. bahiana permitiram levantar características muito peculiares nos aspectos morfoanatômicos. A espécie A. bilimbi apresentou um elevado potencial citotóxico, evidenciado pela morte de 100% dos microcrustáceos em todos os extratos avaliados. A partir do fracionamento e isolamento das substâncias presentes nos extratos acetato de etila e clorofórmio da espécie A. bilimbi foram isoladas as substâncias 3β-O-β-D-glicopiranosil sitosterol e 3,5-dimetoxi-benzaldeído, até então não descritas para a espécie. Já a espécie P. bahiana apresentou apenas citotoxicidade nos extratos hexânico e clorofórmio, entretanto foi observada atividade antioxidante dos extratos hidroalcoólico, clorofórmio e acetato de etila através do teste com o DPPH, demonstrando ter potencial como fonte de substâncias antioxidantes. / Salvador

Plants have been used as sources of medicinal agents for millennia. Plant extracts and derived active principles have served as a major source for new pharmaceuticals for treatment of malignant tumors. In this work, we described the plants most used as anticancer agents, by the population treated on the Oncology Service of the University Hospital (Maceió-AL). The aim of this work was evaluate the toxicological effects of those plants and to value the antitumoral activity of the extracts and juices against human tumor cell lines and in neoplasic assays in vivo. Initially, the plants were collected, identified, and the hydroethanolic extracts and juices of Aloe vera and Euphorbia tirucalli were prepared. In the pharmacological approach, the follow assays were done: toxicity against brine shrimp Artemia salina, in vitro test against human tumor cell lines and in vivo evaluation using sarcoma 180 in mice. The plants were Annona muricata, Aloe vera, Schinus terebenthifolius, Hyptis pectinata, Stryphnodendron adstringens, Euphorbia tirucalli, Caesalpinia bonduc and Cnidosculus urens. The phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoids, tanins, saponins and sterols. The Artemia salina essay suggested moderate toxicity of the Stryphnodendron adstringens, Annona muricata e Euphorbia tirucalli. Hyptis pectinata was considered atoxic. In the preliminary in vitro assay only two species showed moderate cytotoxicity: Annona muricata (82%, 86% and 71% of inhibition) against SF295, HCT-8 and MDA-MB435 line cells, respectively and Hyptis pectinata (62% of inhibition) against HCT-8.line cells. Both plants presented no hemolytic effect and in the evaluation of the cytotoxicity activities against peripheral blood mononuclear cells, Annona muricata showed the biggest activity, although had shown bigger toxicity than Hyptis pectinata to PBMC. In the in vivo tests, Hyptis pectinata, Schinus terebinthifolius, Annona muricata and Euphorbia tirucalli inhibited the sarcoma 180 (70,5% - 67,1% - 58,9% and 57,5%). The histopathological analysis of the liver, kidneys and spleen of animals which was treated showed absence of lesions. Take together these results suggest that only two plants (Hyptis pectinata and Annona muricata) used by the population showed potential anti-tumor activity, at least in the used pharmacological models in vitro and in vivo. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / Plantas têm sido usadas como fonte de medicamentos há milênios. Extratos de plantas e princípios derivados ativos têm servido como a maior fonte de novos fármacos para tratamento de tumores malignos. Neste trabalho, descrevemos as plantas mais utilizadas como agentes anticancerígenos, pela população tratada no Centro de Oncologia do Hospital Universitário/UFAL (Maceió-AL). O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos toxicológicos destas plantas e analisar a ação de seus extratos e sucos sobre células tumorais em modelos in vitro e em neoplasias in vivo. Inicialmente, as plantas foram coletadas, identificadas, e os extratos hidroetanólicos e sucos de Aloe vera e Euphorbia tirucalli foram preparados. Na investigação farmacológica, os seguintes ensaios foram feitos: Toxicidade frente ao microcrustáceo Artemia salina, teste in vitro contra células de linhagem tumoral humana e avaliação in vivo utilizando Sarcoma 180 em camundongos. As plantas foram: Annona muricata, Aloe vera, Schinus terebenthifolius, Hyptis pectinata, Stryphnodendron adstringens, Euphorbia tirucalli, Caesalpinia bonduc e Cnidosculus urens. O screening fitoquímico mostrou a presença de flavonóides, taninos, saponinas e esteróides. O ensaio de Artemia salina sugeriu alta toxicidade de Stryphnodendron adstringens, Annona muricata e Euphorbia tirucalli; Hyptis pectinata foi considerada atóxica. No ensaio preliminar in vitro, apenas duas espécies exibiram moderada citoxicidade: Annona muricata (82%, 86% e 71% de inibição) contra as linhagens celulares SF295, HCT-8 e MDA-MB435, respectivamente e Hyptis pectinata (62% de inibição) contra a linhagem celular HCT-8. Ambas as plantas apresentaram nenhum efeito hemolítico e na avaliação da atividade citotóxica em células mononucleares do sangue periférico (PBMC), Annona muricata exibiu maior atividade, embora tenha apresentado maior toxicidade que Hyptis pectinata.para PBMC. Nos testes in vivo, Hyptis pectinata, Schinus terebinthifolius, Euphorbia tirucalli e Annona muricata e inibiram o Sarcoma 180 (70,5% - 67,1% - 58,9% e 57,5%). A análise histopatológica de fígado, rins e baço dos animais tratados, informou ausência de lesões. Em conjunto estes resultados sugerem que apenas duas plantas (Hyptis pectinata e Annona muricata) usadas pela população mostraram potencial atividade antitumoral, pelo menos nos modelos farmacológicos in vitro e in vivo utilizados.

Brazil is considered a holder country of a great biodiversity, which the popular use of medicinal plants contributes an important source to discovery the new active compounds. Plants of the family Bignoniaceae and Tabebuia genus are widely used in traditional medicine in several countries for the treatment of various diseases and have an excellent potential for scientific studies, which may result in the discovery of new compounds having therapeutic interest. In this context, evidence the need to assess the biological potential of Tabebuia aurea, investigate their cytotoxic, antimicrobial activity, antiradical, antiedematogenic and lead the phytochemical screening to identify classes of bioactive compounds. We evaluated two ethanolic extracts from flowers and leaves, both subject to cell viability assay Metiltetrazólio by the colorimetric method for assessing the presence of cytotoxicity. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated using the broth microdilution assay, which provided the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracts against microbial growth. We performed the test ear edema induced by capsaicin to determine the antiedematogenic action and the evaluation of antiradical activity, the test verifies that the scavenging capacity of free radical opposite to 2,2-difenil-1-picrilidazila (DPPH) radical. The cell viability assay showed that the leaves ethanolic extract showed no cytotoxicity, since the LC50 value was greater than the maximum concentration used (≥ 1,0 mg ml-1), while the flowers ethanolic extract had no cytotoxicity at concentrations ≤ 0,5 mg mL-1. The ethanol extracts of flowers and leaves of T. aurea showed antibacterial activity, especially toward those Gram-positive bacteria. The flowers ethanol extract proved to be active with bactericidal action against the strain of S. epidermidis at MIC of 0,06 mg mL-1 and the leaves ethanol extract moderately active against S. epidermidis (CIM: 0,25 mg ml-1) and S. aureus (MIC: 0,50 mg mL-1) with bacteriostatic action to both strains. Both extracts inhibited edema formation induced by capsaicin. Treatment with flowers ethanol extract showed a significant inhibition of edema of 40,50% and the ethanol extract of leaves of 41,73%. The ethanol extracts of T. aurea showed no antiradical activity against the DPPH radical. The plant species used was identified by the presence of organic acids, naphthoquinones, anthraquinones and saponins. These results scientifically prove the antiedematogenic potential of the species and its promising antibacterial activity, with no cytotoxicity. Representing security evidence on the therapeutic use of plant species in preclinical in vivo tests. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O Brasil é considerado um país detentor de uma grande biodiversidade, no qual o uso popular de plantas medicinais contribui como importante fonte para a descoberta de novos compostos ativos. As plantas da família Bignoniaceae e do gênero Tabebuia são amplamente utilizadas na medicina tradicional de vários países, para o tratamento de diversas doenças e possuem um excelente potencial para estudos científicos, que podem resultar na descoberta de novos compostos com interesse terapêutico. Nesse contexto, evidenciou-se a necessidade de avaliar o potencial biológico de Tabebuia aurea, investigando sua atividade citotóxica, antimicrobiana, antirradicalar, antiedematogênica e conduzindo a prospecção fitoquímica para identificar as classes de compostos bioativos. Foram avaliados dois extratos etanólicos, um proveniente de flores e outro de folhas, ambos submetidos ao ensaio de viabilidade celular pelo método colorimétrico de Metiltetrazólio, para avaliar a presença de citotoxicidade. O potencial antimicrobiano foi avaliado com o teste de microdiluição em caldo, o qual forneceu a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) dos extratos frente ao crescimento microbiano. Para determinar a ação antiedematogênica, realizou-se o teste de edema de orelha induzido por capsaicina e para a avaliação da atividade antirradicalar, o ensaio que verifica a capacidade sequestradora de radicais livres frente ao radical 2,2-difenil- 1-picrilidazila (DPPH). O ensaio de viabilidade celular revelou que o extrato etanólico das folhas não evidenciou citotoxidade, uma vez que a CL50 foi superior a concentração máxima utilizada (≥ 1,0 mg mL-1), enquanto que o extrato etanólico de flores não teve citotoxidade nas concentrações ≤ 0,5 mg mL-1. Os extratos etanólicos de flores e de folhas de T. aurea apresentaram atividade antibacteriana, principalmente, frente às bactérias Gram-positivas. O extrato etanólico de flores demonstrou-se ativo, com ação bactericida, frente à linhagem de S. epidermidis na CIM de 0,06 mg mL-1 e o extrato etanólico de folhas moderadamente ativo frente a S. epidermidis (CIM: 0,25 mg mL-1) e S. aureus (CIM: 0,50 mg mL-1), com ação bacteriostática para ambas as linhagens. Ambos os extratos inibiram a formação do edema induzido por capsaicina. O tratamento com o extrato etanólico de flores apresentou uma porcentagem de inibição do edema de 40,50% e o extrato etanólico de folhas de 41,73%. Os extratos etanólicos de T. aurea não apresentaram atividade antirradicalar frente ao radical DPPH. Foram idenficados na espécie vegetal avaliada a presença de ácidos orgânicos, naftoquinonas, antraquinonas e saponinas. Esses resultados comprovam cientificamente o potencial antiedematogênico da espécie e sua promissora atividade antibacteriana, com ausência de citotoxidade. Representando indícios de segurança na utilização terapêutica da espécie vegetal nos testes pré-clínicos in vivo.