The diploma work is divided into two parts - theoretical and practical. The first part is further divided into the theoretical linguistic subsection and theoretical political science subsection. The theoretical linguistic part comprises information on metaphors, metonymies and synecdoches taken from Czech and Spanish linguistic handbooks and is focused on a phenomenon of levelling and it also deals with the function of the aforementioned rhetorical figures. In the first part there is also a chapter on the rhetorical style and translation of rhetorical figures. The second, practical part deals with the analysis of the rhetorical figures in selected political speeches, their function, frequency and possible levelling when translating them into the target language. The analysis is carried out on the basis of a comparable sample of political speeches in the Czech and Spanish languages. They are the speeches of two important personalities of the 1970s, President Ludvík Svoboda's speeches in the Czech language and in terms of the Spanish linguistic background - the speeches of his Chilean counterpart - President Salvador Allende, and their Czech translation. Key words: levelling, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, translation, political speech

A região do Vale do Ribeira, ao sul do Estado de São Paulo, abriga a maior concentração de remanescentes de Mata Atlântica do Brasil. O Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto Ribeira, Petar, entre os municípios de Iporanga e Apiaí, representa parte significativa desse bioma. Inserida nesse ambiente de mata preservada existe uma população que luta pelo resgate de sua história e identidade étnico-cultural. A nomenclatura toponímica, objeto desta pesquisa, determina significações atribuídas pelos grupos humanos que ocupam ou ocuparam a região configurando territorialidades específicas marcadas, principalmente, pelas comunidades rurais: grupos quilombolas que vivem na região desde os primórdios da colonização e pequenos agricultores que trabalham a terra para garantir a subsistência de sua família e da comunidade. Há, ainda, uma pequena comunidade urbana constituída, principalmente, por antigos moradores bastante identificados com as especificidades do lugar assim como grupos mais recentes ligados às atividades de pesquisa, turismo e espeleologia, grupos estes constituídos em função do Petar. Optou-se pela análise dos nomes de lugar levando-se em consideração as camadas toponímicas fundamentadas na historiografia da região, posto que as camadas explicariam as relações que, em diferentes épocas, o homem manteve com o lugar, pontuando interações importantes da população local com o ambiente: a primeira camada é marcada pela comunidade indígena que ocupava a região antes da chegada dos colonizadores europeus; a segunda está relacionado à chegada dos colonizadores, está implícita, nesse contexto, a comunidade negra que é decisiva na conquista dos territórios do Alto Ribeira, e a terceira relaciona-se à nova configuração da região como área de preservação ambiental e a constituição das Unidades de Conservação. As alterações ocorridas no espaço espelham as modificações que aconteceram na estrutura socioeconômica da comunidade e, consequentemente, estão refletidas na relação significante/significado do signo toponímico. Nesse sentido, o topônimo seria um elemento importante na constituição do conceptus do lugar. Seguiu-se a metodologia do Projeto ATESP, coordenado por Dick (1999), que tem por objetivo definir as origens dialetais e motivadoras das ocorrências toponomásticas do Estado de São Paulo. O Plano de Manejo do Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto Ribeira-Petar foi a base para o levantamento dos topônimos. Os dados históricos foram coletados em livros de vários autores, na prefeitura de Iporanga e, principalmente, em trabalhos acadêmicos desenvolvidos em universidades. Além disso, para que se pudesse compreender a complexidade do entorno do Petar, várias visitas ao local foram realizadas. / Vale do Ribeira region, southern São Paulo, has the largest concentration of remaining Atlantic Forest of Brazil. Alto Ribeira Tourist State Park, Petar, between the municipalities of Iporanga and Apiaí represents a significant part of this biome. Inserted in this preserved forest environment there is a population who fights for the recovery of its history and ethno-cultural identity. Toponymic nomenclature, object of this research, determines meanings assigned by groups of people who occupy or occupied the region, setting specific territorialities marked mainly by rural communities: Maroons groups living in the region since the early days of colonization and small farmers who work the land for ensure the survival of their family and community. There is also a small urban community mainly consisting of ancient residents heavily identified with place specifics as well as newer groups linked to research activities, tourism and speleology, such groups constituted because of Petar. We decided for the analysis of place names taking into account toponymic layers grounded in the historiography of the region, since these layers explain the relations at different times man had with the place, drawing attention to important interactions of local population with the environment. The first layer is marked by the indigenous community who occupied the region before the arrival of European settlers; the second is related to the arrival of settlers, and has implicit the African community, decisive in the conquest of Alto Ribeira territories; the third is about the new configuration of the region as an area of environmental preservation and the establishment of Protected Areas. Changes in the space reflect the changes that happened in the socioeconomic structure of the community, consequently appearing in the signifier/signified relation inside the toponymic sign. In this regard, Toponym would be an important element in the constitution of the conception of the place. It was followed ATESP Project methodology, coordinated by Dick (1999), which aims to define dialectal origins and motivating occurrences in Toponomastics in São Paulo State. The Management Plan for Alto Ribeira Tourist State Park Petar was the basis for toponymic survey. Historical data were collected in various authors books, in Iporanga City Hall, and especially in academic papers developed at universities. Furthermore, so that one could understand the complexity surrounding the Petar, it was done several visits to Petar.

[pt] Este trabalho trata da motivação conceptual que levou os itens mas, porém, contudo, todavia, entretanto e no entanto, considerados pela maioria das gramáticas do português como conjunções adversativas, a passarem por um processo de gramaticalização. Apesar de ser discutível a classificação dos referidos itens como conjunções adversativas - já que, com exceção de mas, os demais não têm um comportamento sintático típico de conjunções -, considera-se o fato de que todos, de alguma forma, se tornaram mais gramaticais desde suas origens medievais até hoje. O processo de gramaticalização é entendido, então, como aquele em que tanto itens lexicais e construções formam-se em certos contextos lingüísticos para exercer funções gramaticais quanto itens gramaticais desenvolvem novas funções gramaticais (HOPPER & TRAUGOTT, 2003). O enfoque do trabalho está na busca dos elementos conceptuais que possam ter motivado o processo. Trabalhos como o de Barreto (1999) afirmam que a motivação da gramaticalização dos itens em pauta foi metonímica, por influência da presença de elementos de sentido negativo em posição adjacente à deles, no português medieval. A proposta deste trabalho é investigar por que os itens em estudo encontravam-se maciçamente, ao que parece, em ambientes que apresentavam partículas de sentido negativo. A partir da leitura de trabalhos como o de Vogt & Ducrot (1980) e o de Sweetser (1991), entende- se que mas encontrava-se nesses ambientes em função de uma motivação metafórica e que as relações contrajuntivas para cujo estabelecimento o item contribuía ocorriam proeminentemente nos domínios epistêmico e conversacional da linguagem. A mesma proposta de análise é estendida aos demais itens, que, segundo se verifica em amostras do português medieval, por funcionarem em prol da coesão do texto, eram propícios a serem empregados em contextos lingüísticos nos quais se delimitavam dois grupos de informação postos em relação. Essa relação podia ser contrajuntiva e, se não se encontrava assinalada gramaticalmente, era, ainda assim, depreensível através de uma análise das relações textuais que se davam no plano do significado lingüístico, em especial nos níveis epistêmico ou conversacional. Portanto, elementos negativos eram cabíveis nos referidos contextos e, com eles, também elementos responsáveis pela coesão textual anafórica. / [en] In this work I deal with the conceptual motivation of the grammaticalization of the items mas, porém, todavia, entretanto e no entanto, which are classified as adversative conjunctions by the majority of the Portuguese Grammars. Though such classification is very discussable - for all of these items but mas present nontypically- conjunctional syntactical behavior - we consider the fact that all of the items cited above have become more grammatical in some manner since their medieval origins until the present days. Hence, the grammaticalization process is understood as that one in which the lexical items and constructions come in certain linguistic contexts to serve grammatical functions or how grammatical items develop new grammatical functions (HOPPER & TRAUGOTT, 2003). This work focuses the quest for the conceptual elements which could have motivated this process. Works such as Barreto´s (1999) state that the motivation for the grammaticalization of the items being studied in this text was a metonymic one, carried out by the influence of semantically negative elements which appeared next to them in the Medieval Portuguese. The objective of my work is to investigate why these items were massively found, as it seems, in contexts with negative-sense particles. From the reading of works such as Vogt´s & Ducrot´s (1980) and Sweetser´s (1991), I understand that mas was found in such contexts due to a metaphoric motivation and that the adversative relation for whose establishment it contributed occurred mainly within the epistemic domain of language. This very analysis is extended to the other items, which, according to what can be verified through the analysis of samples of the Medieval Portuguese, had the tendency of being used in contexts in which two groups of linguistic information, put into an adversative relation, were delimited, contributing for the text cohesion. This adversative relation, if not grammatically marked, was, even though, inferrible through the analysis of the textual relations which took place in the linguistic meaning plain, especially at the epistemic level. Thus, negative elements were possible in these contexts and with them, also, the elements responsible for the textual cohesion.

<p>How does action turn [into a] substantive and, if it does, how does it turn into action again to perdure or even change?</p><p>In this endeavor I set out to study organizing and organization by asking myself how organizing becomes a product called organization and how that product turns into the very organizing whence it once was spawned. In other words, I set out to study what I denominate the movements between organizing and organization. To that end a play is put in motion in which actors act and make representations which are subsequently interpreted poetically and rhetorically. This in order to create a stage of evidence from which the movements between organizing and organization can be derived.</p><p>The imagination put forth consists of two movements, which I dub instantiation and concatenation. These I relate to the motions embodied by metaphor and metonymy and later conflate them into one and the same movement of organizing in the wor[l]d within which materials through their play against each other are gathered to create more or less stable products. These products may be called organizations.</p><p>In a way, this is an attempt to study the makings of organization by way of a passage into it.</p>

How does action turn [into a] substantive and, if it does, how does it turn into action again to perdure or even change? In this endeavor I set out to study organizing and organization by asking myself how organizing becomes a product called organization and how that product turns into the very organizing whence it once was spawned. In other words, I set out to study what I denominate the movements between organizing and organization. To that end a play is put in motion in which actors act and make representations which are subsequently interpreted poetically and rhetorically. This in order to create a stage of evidence from which the movements between organizing and organization can be derived. The imagination put forth consists of two movements, which I dub instantiation and concatenation. These I relate to the motions embodied by metaphor and metonymy and later conflate them into one and the same movement of organizing in the wor[l]d within which materials through their play against each other are gathered to create more or less stable products. These products may be called organizations. In a way, this is an attempt to study the makings of organization by way of a passage into it.

This thesis aims to construct a semantic system for the disparate uses of peh in TSM and peh¡¦s pragmatic functions in actual language uses in terms of cognitive accounts. Firstly, based on the data collected from dictionaries of the Ministry of Education, the present study divided the various meanings of peh into two main types, i.e., prototypical meaning and extended meanings. Prototypical meaning is further classified into perception-based type. How peh is perceived in perception-based type is in close relationship with the actual environment where we interact with. On the other hand, the main category under extended meanings is conception-based type, which is divided into four subcategories of cognitive mechanisms. That is, the diverse meanings of peh in conception-based type will be interpreted in the perspective of four subcategories of cognitive mechanisms. They are metonymic extension, metaphorical extension, the interaction of metaphor and metonymy, and culturally-related extension. Then, to better understand peh¡¦s pragmatic functions in TSM, the study shifts its foucus to the examination of the interrelationship between peh and the shared Taiwanese cultural background knowledge in actual language uses. Basically, the function which peh serves in discourse depends mainly on the context where it is used, and the world or the community will determine and pick up the most appropriate wordings for us (Mey, 2008). There is no definite answer as to which linguistic expression bears which meaning or interpretation when we try to sort out all possible interpretations and meanings for each linguistic expression containing peh. We need both contextual clues and cultural background knowledge to decipher peh¡¦s underlying meanings. The encodings of color perception do not lie in our biology; instead, it is structured socially (Lucy, 1997). In addition, certain uses of peh, e.g., pe̍h-pau (¥Õ¥]), pe̍h-thiap-&#x00E1; (¥Õ©«¥J), etc., in real life discourse make the function of peh more than a representation of the color itself but bridge the gap and create interpersonal relationship between their language users at the same time. On the whole, this research may shed light on the cognitive understanding of peh in TSM not only semantically but also pragmatically.

During August 2012 the issues of women's rights in Russia attracted attention of the U.S. newspapers, which was an unusual occurrence for this unprivileged region in feminist theorizing. In my thesis I explore the rhetoric around the Pussy Riot trial and verdict. I argue that international media rendered the protest metonymically, thereby reducing its political content to human rights and Cold War frames. I explore the usage of historical references in the narratives, based on these paradigms. The oppressiveness of the Russian government is constructed through Cold War rhetoric by references to Stalinism, which masks the neoliberal content of this case. The confrontation is represented as a clash of cultures based on the contrast between democracy and oppressive regimes, with Pussy Riot as martyrs for Western values and Putin as an Oriental dictator. I argue that this rhetoric has troubling implications for social activism, that democracy could be only achieved through non-violent and individualist symbolic activism which relies on the Western standards. The second part of my thesis analyzes how social movements in the U.S. and Russia interact with each other and influence each other's tactics through interaction with media representations of the Pussy Riot trial and dominant narratives regarding activism. My support for this argument comes from an analysis of the U.S. and Russian movements' responses to the Pussy Riot trial. Embracing a complex combination of political meanings, these events were significantly determined by prolific mass media coverage and mediated interaction between activist groups. / text

This thesis presents an interweaving of the discourse surrounding Colin McCahon and Ralph Hotere, the philosophy of art, and Lacanian psychoanalysis. In so doing, a Lacanian understanding of subjectivity, painting, discourse, and their interrelationships is elaborated in order to generate some new perspectives on, specifically, the work of McCahon and Hotere, and related writing and testimony, and more generally, the practice of art history and art criticism in Aotearoa/New Zealand. In the first place, this project explains, develops, and applies a Lacanian model of subjectivity/meaning-making understood in terms of the figuring of desire. This formula models expressions of subjectivity/meaning-making in terms of the reciprocity obtaining between the agent-like, metaphoric precipitation and automatist, metonymic perpetuation of symptomatic formations or points de capiton in discourses of desire. Secondly, this study analyses the discourse comprising paintings by McCahon and Hotere, and related writing, from the perspective of two points de capiton – the key features of which are gathered under the rubrics ‘McCahon’s doubt’ and ‘Hotere’s reticence’. The thesis demonstrates that these two formations enliven the possibility of interpreting McCahon discourse and Hotere discourse, respectively, in terms of repeated and contradictory characterisations of McCahon as a visionary and a doubter, and of Hotere as eloquent and reticent. Furthermore, the thesis shows how, by virtue of their fixation on the symptomatic formations ‘McCahon’s doubt’ and ‘Hotere’s reticence’, respectively, McCahon and Hotere discourses bear witness to radically contingent affirmations of, or leaps of faith in, praxes of contradiction, thereby sustaining fantasies of the revelation of the reality and truth of the being and meaning of art subjects and art objects. The impossibility of objectively realising these fantasies testifies to the status of subjective desire as that which seeks only its own perpetuation or that finds fulfilment in endlessly missing its aim and, by the same token, in Lacanian terms, underscores the (structural and ethical) necessity of subjectively being in and as traversing fantasy.

The purpose of this study is to see how men, women and children are made ​​in the Ikea 2014 catalog, this from a gender perspective. It will also examine if gender stereotypes are seen and how equal the people in the images is produced. This essay is studied on the basis of gender theory and theories about stereotypes and how men, women and children are prepared in advertising and commercials. The method that was used during the analysis process was a qualitative semiotic method. The analysis tool that was used from the semiotic method was denotation, connotation and metonymy. The result of the study shows that the major part of the pictures that was analyzed was gender stereotypical and that a few of the pictures showed some kind of equality between men and women, both between grow ups and children. One of the conclusions that were made is that Ikea, in some, pictures show that equality is something that they think about and that they care about the Swedish opinions when it comes to equality between human beings, as they, Ikea, are a Swedish based company.

A região do Vale do Ribeira, ao sul do Estado de São Paulo, abriga a maior concentração de remanescentes de Mata Atlântica do Brasil. O Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto Ribeira, Petar, entre os municípios de Iporanga e Apiaí, representa parte significativa desse bioma. Inserida nesse ambiente de mata preservada existe uma população que luta pelo resgate de sua história e identidade étnico-cultural. A nomenclatura toponímica, objeto desta pesquisa, determina significações atribuídas pelos grupos humanos que ocupam ou ocuparam a região configurando territorialidades específicas marcadas, principalmente, pelas comunidades rurais: grupos quilombolas que vivem na região desde os primórdios da colonização e pequenos agricultores que trabalham a terra para garantir a subsistência de sua família e da comunidade. Há, ainda, uma pequena comunidade urbana constituída, principalmente, por antigos moradores bastante identificados com as especificidades do lugar assim como grupos mais recentes ligados às atividades de pesquisa, turismo e espeleologia, grupos estes constituídos em função do Petar. Optou-se pela análise dos nomes de lugar levando-se em consideração as camadas toponímicas fundamentadas na historiografia da região, posto que as camadas explicariam as relações que, em diferentes épocas, o homem manteve com o lugar, pontuando interações importantes da população local com o ambiente: a primeira camada é marcada pela comunidade indígena que ocupava a região antes da chegada dos colonizadores europeus; a segunda está relacionado à chegada dos colonizadores, está implícita, nesse contexto, a comunidade negra que é decisiva na conquista dos territórios do Alto Ribeira, e a terceira relaciona-se à nova configuração da região como área de preservação ambiental e a constituição das Unidades de Conservação. As alterações ocorridas no espaço espelham as modificações que aconteceram na estrutura socioeconômica da comunidade e, consequentemente, estão refletidas na relação significante/significado do signo toponímico. Nesse sentido, o topônimo seria um elemento importante na constituição do conceptus do lugar. Seguiu-se a metodologia do Projeto ATESP, coordenado por Dick (1999), que tem por objetivo definir as origens dialetais e motivadoras das ocorrências toponomásticas do Estado de São Paulo. O Plano de Manejo do Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto Ribeira-Petar foi a base para o levantamento dos topônimos. Os dados históricos foram coletados em livros de vários autores, na prefeitura de Iporanga e, principalmente, em trabalhos acadêmicos desenvolvidos em universidades. Além disso, para que se pudesse compreender a complexidade do entorno do Petar, várias visitas ao local foram realizadas. / Vale do Ribeira region, southern São Paulo, has the largest concentration of remaining Atlantic Forest of Brazil. Alto Ribeira Tourist State Park, Petar, between the municipalities of Iporanga and Apiaí represents a significant part of this biome. Inserted in this preserved forest environment there is a population who fights for the recovery of its history and ethno-cultural identity. Toponymic nomenclature, object of this research, determines meanings assigned by groups of people who occupy or occupied the region, setting specific territorialities marked mainly by rural communities: Maroons groups living in the region since the early days of colonization and small farmers who work the land for ensure the survival of their family and community. There is also a small urban community mainly consisting of ancient residents heavily identified with place specifics as well as newer groups linked to research activities, tourism and speleology, such groups constituted because of Petar. We decided for the analysis of place names taking into account toponymic layers grounded in the historiography of the region, since these layers explain the relations at different times man had with the place, drawing attention to important interactions of local population with the environment. The first layer is marked by the indigenous community who occupied the region before the arrival of European settlers; the second is related to the arrival of settlers, and has implicit the African community, decisive in the conquest of Alto Ribeira territories; the third is about the new configuration of the region as an area of environmental preservation and the establishment of Protected Areas. Changes in the space reflect the changes that happened in the socioeconomic structure of the community, consequently appearing in the signifier/signified relation inside the toponymic sign. In this regard, Toponym would be an important element in the constitution of the conception of the place. It was followed ATESP Project methodology, coordinated by Dick (1999), which aims to define dialectal origins and motivating occurrences in Toponomastics in São Paulo State. The Management Plan for Alto Ribeira Tourist State Park Petar was the basis for toponymic survey. Historical data were collected in various authors books, in Iporanga City Hall, and especially in academic papers developed at universities. Furthermore, so that one could understand the complexity surrounding the Petar, it was done several visits to Petar.