nÃo hà / O objeto de estudo desta tese à a recategorizaÃÃo no processo de referenciaÃÃo. A partir das anÃlises propostas, argumentamos por uma noÃÃo mais ampla desse fenÃmeno, que pode, ou nÃo, revelar-se por, e concentrar-se em, expressÃes referenciais, diferentemente do que propÃem ApothÃloz e Reichler-BÃguelin (1995), pioneiros na investigaÃÃo desse tema no Ãmbito da LinguÃstica de Texto, cuja abordagem se restringia Ãs recategorizaÃÃes lexicais, numa perspectiva textual-discursiva. Partindo do pressuposto da natureza cognitivo-referencial da recategorizaÃÃo, postulamos, inicialmente, a necessidade de uma interface entre a LinguÃstica de Texto e a LinguÃstica Cognitiva para levar em conta a complexidade e a dinamicidade desse processo, em termos descritivos e explanatÃrios. Centramo-nos no tratamento de recategorizaÃÃes licenciadas por metÃforas e metonÃmias, levantando duas hipÃteses encadeadas: a primeira a da existÃncia de um tipo de recategorizaÃÃo por interaÃÃo metÃfora-metonÃmia, e a segunda a da abordagem das recategorizaÃÃes licenciadas por metÃforas e metonÃmias na perspectiva de um continuum. Para a construÃÃo da interface postulada, recorremos à Teoria dos Modelos Cognitivos Idealizados (LAKOFF, 1987, e colaboradores). O pressuposto bÃsico dessa teoria à o de que o conhecimento se organiza por meio de estruturas denominadas de Modelos Cognitivos Idealizados (MCIs), compreendendo-se que a estrutura de categorias e os efeitos prototÃpicos resultam dessa organizaÃÃo. Reunimos a essa fundamentaÃÃo os estudos cognitivos que sugerem o tratamento da metÃfora e da metonÃmia como processos interativos (GOOSSENS, 2003; BARCELONA, 2003), com abertura para a sua concepÃÃo como um continuum (RADDEN, 2003). Sob esses fundamentos, analisamos ocorrÃncias de recategorizaÃÃo instanciadas por metÃforas e metonÃmias num corpus constituÃdo por quatro poemas de autores da literatura brasileira sobre a temÃtica da morte. Os passos metodolÃgicos desta aplicaÃÃo do modelo da Teoria dos Modelos Cognitivos Idealizados seguem parcialmente a proposta de anÃlise desse modelo elaborada e aplicada em Feltes (2007), mas acrescemos ao modelo da autora os MCIs proposicionais do tipo frame, por meio dos quais evocamos a descriÃÃo dos MCIs metafÃricos e metonÃmicos e, consequentemente, dos MCIs de esquemas de imagens. Os resultados da anÃlise apontam para a validaÃÃo das hipÃteses formuladas, possibilitando um redimensionamento da abordagem da recategorizaÃÃo, atà entÃo sà fundamentada pelo aparato teÃrico da LinguÃstica de Texto, de forma que a interface com a LinguÃstica Cognitiva traz contribuiÃÃes significativas para o trato da complexidade desse fenÃmeno linguÃstico, uma vez que possibilita o alcance dos processos cognitivos que lhe subjazem. E à exatamente o entendimento desses processos que amplia o potencial explanatÃrio no redimensionamento da recategorizaÃÃo. / The object of this study is recategorization in the referentiation process. From the proposed analyses, we argue for a broader notion of this phemenon, which may or may not reveal itself in referential expressions and yet be concentrated on these. ApothÃloz and Reichler-BÃguelin (1995), the pioneers in the investigations concentrated on this theme to the extent of Textual Linguistics, whose approach was restricted to lexical recategorizations in a textual-discoursive perspective. On the assumption of cognitive-referential nature of recategorization, we postulate, initially, the need for an interface between the Textual Linguistics and the Cognitive Linguistics to account for the complexity and dynamics of this process, in descriptive and explanatory terms. We focus on recategorizations treatment licensed by metaphors and metonymy, raising two linked hypotheses: the first dealing with the existence of a sort of recategorization through interaction among metonymy-metaphor, and the second addressing the recategorizations licensed by metaphors and metonymy in the context of a continuum. For the construction of the postulated interface, we used the Theory Of Idealized Cognitive Models (Lakoff, 1987, and collaborators). The basic assumption of this theory is that knowledge is organized through structures called Idealized Cognitive Models (ICMs), and that the structure of categories and the effects are prototypical products of that organization. To this fundamentation we associated the cognitive studies that suggest that the treatment of metaphor and metonymy is an interactive processes (GOOSSENS, 2003, BARCELONA, 2003), with opening for the design of these cognitive processes from the perspective of a continuum (RADDEN, 2003). Furthermore, we analyzed occurrences of recategorization instantiated by metaphors and metonymy in a corpus consisting of four poems belonging to four authors from the Brazilian literature on the subject of death. The methodological steps of applying the model of the theory of Idealized Cognitive Models follows partially the proposed analysis model developed and applied in Feltes (2007), but we added to the model of the author the ICMs propositional-type frame, by which we evoked the description of the metaphorical and metonymy ICMs and, consequently, the description of the ICMs image schemes. The results point to the validation of the assumptions made, allowing a redefinition of the recategorization approach, until then only based on the theoretical Textual Linguistics apparatus, so that the interface with the Cognitive Linguistics brings significant contributions to the treatment of this complex linguistic phenomenon, once it allows the scope of the cognitive processes that underlie them. It is exactly the understanding of processes that extends the potential explanatory in the resizing of recategorization.

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-02-22T12:21:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 patriciamartinsnevescrochet.pdf: 1290070 bytes, checksum: 69727d522bc106a6ebed45b1bc87383a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-02-22T14:46:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 patriciamartinsnevescrochet.pdf: 1290070 bytes, checksum: 69727d522bc106a6ebed45b1bc87383a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-22T14:46:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 patriciamartinsnevescrochet.pdf: 1290070 bytes, checksum: 69727d522bc106a6ebed45b1bc87383a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-01-22 / Nosso estudo debruça-se sobre o processo de significação lingüística, pensado a partir da negação da Hipótese Forte da Composicionalidade e da afirmação da natureza dinâmica, projetiva e multidirecional dos modos sociocognitivos de significar. Mais precisamente, nossa agenda de trabalho objetiva descrever os processos metonímicos de constituição dos estereótipos sociais, focalizados como personagens no gênero textual ‘piada’ e verificar em que medida tais construções instituem um padrão prototípico na estrutura composicional desse gênero. Assumimos a perspectiva da Lingüística Cognitiva, nos termos de Lakoff, Johnson, Fauconnier, Turner (cf cap 2), que, conferindo um estatuto sociocognitivo aos estereótipos, os toma como modelos metonímicos, nos quais uma subcategoria tem um status reconhecido social e culturalmente como padrão para a categoria como um todo. Tendo recolhido um corpus significativo de piadas, encontramos tais personagens configurados como frames conceptuais entrincheirados e, valendo-nos da Teoria da Integração Conceptual, ou Mesclagem, verificamos o seu papel no processo de significação das piadas. Para tanto, retomamos os construtos teóricos do programa sociocognitivista quais sejam, os processos de conceptualização e categorização; a questão do poder projetivo da mente humana e da linguagem, referenciados a partir da Teoria Conceptual da Metáfora e, em especial, da Metonímia; a questão das Redes de Integração Conceptual ou Mesclagem, como fundamentação teórica para nossas hipóteses. Tomamos ainda, como recurso analítico, o Modelo Baseado no Uso, que visa à análise da freqüência de tipos que comparecem nas piadas e da freqüência de uso dos mesmos, relacionando tais dados, respectivamente, com a força de convencionalização e com a produtividade de cada construção estereotipada. O resultado de nossas análises representa uma evidência em favor das teses sociocognitivas da linguagem no que respeita ao princípio da relevância de toda forma de experiência humana (física, social, cultural, interacional) na constituição do pensamento e da linguagem. / Our study lies over the process o linguistic signification, thinking it on base of the negation o the Hypothesis of the Strong Compositionality and the affirmation of the dynamic projective and multidirectional nature of o socio-cognitive ways of signification. More precisely, our work agenda objectives to describe the metonymic processes of constitution of social stereotypes, focused as characters on the textual gender “joke” an verify in which measure those constructions institute a prototype pattern on the compositional structure of that gender. We assume the perspective of the Cognitive Linguistic, on the terms of Lakoff, Johnson, Faucconier, Turner (cf cap 2), that, giving a cognitive status to the stereotypes, take them as metonymic models, on which a subcategory has a status social and culturally recognized as a pattern for the category as a hole. Having collected a significant corpus of jokes, we found those characters configured as entrench conceptual frames and, making use of the theory of the conceptual Integration, or Blending, we verified its role on the process of joke signification. For that, we retake the theoretical constructs of the socio-cognitive program which are, the processes of conceptualization an categorization, the projective power of the human mind and pf the language, referenced from the Conceptual Theory of the Metaphor and, in special, of Metonymy, and the Conceptual Integration Networks or Blending, as theorist foundation for our hypotheses. Still taking, as analytic resource, the Model Based on Use, that aims the analyses of the frequency of types that appear on jokes an the frequency of use of them, relating those data, respectively, with the strength of conventionalization and productivity of each stereotyped construction. The results of our analyses represents an evidence favoring the socio-cognitive theses of language on the concern to the principle of relevance of all kind of human experience (physical, social, cultural, international) on the constitution of thinking and language.

Metonymic and metaphoric language are thoroughly present in everyday language, so much so that they hold in themselves strong explanatory capacity to uncover and even influence underlying individual or social/cultural ideological systems and beliefs about the world around us (Catalano & Waugh, 2013; 2014; Lakoff & Johnson, 1980). The mapping systems involved in both metonymy and metaphor provide access to conceptual and social heuristics that help us make inferential and referential shortcuts (Littlemore, 2015), and thus these figurative constructs are directly implicated as “natural inference schemas” that we engage in the construction of meaning through written discourse (Panther & Thornburg, 2003). Further, these heuristics are environmental, social, and cognitively appointed forces that shape how we understand things and how we work out abstract concepts and how we reason and shape the world around us. Because of this, metonymy and metaphor are crucial foci for any inquiry into how our individual or systemic perceptions, attitudes, beliefs, and thought processes (Catalano & Waugh, 2014, p. 407) are revealed through the written discourses in our world. But, while conceptual metaphor has enjoyed a great deal of attention over the last several decades, research into what metonymy can reveal as a potent participant in social and cognitive meaning-making has been comparatively scarce—a notion that is especially disconcerting given strong recent evidence to suggest that metonymy conceptually “leads the way” to metaphor (Mittelberg & Waugh, 2009). Inspired by this, this dissertation project seeks reparation for metonymy’s relative neglect as an effective tool for critical discourse analysts. Through an exploration of metonymy’s critical relationship to online discourse, internationalization in higher education, and language policy and planning, the three studies that comprise this project seek to engage the “explanatory and practical aims” of critical discourse analysis and to support the tireless work of such analysis that attempts “to uncover, reveal or disclose what is implicit, hidden or otherwise not immediately obvious in relationships of discursively enacted dominance [and] their underlying ideologies” (van Dijk, 1995).

This paper analyses the similarities and differences of the cognitive structures of the English-Swedish idiom pair to step into someone’s shoes and att axla någons mantel (to shoulder someone’s mantle [lit.]) in order to investigate possible conceptual or embodied motivations for their meanings. Using dictionaries and corpora to support all findings, the conceptual nature and intended meaning of each idiom were closely analysed and compared. The investigation shows metaphorical, metonymical and embodied structures which might possibly explain why these two idioms mean the same thing as a whole even though they are lexically different from each other. The results indicate that conceptual and embodied mechanisms have motivated the meanings of the idioms, thus suggesting that idiom comprehension in general as well as second language learning would greatly benefit from a more cognitive approach.

This paper analyzes the author’s own translation of a metaphor dense non-fiction text and investigates how metaphors have been translated from English to Swedish. The analysis mainly draws on Schäffner’s 2004 study that views metaphors on two levels, micro and macro, and Newmark’s 1981 prescriptive framework. The translation of metaphors is a widely discussed topic among translation scholars and it has been suggested by neurological studies that translated texts with lower metaphor density than their source texts have less emotional impact. However, the issue of translation is complicated by the translatability of metaphors as conceptual metaphor theory suggests that our understanding of metaphors is primarily based on cultural experience. The findings indicate that the metaphors in the source text can be directly translated into Swedish to a high degree, and micro-level changes do not always affect the macro-level metaphor. Based on this, it appears that macro-level metaphors at times can remain intact in the target text even if changes on the micro-level are necessary in order to conform to target language conventions. However, due to the study’s limited sample, no firm conclusions are made.

The aim of this thesis was to study change in the meaning of the word cool, comparing the 1890s, the 1950s and the 2010s. Examples where the word cool was used were obtained from the Corpus of Historical American English, which is created by Mark Davies, and analyzed in terms of in which senses and text types they were used. The results show that the biggest meaning change in cool between the 1890s and the 2010s is that the most prominent sense in the 1890s is ‘calm’, and ‘slightly cold in a pleasant way’ not far after, and in the 2010s the most prominent sense was ‘pleasant, enjoyable or likable’. The most frequent senses of cool in the 1950s were ‘slightly cold in a pleasant way’, ‘temperature that is too cold’, and ‘calm’ as the most commonly used. The most prominent text type where the word cool occurred was fiction in all three analyzed decades.

This essay investigates the author’s translation of a non-fiction text about literary theory. The study examines the metaphors found in the original text and how they have been translated from English to Swedish.  The analysis uses Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980) description of conceptual metaphors to categorize the metaphors found in the text. Conceptual metaphor theory suggests that the understanding of metaphor is mainly based on cultural experience which complicates the translatability of metaphors. In addition, the investigation draws on Newmark’s (1981) prescriptive framework for translation studies and Schäffner’s (2004) study on micro- and macro-level metaphors.   The findings in this essay suggest that the most common type of conceptual metaphor in the translated text is the ontological metaphor, probably due to the high number of personifications. The findings also indicate that three translation strategies are preferred when translating metaphors, namely to reproduce the same image in the target language, to replace the image in the source language with a standard image in the target language, and to convert metaphor to sense. The results also suggest that changes on the macro-level seem unavoidable unless it is possible to reproduce the same image as in the target language and that changes on the micro-level might occur even if the macro-level is the same in both the source text and target text. However, no certain conclusions are made due to the limited sample of metaphors in the study.

In news reports, journalists often make references to what spokespersons from public organizations have announced. While doing so, reporting verbs are not an uncommon occurrence (Li, Zhao &amp; Lou, 2023: 2). This study, analyzes reporting verbs that occur with either Greenpeace and WWF, also referred to as green organizations, or with British Petroleum and Exxon, also referred to as oil companies. Over the years, the trends of reporting verb utilization have changed, turning more colloquial than before (Mair 1998: 153). A strong indicator of this is the increase of the verb say that is also one of the most common reporting verbs in this study. It should be noted that out of 22 266 verb occurrences, the verb say peaked at 13808 (62,01 percent). The oil companies represented 47.18 percent of all the instances and the green organizations peaked at 52.82 percent. Another noteworthy finding is the difference in reporting verb usage, where urgency verbs such as call and warn were more frequently occurring with the green organizations. The RVs that occurred with oil companies, on the other hand, were more neutral discourse verbs such as report, announce and say. / <p>Examinationen ägde rum online via Zoom. </p>

本論文從認知語意學的角度來探討英文中 “Heart” 成語所牽涉到的認知語意機制，並以Lakoff (1993)所提出的當代隱喻理論、K&ouml;vecses & Radden (1998)從認知語言學角度針對換喻所做的研究以及Ruiz de Mendoza (2003)所提出來的隱喻和換喻的三個交互模式為基礎，進一步探討 “Heart” 成語的字面語意如何透過這些機制衍生出其象徵語意。此外，本論文也對收集到的七十七個 “Heart” 成語進行重新分類以修正Niemeier’s (2003)在 “Heart” 成語分類上所產成的謬誤。 研究分析發現七十七個 “Heart” 成語所牽涉的認知語意機制包括Lakoff (1993)提出的五種隱喻類型以及K&ouml;vecses & Radden (1998)提出的十五種換喻類型其中的六種，而七十七個 “Heart” 成語的字面語意與其象徵語意之間的連結則無法僅僅透過Ruiz de Mendoza (2003)所提出來的隱喻和換喻的三個交互模式進行建立，而必須加上本研究另外發現的四個新的交互模式才能完整建立起七十七個 “Heart” 成語的字面語意與其象徵語意之間的連結。 / Based on the contemporary theory of metaphor by Lakoff (1993), a cognitive view toward metonymy by K&ouml;vecses & Radden (1998), and models of how metaphor can interact with metonymy by Ruiz de Mendoza (2003), this thesis makes an effort in exploring the cognitive-semantic mechanisms behind the 77 heart idioms collected for this research. Although Niemeier (2003) has tried to explore the metaphorical and metonymic bases for the heart idioms in English, her analysis is not satisfactory and can not meet the goal of this current research. A recategorization of heart idioms is therefore performed to encompass all the features exhibited by them before the cognitive-semantic analysis is proposed. The analysis of heart idioms discovers that a full explanation of their figurative meanings requires the activation of all the five types of metaphor proposed by Lakoff (1993) and six out of the 15 types of metonymy-producing relationships proposed by K&ouml;vecses & Radden (1998). Furthermore, to fully account for the figurative meanings of heart idioms, the analysis also proposes six interaction models of between metaphor and metonymy, two of which are proposed in Ruiz de Mendoza (2003) and four of which are discovered by the current study.

歇後語是一種很有趣的口語文體，它由兩個部分組成，語意重心在第二部分，展現豐富的語意和音韻的運作歷程。它並非固定而無法再分析的結構，使用者只能靠死記來使用它；反之，歇後語本質上為我們人類認知的一部份。它展現多層的隱喻、代喻和人類知識架構等語意上的運作（參看Lakoff 1993，Kovecses and Radden 1998，Fillmore 1977等人之論著）。本論文旨在從認知語意學的觀點，探究台閩語歇後語的本質，重心在探究其最終語意的衍生歷程。我們修正Geeraerts (1995)針對成語的分類架構和Ruiz de Mendoza’s (2003)分析成語所使用的隱喻和代喻互動類別，來分析閩南語歇後語，得到在四大類別下，有二十二種語意衍生的種類、十二種變化和十二種次變化。分析的結果顯示，所有的歇後語之語意皆可衍生，且三層的衍生為最普遍的基型。此外，代喻在台閩歇後語很普遍，所有的類型皆有牽涉到代喻。與隱喻相較，代喻在台閩語歇後語語意的衍生上所佔的角色比隱喻重。 / Two-part allegorical sayings Xie-hou-yu, colloquial expressions whose second parts bear the main semantic weight, exhibit rich semantic and phonological operations. They are not unanalyzed fixed structures memorized by the users; instead, two-part allegorical sayings are conceptual in nature, exhibiting multiple semantic operations among metaphor, metonymy, and knowledge frame (cf. Lakoff 1993, Kovecses and Radden 1998, Fillmore 1977, among others). This study aims to explore the nature of two-part allegorical sayings in Taiwanese Southern Min from cognitive semantics point of view, focusing on the derivations of the intended meaning. We modify Geeraerts' classification model (1995) and Ruiz de Mendoza’s (2003) model of interaction types in analyzing idioms to account for the data and find twenty-two types of derivation under four major categories with twelve variations and twelve subvariations. The result shows that all two-part allegorical sayings are motivated with three stages of derivation as the common schema. Furthermore, metonymy is very pervasive in two-part allegorical sayings in Taiwanese Southern Min where all of the four types involve metonymy. Comparing with metaphor, metonymy plays a much more important role in the meaning derivation of the two-part allegorical sayings.