This research analyses some of the slang expressions with the meaning ‘to die’ found in Dictionary of Modern Slang with regard to metaphor and metonymy and whether they have been active when creating the identified slang expressions. It further examines the frequency of these expressions in a large language corpus, and identifies the processes involved in the most frequent expressions. The main findings show that the domain ‘departure’ is the most frequent domain for metaphorical conceptualizations of dying, which suggests that death, like life, can be viewed as a journey. One can speculate that this metaphorical mapping could go back to religious origin, where death is not seen as the end. Several of the expressions are still used within the English language, and the most frequent expressions in the corpus were metonymic in nature and have developed into idiomatic phrases, which are frozen in form.

The main topic of my dissertation is exploitation of metaphor and metonymy in current argot of Parisian suburbs. The paper defines metaphor, metonymy and synecdoche (special type of metonymy). It also describes the term argot and analyses present argot French on Parisian suburbs from social-linguistic perspective. In the end based on available sources my work analyses lexical units in argot created by means of metaphor and metonymy and describes in detail the process of relevant semantic change.

SILVA, Pedro Henrique Sousa da. O discurso de torcedores vítimas da violência no futebol à luz da teoria dos sistemas adaptativos complexos e da teoria da integração conceitual: em busca da emergência de metáforas e ou metonímias sistemáticas. 2013. 115f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza (CE), 2013. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-06-05T12:36:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_phssilva.pdf: 1783821 bytes, checksum: 3cb615b314568a9168c85b689125d28a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-06-05T13:42:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_phssilva.pdf: 1783821 bytes, checksum: 3cb615b314568a9168c85b689125d28a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-05T13:42:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_phssilva.pdf: 1783821 bytes, checksum: 3cb615b314568a9168c85b689125d28a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / The discourse can be seen as a complex adptive system, which adapts itself in function of the contextual needs interconnected into the discoursive flow. Each speaker contributes to the discourse in a complex, dynamic and dialogical way, through the historical, sociocultural and ontogenetical dimension, in which they insert themselves. Thus, metaphors and metonyms seem to emerge in the discourse from the interaction among conceptual and linguistic systems, considering a negotiation among the speakers. According to Cameron (2003, 2007, 2008), systematic metaphor can be understood as a web of linguistic metaphors or metonymys that are connected to the discoursive topics in the discourse. The systematic metaphor can also be considered as pattern or a conceptualization that emerge in the discourse by the interactions among the speakers. That conceptualization is ad hoc and stabilizes itself temporarily, emerging by interactions among various systems connected into the discourse, in which Cameron emphasizes the discoursive system and the cognitive system. However, Cameron does not specify which cognitive displays could have been used to emerge the conceptualization. In this sense, this research raises the hypothesis that systematic metaphor approach can explore the conceptualization of violence in the football only in the discoursive plan. The second hypothesis is that Blending Theory, from Fauconnier and Turner (2002, 2007), can clarify the gaps left by systematic metaphor in respect to the cognitive displays. It is also defended the hypothesis that the systematic metaphor can be seen as a systematic metonymy. The vision of Morin (2013) about system and its implications was considered to the last hypothesis. Beyond this, it was also considered what Weaver (1948), Mitchel (2009), Larsen-Freeman e Cameron (2008) talk about complex adaptive systems. In order to verify the mentioned hypothesis, it was used the focal group investigation technique. The group was composed by 06 football supporters who talk about violence in the football. The discourse was recorded in audio and video, then transcribed according to the procedures listed by Cameron et al. (2009). The research is qualitative. The data analysis was guided follow a interface that has converge: Complex Adaptive Theory and the metaphor-led discourse analysis approach (CAMERON, 2003, 2007, 2008; CAMERON et al. 2009; CAMERON; MASLEN, 2010) and Blending Theory (FAUCONNIER; TURNER, 2002) / A interação discursiva pode ser compreendida como sistema adaptativo complexo, de modo que adaptações ocorrem em função de variadas demandas contextuais interconectadas no fluxo discursivo. Cada interlocutor contribui com a interação, de forma complexa, sistemática e dialógica, através das dimensões socioculturais, históricas e ontogenética nas quais se insere. Nesse sentido, as metáforas e as metonímias presentes no fluxo discursivo parecem emergir a partir de uma negociação conceitual entre os interlocutores. Segundo Cameron (2003, 2007, 2008), a metáfora sistemática pode ser entendida como uma rede de metáforas linguísticas que emerge no fluxo discursivo, conectando-se a determinados tópicos discursivos, formando um padrão, ou seja, uma conceitualização que, ao emergir no e pelo discurso, alcança uma estabilidade temporária, sendo, portanto, fruto da interação entre diversos agentes e/ou subsistemas: pragmáticos, sociais, culturais, históricos e cognitivos. No entanto, Cameron não especifica que aparatos cognitivo-conceituais podem contribuir para a emergência da reportada conceitualização. Nesse sentido, este trabalho parte da hipótese de que a abordagem de metáforas sistemáticas pode dar conta da conceitualização da violência no futebol apenas no plano discursivo. A teoria da integração conceitual, de Fauconnier e Turner (2002, 2007) pode aclarar a base cognitivo-conceitual lacunada pelas metáforas sistemáticas, o que se configurou como uma hipótese desencadeada pela primeira. Também é defendida a hipótese de que a metáfora sistemática pode ser entendida, em certo aspecto, como metonímia sistemática. Para tanto, consideramos a visão de Morin (2013) no que diz respeito a sistema e suas implicações, bem como a perspectiva de Weaver (1948), Mitchel (2009), e, Larsen-Freeman e Cameron (2008) sobre sistemas adaptativos complexos. No intuito de verificar as mencionadas hipóteses, foi utilizada a técnica de investigação de grupo focal, formado por 06 torcedores que discutiram sobre violência no futebol. O discurso foi gravado em áudio e vídeo, depois transcrito segundo os procedimentos listados por Cameron et al. (2009). A pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa. Os dados são interpretados a partir de uma interface que converge: a Teoria dos Sistemas Adaptativos Complexos e a análise do discurso à luz da metáfora sistemática (CAMERON, 2003, 2007, 2008; CAMERON et al. 2009, CAMERON; MASLEN, 2010) e Teoria da Integração Conceitual (FAUCONNIER; TURNER, 2002).

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:39:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 450300 bytes, checksum: bc0c552406376935109201b04a65913e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Obsessional neurosis is a psychic structure which establishes, in its way, the very peculiar use of the signifier. It is then through the symptom, the obsessive subject search subjectivating while desiring. The symptom, for Lacan, as well as the unconscious is structured like a language and tries to hold in itself the unconscious desire, that is, the symptom speach of the subject's relation to his desire. The unconscious language declare by two processes, namely metaphor and metonymy, through signifying chain of the speaker. Considering the metonymy as one of the processes that underlies the language of the unconscious, and the symptom as one of their formations, we study how the metonymic process takes place in obsessional neurosis. Initially we begin of the relationship between psychoanalysis and linguistics, to be from this field of knowledge that Lacan, along with the Freudian assumptions, built his theory regarding the constitution of the subject and the hypothesis of the unconscious structured like a language. We also established theoretically in the structural linguistics of the linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, especially with regard to the concepts of linguistic system and the associative and syntagmatic relations. To illustrate this work, we use fragments of clinical cases published in the psychoanalytic literature as examples to demonstrate the theoretical concepts about metonymy in obsessional neurosis. / A neurose obsessiva é uma estrutura psíquica que estabelece, a seu modo, o uso muito peculiar do significante. É então pela via do sintoma, que o sujeito obsessivo busca se subjetivar enquanto desejante. O sintoma, para Lacan, assim como o inconsciente, é estruturado como uma linguagem, e procura apreender em si o desejo inconsciente, isto é, o sintoma fala da relação do sujeito com seu desejo. A linguagem do inconsciente se manisfeta por dois processos, a saber, metáfora e metonímia, através da cadeia significante do falante. Considerando a metonímia como um dos processos que fundamentam a linguagem do inconsciente, e o sintoma como uma das suas formações, estudamos de que maneira o processo metonímico se dá na neurose obsessiva. Inicialmente partimos da articulação entre psicanálise e linguística, por ser a partir deste campo do saber, que Lacan, juntamente com os pressupostos freudianos, construiu sua teoria a respeito da constituição do sujeito e da hipótese do inconsciente estruturado como uma linguagem. Nos fundamentamos teoricamente também na linguística estrutural do linguista Ferdinand de Saussure, principalmente no que diz respeito aos conceitos de sistema linguístico e das relações sintagmáticas e associativas. Para ilustrar esse trabalho, utilizamos fragmentos de casos clínicos publicados na literatura psicanalítica, como exemplos para demonstrar os conceitos teóricos a respeito da metonímia na neurose obsessiva.

Com o intuito de explicitar a relação entre metáfora e cultura, esta investigação aborda universalidade e variação na conceitualização metafórica e metonímica de felicidade. A análise é realizada a partir de dados coletados em entrevistas realizadas em Antônio Prado (RS) com 20 sujeitos ítalo-brasileiros e luso-brasileiros. Os resultados apontam tanto a universalidade quanto a variabilidade de conceitos metafóricos e metonímicos, revelando a forte ligação entre felicidade e aspectos culturais como família, trabalho e religião. A dimensão étnica não se mostrou significativa na variação, ficando encoberta pela dimensão social. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-13T19:34:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Morgana Rossetti.pdf: 926184 bytes, checksum: c1464d709c47c7fc1882da9f50b5f328 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-13T19:34:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Morgana Rossetti.pdf: 926184 bytes, checksum: c1464d709c47c7fc1882da9f50b5f328 (MD5) / Aiming at specifying the relation between metaphor and culture, this investigation approaches universality and variation in the metaphorical and metonymyal conceptualization of happiness. The analysis is made from data collected in interviews hold in Antônio Prado (RS), with 20 italian-brazilian and portuguese-brazilian people. The results point to both universality and variability of metaphorical and metonymyal concepts, revealing a strong connection between happiness and cultural aspects like family, work, and religion. The study shows that the ethnical dimension is not outstanding in variation, and is covered up by social dimension.

Cette étude porte sur l’inscription physique et symbolique des mains dans le système grammatical et conceptuel de l’anglais. Une attention particulière a été portée au rôle des mains dans les conceptualisations métonymique et métaphorique de notions plus ou moins abstraites. De façon plus générale se pose la question du rôle des mains (physique et symbolique) dans l’organisation interne de la langue et l’expression de la pensée. Pour répondre à cette question, une étude quantitative du corpus écrit British National Corpus (BNC) a été faite, dans lequel des morphèmes polysémiques évoquant les parties et mouvements du corps ont été classés, en confrontant leurs utilisations littérales, métonymiques et métaphoriques. Notre recherche a permis d’explorer l’hypothèse d’un “corps symbolique de la cognition” (Lapaire 2008) opérant sur des matières et des espaces abstraits, avec des mains imaginaires. Elle a aussi permis d’explorer la manière dont la conceptualisation métonymique et métaphorique de ces morphèmes “fonctionne”, en “décomposant” le sens conceptuel de ces derniers. Les effets grammaticaux qu’entrainent une telle utilisation conceptuelle ont également été analysés. La grammaticalisation (Traugott 2000) permet de montrer comment les parties du corps et leurs activités prototypiques sont intégrées aux systèmes grammaticaux. Ces derniers ne sont pas autonomes, la grammaire inscrivant dans ces formes l’expérience physico-culturelle de l’environnement. / This study treats the presence of physical and symbolical hands in the grammar and the conceptual structures of English. The role of the hands in the metonymical and metaphorical conceptualization of more or less abstract notions will be highlighted. More generally, this raises the question as to what the role of the hands (physical and symbolical) is in the structures of the English language and in thought. To answer this question, a quantitative study of mostly the written British National Corpus (BNC), has been made, in which polysemous terms relating to body parts and body part movements, have been searched and classified according to their literal, metonymic, and metaphorical uses. This research study will allow for the exploration of the hypothesis of the Idealized Body of Cognition (Lapaire 2008), which works on abstract materials and spaces with imaginary hands. It will also allow for an exploration of the way conceptualization of the body works by “decomposing” its meaning. The consequences such conceptualized uses of the body may have in grammar will also be explored. Grammaticalization (Traugott 2000) will show how body parts and their prototypical activities may be integrated in grammatical systems. This latter are not autonomous, inscribing in their forms the physico-cultural experience of the environment. / Questo studio tratta della presenza della mani, fisiche e/o simboliche, nella grammatica e nelle strutture concettuali della lingua Inglese, in particolare, saranno evidenziate le loro concettualizzazioni metonimiche e metaforiche, più o meno astratte. In generale, si tratta di analizzare il ruolo delle mani (fisiche e simboliche) nelle strutture della lingua Inglese e nel pensiero. A tal fine, lo studio si è basato su una ricerca quantitativa della British National Corpus (BNC) che ha classificato i termini polisemici riguardanti parti del corpo ed i relativi movimenti, a secondo del loro uso letterale, metonimico o metaforico. Questo studio si pone come obiettivo quello di esplorare l’ipotesi di un corpo simbolico della cognizione (Idealized Body of Cognition, Lapaire 2008) che agisce su materiali e spazi astratti con “mani immaginarie”. Non solo, ma anche di esplorare la maniera, in cui la concettualizzazione del corpo “funziona”, “scomponendo” questo senso concettuale, fino ad indagare sulle conseguenze che tali usi concettuali del corpo hanno nella grammatica. La grammaticalizzazione (Traugott 2000) mostrerà come parti del corpo e le loro prototipiche attività possono essere integrati nei sistemi grammaticali, quest’ultimi non sono autonomi e inscrivono nelle loro forme l’esperienza fisico-culturale dell’ambiente.

This study revolves around the different underlying metaphorical or metonymical structures of three specific idioms, one English, one Swedish and one German, but with equivalent semantics. The structure of the source and target domains was analysed, as well as the mapping from source to target. The lexical features and the cognitive concepts involved were analysed as well. The method used for this study was an analysis based on cognitive linguistics and conceptual metaphor theory. The result shows a structure of conceptual metaphor within the English and German idioms: making a small entity into a big entity is exaggeration. The Swedish idiom consists of a conceptual metaphor but with a metonymic structure: the part for the whole is exaggeration. The result also suggests a difference in meaning of the definitions of the idioms, indicating that the form of exaggeration varies depending on which idiom is used.

Three idiom pairs were analysed in order to identify which conceptual motivation, in the form of metaphors, metonymies, embodied motivations and conventional knowledge, were present. Each pair had one Swedish- and one English idiom. They had a similar semantic meaning and they both contained a lexical word for a body part – but not the same body part. The aim was to find out how the idioms could have a similar semantic meaning without having the same structure and the same words. The aim was the research questions were answered by analysing the idiom pairs from a cognitive linguistic perspective. The result of the study showed there are cognitive and conceptual motivations for the underlying process, which makes people understand the idioms in a similar way. The reason for why the Swedish and the English idioms used different words for body parts seems to have been the notion of embodiment and of cultural and conventional knowledge. The different words for the body parts did not seem to affect the semantic similarity of the idiom pair.

nÃo hà / A interaÃÃo discursiva pode ser compreendida como sistema adaptativo complexo, de modo que adaptaÃÃes ocorrem em funÃÃo de variadas demandas contextuais interconectadas no fluxo discursivo. Cada interlocutor contribui com a interaÃÃo, de forma complexa, sistemÃtica e dialÃgica, atravÃs das dimensÃes socioculturais, histÃricas e ontogenÃtica nas quais se insere. Nesse sentido, as metÃforas e as metonÃmias presentes no fluxo discursivo parecem emergir a partir de uma negociaÃÃo conceitual entre os interlocutores. Segundo Cameron (2003, 2007, 2008), a metÃfora sistemÃtica pode ser entendida como uma rede de metÃforas linguÃsticas que emerge no fluxo discursivo, conectando-se a determinados tÃpicos discursivos, formando um padrÃo, ou seja, uma conceitualizaÃÃo que, ao emergir no e pelo discurso, alcanÃa uma estabilidade temporÃria, sendo, portanto, fruto da interaÃÃo entre diversos agentes e/ou subsistemas: pragmÃticos, sociais, culturais, histÃricos e cognitivos. No entanto, Cameron nÃo especifica que aparatos cognitivo-conceituais podem contribuir para a emergÃncia da reportada conceitualizaÃÃo. Nesse sentido, este trabalho parte da hipÃtese de que a abordagem de metÃforas sistemÃticas pode dar conta da conceitualizaÃÃo da violÃncia no futebol apenas no plano discursivo. A teoria da integraÃÃo conceitual, de Fauconnier e Turner (2002, 2007) pode aclarar a base cognitivo-conceitual lacunada pelas metÃforas sistemÃticas, o que se configurou como uma hipÃtese desencadeada pela primeira. TambÃm à defendida a hipÃtese de que a metÃfora sistemÃtica pode ser entendida, em certo aspecto, como metonÃmia sistemÃtica. Para tanto, consideramos a visÃo de Morin (2013) no que diz respeito a sistema e suas implicaÃÃes, bem como a perspectiva de Weaver (1948), Mitchel (2009), e, Larsen-Freeman e Cameron (2008) sobre sistemas adaptativos complexos. No intuito de verificar as mencionadas hipÃteses, foi utilizada a tÃcnica de investigaÃÃo de grupo focal, formado por 06 torcedores que discutiram sobre violÃncia no futebol. O discurso foi gravado em Ãudio e vÃdeo, depois transcrito segundo os procedimentos listados por Cameron et al. (2009). A pesquisa à de natureza qualitativa. Os dados sÃo interpretados a partir de uma interface que converge: a Teoria dos Sistemas Adaptativos Complexos e a anÃlise do discurso à luz da metÃfora sistemÃtica (CAMERON, 2003, 2007, 2008; CAMERON et al. 2009, CAMERON; MASLEN, 2010) e Teoria da IntegraÃÃo Conceitual (FAUCONNIER; TURNER, 2002). / The discourse can be seen as a complex adptive system, which adapts itself in function of the contextual needs interconnected into the discoursive flow. Each speaker contributes to the discourse in a complex, dynamic and dialogical way, through the historical, sociocultural and ontogenetical dimension, in which they insert themselves. Thus, metaphors and metonyms seem to emerge in the discourse from the interaction among conceptual and linguistic systems, considering a negotiation among the speakers. According to Cameron (2003, 2007, 2008), systematic metaphor can be understood as a web of linguistic metaphors or metonymys that are connected to the discoursive topics in the discourse. The systematic metaphor can also be considered as pattern or a conceptualization that emerge in the discourse by the interactions among the speakers. That conceptualization is ad hoc and stabilizes itself temporarily, emerging by interactions among various systems connected into the discourse, in which Cameron emphasizes the discoursive system and the cognitive system. However, Cameron does not specify which cognitive displays could have been used to emerge the conceptualization. In this sense, this research raises the hypothesis that systematic metaphor approach can explore the conceptualization of violence in the football only in the discoursive plan. The second hypothesis is that Blending Theory, from Fauconnier and Turner (2002, 2007), can clarify the gaps left by systematic metaphor in respect to the cognitive displays. It is also defended the hypothesis that the systematic metaphor can be seen as a systematic metonymy. The vision of Morin (2013) about system and its implications was considered to the last hypothesis. Beyond this, it was also considered what Weaver (1948), Mitchel (2009), Larsen-Freeman e Cameron (2008) talk about complex adaptive systems. In order to verify the mentioned hypothesis, it was used the focal group investigation technique. The group was composed by 06 football supporters who talk about violence in the football. The discourse was recorded in audio and video, then transcribed according to the procedures listed by Cameron et al. (2009). The research is qualitative. The data analysis was guided follow a interface that has converge: Complex Adaptive Theory and the metaphor-led discourse analysis approach (CAMERON, 2003, 2007, 2008; CAMERON et al. 2009; CAMERON; MASLEN, 2010) and Blending Theory (FAUCONNIER; TURNER, 2002)

Com o intuito de explicitar a relação entre metáfora e cultura, esta investigação aborda universalidade e variação na conceitualização metafórica e metonímica de felicidade. A análise é realizada a partir de dados coletados em entrevistas realizadas em Antônio Prado (RS) com 20 sujeitos ítalo-brasileiros e luso-brasileiros. Os resultados apontam tanto a universalidade quanto a variabilidade de conceitos metafóricos e metonímicos, revelando a forte ligação entre felicidade e aspectos culturais como família, trabalho e religião. A dimensão étnica não se mostrou significativa na variação, ficando encoberta pela dimensão social. / Aiming at specifying the relation between metaphor and culture, this investigation approaches universality and variation in the metaphorical and metonymyal conceptualization of happiness. The analysis is made from data collected in interviews hold in Antônio Prado (RS), with 20 italian-brazilian and portuguese-brazilian people. The results point to both universality and variability of metaphorical and metonymyal concepts, revealing a strong connection between happiness and cultural aspects like family, work, and religion. The study shows that the ethnical dimension is not outstanding in variation, and is covered up by social dimension.