本論文應用隱喻與轉喻之理論觀點，探討台灣客語分類詞諺語之認知語意機制如何運作。首先，根據Kövecses and Radden (1998) 從認知語言學角度所提出的轉喻理論，分析台灣客語分類詞諺語中的轉喻類型。接著，本論文分析台灣客語分類詞諺語中隱喻機制的運作，結果發現普遍而言，隱喻都是以轉喻為基礎。此外，本研究針對Radden (2003) 所提出以轉喻為基礎的隱喻之四種來源分類提出修正。 除了呈現認知語意機制，文化制約之世界普遍性及台灣客家文化之特殊性也在台灣客語分類詞諺語中展現出來。最後，透過Lakoff and Turner (1989) 所提出的生命物種之大鏈隱喻，我們了解諺語所表達的最終概念是以人為中心，而且諺語通常帶有勸世的功能。簡言之，本論文藉由探討認知語意機制如何在台灣客語分類詞諺語中運作，呈現人類認知過程以及展現台灣客家文化。 / This thesis aims to explore how the cognitive mechanisms are operated in the classifiers and measure words in Taiwanese Hakka proverbial expressions, in particular metonymy, the interaction between metaphor and metonymy, idiomaticity, and cultural constraints. Since human conceptual system is fundamentally metaphorical in nature, classifiers, representing conceptual classification of the world, are found to manifest metonymically and metaphorically. First, based on the metonymic relationships proposed by Kövecses and Radden (1998), cases involving metonymy are carefully spelled out. Then, cases involving the interaction between metaphor and metonymy are elaborated. The metaphors activated in these cases are generally grounded in metonymy, which evidences that metaphors generally have a metonymic basis (Radden 2003). Apart from displaying cognitive mechanisms, the classifier/measure word proverbial expressions in Taiwanese Hakka exhibit Taiwanese Hakka-specific cultural constraints and near universality in conceptual metaphors (Kövecses 2002). Cases which are more specific to Taiwanese Hakka are semantically more opaque whereas cases which are more near universal are semantically more transparent (Gibbs 1995). Furthermore, through the GREAT CHAIN METAPHOR proposed by Lakoff and Turner (1989), we know that all the proverbial expressions are ultimately concerned about human beings. Moreover, proverbial expressions tend to carry pragmatic-social functions, conveying exhortations. In brief, the cognitive mechanisms of metonymy as well as the interaction between metaphor and metonymy are pervasively found in classifier/measure word proverbial expressions in Taiwanese Hakka. Through unraveling the conceptual mechanisms associated with classifiers and measure words in Taiwanese Hakka proverbial expressions, this study betters our understanding of human cognition in general and Taiwanese Hakka culture in particular.

The aim of this thematic study is to examine how the water motif is used in Marguerite Duras’s literary work. The study shows that water has multiple functions in these texts: it is linked to major themes and creates an enigmatic atmosphere by its association with the unknown, the inexplicable and the unconscious. The strong presence of water in Duras’s texts is striking. References to the water element can be found in several titles throughout her career, from early works such as Un barrage contre le Pacifique (1950) to La mer écrite (1996), published just after her death. Almost all of her fiction take place near water – and the rain or the sound of waves serve as leitmotifs in specific novels. The water motif can play a metonymic as well as a metaphoric role in the texts and it sometimes takes on human or animalistic characteristics (Chapter 4). Several emblematic Durassian characters (e.g. the beggar-woman, Anne-Marie Stretter and Lol V. Stein) have a close relationship to water (Chapter 5). The water motif is linked to many major Durassian themes, and illustrates themes with positive connotations, for example, creation, fecundity, maternity, liberty and desire, as well as themes with negative connotations such as destruction and death (Chapter 6). A close reading of three novels, La vie tranquille (1944), L’après-midi de Monsieur Andesmas (1962) and La maladie de la mort (1982), shows that the realism of the first novel is replaced by intriguing evocations of the sea and the pond in the second text, motifs which resist straightforward interpretation. The enigmatic feeling persists in the last novel, in which the sea illustrates the overall sombre mood of the story (Chapter 7). Finally, the role of the water element in psychoanalytic theory is discussed (Chapter 8), and a parallel is drawn between the Jungian concept of the mother archetype and the water motif in Duras’s texts. The suggestion is made in this last chapter that water is used to illustrate an oriental influence (Taoist or Buddhist) of some of the female characters in Duras’s work.

本研究旨在探究有關「思考｣ 的中文辭彙，藉以一窺人類思考過程的全貌，並進一步透過隱喻與轉喻等認知語意機制 (參看Kövecses and Radden 1998, Lakoff 1993, Ruiz de Mendoza 2000, Diez Velasco’s 2003等人之論著)，分析人類思考過程的中文辭彙體現。 首先，我們修改認知心理學中所提的訊息處理模型 (參看Palmer and Kimchi 1986, Sternberg 1969, and Neisser 1967等人之論著)，根據修改過後的模型，得到人類思考過程的中文辭彙體現可分為七種類型。在進一步分析後發現，有關「思考｣ 的中文辭彙所牽涉的認知語意機制包括Lakoff (1993)提出的隱喻類型，Kövecses & Radden (1998)及Diez Velasco’s (2003)提出的轉喻類型，及Ruiz de Mendoza (2003)所提出來的隱喻和轉喻的交互模式，而本研究另外發現需透過三重轉喻及兩個新的隱喻和轉喻的交互模式才能完整建立起人類思考過程的中文辭彙體現的字面語意與其象徵語意之間的連結。 / In this study, we intend to claim that the backstage cognition of thinking process, through linguistic manifestation, can be explicitly detected with six dynamic continuing stages. In addition, each stage reifies itself with linguistic expressions of concrete observable parts or organs of body, which in turn demonstrate that lexical manifestation of thinking is heavily based on such mechanisms as metaphor and metonymy. (cf. Kövecses and Radden 1998, Lakoff 1993, Ruiz de Mendoza 2000, Diez Velasco’s 2003). First of all, we refine the information processing model proposed in cognitive psychology (cf. Palmer and Kimchi 1986, Sternberg 1969, and Neisser 1967). Based on the refined model, the Mandarin lexical reification of thinking is claimed to fall into six stages corresponding to six types. A special case linking two or more stages is observed as the seventh type. Then, we probe into the linguistic data from the seven types of thinking. The analysis discovers that a full explanation of those linguistic data from the six stages of the thinking process requires the activation of some types of metaphor. We have also found metonymy provides mental access to thinking activities. As to the interaction of metonymy, the three types of double metonymy are not sufficient to account for the lexical manifestation of thinking. Triple metonymy also needs to be employed to explain the meaning derivations of the data. Finally, it is found that the three interaction models of metaphor and metonymy are insufficient to cover all the possible interactions of cognitive mechanisms behind the lexical manifestation of thinking in Mandarin. This study reveals two new interaction models not mentioned by Ruiz de Mendoza (2000).

本論文探討顏色詞「黑/烏」與「白」在台灣華語、台灣客語以及台灣閩南語中語意延伸之比較。黑與白是自然界中最原始的顏色，而在Berlin and Kay (1969) 的顏色發展歷程中處於第一階段。本文觀察顏色詞黑與白背後的認知機制，並藉此將語料分成原始意義、轉喻延伸、隱喻延伸和特殊例子這些類別來詳述。本研究發現有些隱喻延伸普遍地存在三個語言當中，有些則是某個語言特有的，而這些語言特定的顏色詞通常蘊含文化根源、發展成構式或從外語借用而來。 本文還運用Kövecses (2005) 隱喻中的文化因素來審視顏色詞黑與白。研究發現就跨語言層面而言，台灣華語發展出最多的隱喻延伸，台灣閩南語次之，而台灣客語最少。這顯示了台灣華語顏色詞的蓬勃發展跟該語言的文化、經濟或科技等活躍發展密切相關。此外，本文發現顏色詞黑大多為負面意義，而顏色詞白則多為非負面意義。顏色詞黑與白也發展出許多語意延伸的對立，例如神秘與明確、惡與善、違法與合法。 / This thesis explores the similarities and differences regarding color terms of black and white among TM, TH and TSM. Black and white are the two most fundamental colors in the natural world as designated at stage one in Berlin and Kay’s (1969) evolutionary sequence. We classify data into cognitive categories of prototypical meaning, metonymic extensions, metaphorical extensions and idiosyncratic examples, observe their corresponding lexicalization types (Packard 2000) and use Kövecses’ (2005) cultural factors in metaphor to examine them. The three languages all contain abundant data of prototypical meanings which refer to the physiologically visual color, black and white, the representative colors of human conceptual universals about night and day (Wierzbicka 1996, Goddard 1998). Via different ICM mechanisms (Kövecses and Radden 1998), the three languages develop diverse metonymic extensions. Besides, through the general metaphor ABSTRACT QUALITY IS PHYSICAL QUALITY (Goatly 2011), numerous attributes are conceptualized through the visual color black or white in metaphorical extensions. Some metaphorical extensions are universal across the three languages; some are language-specific because of cultural roots, fixed constructions or language borrowing. Idiosyncratic examples include arbitrary items and proverbial expressions. We also use Kövecses’ (2005) cultural factors in metaphor to observe the cross-cultural and within-culture dimensions. For the cross-cultural dimension, in terms of the source domain of color black or white among the three languages, TM develops the most prolific metaphorical extensions of color terms, TH has the least versatile generations, and the development of TSM color terms is in between. The complexity of TM color terms is closely related to the vivacity of cultural, economic or technological developments in that language. From the most primitive opposite of darkness and brightness, color terms of black and white also distinctively contrast with each other. The negative meanings of color terms black are proportionally dominant whereas the meanings of color terms white are mostly non-negative. Furthermore, color terms black and white reveal some evident oppositions in the metaphorical extensions such as mystery and clarity, viciousness and innocence and illegality and legality.

Abstract Language is a repertoire of culture and a powerful and versatile medium in communication. Idioms mirror human wisdom in the process of conceptualization of the world. Idioms have interlocked and grown into records of a community’s past culture. Idioms therefore constitute a rich, but at the same time elusive, area of cross-cultural exchanges. Idioms reflect the colour and variety of human social activities, and so play an important role in the linguistic ontologization of emotions. The vocabulary of emotions has been the object of intensive investigations in many languages, but bibliographical exploration reveals that idioms as a component of the lexicon are not yet part of the main field of theoretical interest. In particular, while there have been studies of idioms of emotion in English, there have been few on emotion idioms in Vietnamese, and very few systematic investigations of emotion idioms (EIs) across English and Vietnamese. Hence, our linguistic study of the conceptualization of emotions in English and Vietnamese will significantly contribute to the development of this research domain with data from a language other than English. The study undertakes a contrastive investigation of idioms that express the seven basic emotional concepts of HAPPINESS, SADNESS, ANGER, DISGUST, LOVE, FEAR, and DESIRE in English and Vietnamese. There are three foci: (1) similarities and differences in formal structure between the EIs in English and Vietnamese; (2) similarities and differences in semantics between such idioms; and (3) an investigation of the patterning and regularities of the established similarities and differences between the EIs in the two languages. To the end, we have conducted a hand search approach of the dictionaries in both languages, which has enabled the establishing of a corpus of 1065 entries (603 for English and 462 for Vietnamese). As regards the formal structure, the study sets up the lexicogrammatical frames for the canonical forms and variation patterns of the idioms, and interrelates quantitatively and quantitatively the relationship of the idioms’ variant form vis-à-vis the canonical form. In light of the findings, the study has shown that a high level of canonicity is observed in the idioms in both English and Vietnamese. In general, they conform to a restricted number of construction types: verbal, nominal, adjectival, prepositional, and sentential. Nevertheless, many other idioms permit variable flexibility in their composition: the substitutability of their component parts, insertion of lexical items, and some variation in syntactic patterning. For the idioms which are logged as canonical and variant, we have suggested rules to cover the patterns. As regards the semantic features of the idioms, the study is substantially reliant on the theory of conceptual metaphor (CMT) and metonymy, as first developed by Lakoff & Johnson (1980), to analyze the data. The data analysis leads to the discovery of conceptual mappings/correspondences from the various source domains on to the target domains of emotions, which are very productive of idioms. An in-depth analysis of cross-linguistic and cross-cultural aspects in the idioms is provided to determine similarities and differences in terms of conceptualization of the emotions between the two languages. The contrastive analysis of idioms reported in the traditional literature is usually the comparison of idioms with body-part terms: e.g., mát mặt (‘cool face’) ‘HAPPINESS’ in Vietnamese; lose one’s head in English, animals: e.g., gầm như hổ đói (‘roar like tiger hungry’); go ape ‘ANGER’, and colours: e.g., đỏ mặt tía tai (‘red face purple ear’); blue in the face ‘ANGER’. The present analysis seeks greater explanatory depth and theoretical grounding in the framework of cognitive linguistics. We present the semantic patterning of the idioms, and the patterning in turn reveals how English and Vietnamese people talk about and structure the abstract conceptual domains (i.e., emotions) (Gibbs & Wilson, 2002). In light of the findings, this research has revealed both commonalities and differences in the conceptualization of the emotions in English and Vietnamese. The affinities are grounded in common bodily experiences. On the other hand, cross-cultural variations are also obvious. The most important conclusion that can be drawn for the study is that metaphors and metonymies involved in emotion-expressing idioms are not only heavily subject to physiological basis (Solomon, 1984), but also to cultural influences on the basis of the cultural image schemas (Dobrovol'skij & Piirainen, 2006; Emanatian, 1995; Geeraerts & Grondelaers, 1995; Ungerer, 1993). The thesis also presents implications concerning the linguistic ontologization of emotions, and their application to second language learning and the translation of idioms.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:43:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 4066363 bytes, checksum: 7e3dcc20bd5c6f7639399527d6cdab3f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work presents a description of the conceptual metaphors and metonymy recurrent in chronicles by Luis Fernando Verissimo, and the identification of possible inferences in understanding their metaphorical and metonymic linguistic expressions from the mental models. Therefore, we used as theoretical reference two theories: the Theory of Concept Metaphor and Metonymy (cf. Lakoff & Johnson, (1987, 2002 [1980], 2003 and others) and the Theory of Mental Models (cf. Van Dijk, (2012 [2008]). Our research, descriptive, consists of 31 chronicles present in the books Amor Veríssimo , Comédias da Vida Privada e Comédias da Vida Pública which show examples of situations we experience in two different and opposite contexts: private life and public life. First, we identified the metonymic and metaphorical linguistic expressions present in the texts. Then, we checked the metonymy and metaphor underlying these expressions. Finally, we investigated the possible inferences in understanding these linguistic expressions from the mental models. With the results, we confirmed our hypothesis that the updates of metaphors and metonymy portrayed in the investigated chronicles remit to mental models that lead to the understanding of the discursive aspects and hence the generation of the meaning of these chronicles. / Este trabalho apresenta uma descrição das metáforas e metonímias conceptuais recorrentes em crônicas de Luis Fernando Veríssimo, bem como a identificação das inferências possíveis na compreensão das respectivas expressões linguísticas metafóricas e metonímicas a partir dos modelos mentais. Para tanto, utilizamos como referencial teórico duas teorias: a Teoria da Metáfora e da Metonímia Conceptuais (cf. Lakoff & Johnson, (1987, 2002 [1980], 2003 e outros) e a Teoria dos Modelos Mentais (cf. Van Dijk, (2012 [2008]). Nossa pesquisa, de natureza descritiva, é constituída de 31 crônicas contidas nos livros Amor Veríssimo , Comédias da Vida Privada e Comédias da Vida Pública , que retratam exemplos de situações que vivenciamos em dois contextos distintos e opostos: a vida privada e a vida pública. Primeiramente, identificamos as expressões linguísticas metonímicas e metafóricas existentes nos textos. Em seguida, verificamos as metonímias e as metáforas subjacentes a essas expressões. Por fim, investigamos as possíveis inferências na compreensão dessas expressões linguísticas a partir dos modelos mentais. Com os resultados encontrados, confirmamos a nossa hipótese de que as atualizações de metáforas e metonímias conceptuais retratadas nas crônicas investigadas remetem a modelos mentais que levam à compreensão dos aspectos discursivos e, consequentemente, à geração do sentido dessas crônicas.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-06-14T11:46:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 1322019 bytes, checksum: 7f8c2c5383c626c462463e475ed417e8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-14T11:46:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 1322019 bytes, checksum: 7f8c2c5383c626c462463e475ed417e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This theoretical basic research develops into an interface between linguistics and psychoanalysis trying to analyse the movements of the unconscious in irony-language-truth joint. Therefore it was attempted to observe in Saussure from the conception of language as a system of signs, the production of meanings such as constitution of truths through the notion of arbitrary, linguistic value and mainly of syntagmatic relations and associations – by Lacanian psychoanalysis which attempted to analyse the production of meaning in metaphor and metonymy movements that resulted on the initiation of unconscious movements. Finally, it was sought to systematize with emphasis on structure’s perspective the production of meanings in the two theories, taking irony as theme of the reflections. It can be deduced that the language operation mode described by Saussure resembles the operation of the unconscious described by Lacan, as movement’s meanings, truths, movements that keep their specificities remaining therefore distinct thou. Consequently, this research provides subsidies for both psychoanalysis and for the language in search of what can be assumed to each other. / Essa pesquisa de base teórica se desenvolve em uma interface entre linguística e psicanálise, buscando analisar os movimentos do inconsciente na articulação ironia-linguagem-verdade. Para tanto, buscou-se observar na linguística saussuriana, a partir da concepção de língua como um sistema de signos, a produção de sentidos, como constituição de verdades, através da noção de arbitrário, de valor linguístico e, principalmente, das relações sintagmáticas e associativas; pela psicanálise lacaniana, buscou-se analisar a produção de sentidos nos movimentos de metáfora e metonímia, como movimentos formadores do inconsciente. Por fim, buscou-se sistematizar, sob o olhar da estrutura, a produção de sentidos nas duas teorias, tomando a ironia como fio condutor das reflexões. Pode-se deduzir que o modo de funcionamento da língua, descrito por Saussure, assemelha-se ao modo de funcionamento do inconsciente descrito por Lacan, como movimentos constituidores de sentidos, de verdades, embora sejam movimentos que guardam suas especificidades, permanecendo, portanto, distintos. Espera-se, portanto, com essa pesquisa fornecer subsídios tanto para a psicanálise quanto para a linguística, na busca do que pode dizer uma para a outra.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:44:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2541438 bytes, checksum: 3021b7eac444d5cb5c5fef224aa0a913 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation proposes to sketch a historical, aesthetic and literary framework of the Aldravismo, a literary and artistic movement developed in the region of the Inconfidentes in the XXI century, in Mariana, Minas Gerais. Appearing in 2000, the Aldravismo explicit the proposition of poets who gathered to experience a way of provoking meaning without imposing the will of the author or disregarding the will of the reader, opening a possibility to produce something that could be complemented by the reader in the process of signification. Thus, it was born the proposition of Metonymic Literature , in which the producer presents a clue, a portion of what is represented and the reader/spectator is free to make up its complement of significance. The first part of this research develops a reflection on the historical context of the Aldravismo movement, pamphlets and newspapers from the pre-Aldravismo period to the consolidation of the movement (1995-2000). The second one traces the concept to interdiscursivity of the manifests published in the printed editions of the Jornal Aldrava Cultural (from 2000 to 2003) and on the book of base Aldravismo The literature of the subject (2002). The third one examines the literary production in newspapers published from 2000 to 2012, to explain the effectiveness of the concept of semiotic metonymy, i.e., the manner of its textual realization, in which a portion of something assumes significance of a totality, a hint that becomes discourse and a form that results from it. The analytical cycle of Aldravismo closes with the presentation of a new form of poetry the Aldravia , created in 2010 by poets of Mariana, consolidating the Aldravismo as a literary movement of the XXI century. / Esta Dissertação propõe traçar quadro histórico, estético e literário do Aldravismo; movimento literário e artístico que se desenvolveu na Região dos Inconfidentes, no século XXI, na cidade de Mariana, Minas Gerais. Surgido no ano de 2000, o Aldravismo explicita a proposta de poetas que se reuniram para experimentar uma forma de provocar significação sem impor a vontade do autor, nem desconsiderar a vontade do leitor, abrindo uma possibilidade de produção de algo que pudesse ser complementado pelo leitor, no processo de significação. Nascia a proposta de Literatura Metonímica, em que o produtor apresenta um indício, uma parcela da coisa representada e o leitor/espectador é livre para compor seu complemento de significação. A primeira parte desta pesquisa desenvolve reflexão sobre o contexto histórico do movimento aldravista,nos panfletos e jornais; do período pré-aldravista até a consolidação do movimento (1995-2000). A segunda traça o conceito de interdiscursividade dos manifestos publicados nas edições impressas do Jornal Aldrava Cultural (período: 2000 a 2003) e no livro de base Aldravismo A literatura do sujeito (2002). A terceira analisa a produção literária nos jornais publicados no período de 2000 a 2012, para explicitar a efetividade do conceito semiológico de metonímia, ou seja, o modo de sua realização textual, em que uma parcela de algo assume significação de uma totalidade, uma insinuação que se faz discurso e uma forma que se faz resultado. O ciclo analítico do Aldravismo se fecha com a apresentação da nova forma de poesia a aldravia, criada em 2010 pelos poetas de Mariana, consolidando, assim, o Aldravismo como o movimento literário do século XXI.

Submitted by MARCIA CRISTINA BOLDIM ASSIN null (marcia.assin@hotmail.com) on 2017-07-07T01:56:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao A Construção das Imagens no Processo de Leitura e Compreensão Textual - Marcia C B Assin.pdf: 2239534 bytes, checksum: a8c353ca1cb74de5b1adb5a1fceea997 (MD5) / Rejected by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: O arquivo submetido está sem a ficha catalográfica. O arquivo submetido não contém o certificado de aprovação. A versão submetida por você é considerada a versão final da dissertação/tese, portanto não poderá ocorrer qualquer alteração em seu conteúdo após a aprovação. Corrija estas informações e realize uma nova submissão com o arquivo correto. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2017-07-13T16:39:57Z (GMT) / Submitted by MARCIA CRISTINA BOLDIM ASSIN null (marcia.assin@hotmail.com) on 2017-07-18T02:09:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 A Construção das Imagens no Processo de Leitura e Compreensão Textual - Marcia C B Assin.pdf: 2374187 bytes, checksum: b8844d26ee51c055e81095df16bf9168 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-07-18T18:37:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 assin_mcb_me_arafcl.pdf: 2374187 bytes, checksum: b8844d26ee51c055e81095df16bf9168 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-18T18:37:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 assin_mcb_me_arafcl.pdf: 2374187 bytes, checksum: b8844d26ee51c055e81095df16bf9168 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-26 / Neste trabalho, propomos uma discussão sobre a presença das imagens, especialmente a metáfora e a metonímia nas redações de candidatos do vestibular da Fuvest e ENEM, assim como a ocorrência de imagens em uma proposta de redação. A motivação para esta pesquisa é identificar a presença desses processos nos textos produzidos pelos candidatos e como fornecer ao aluno recursos para que ele interprete uma proposta de texto metafórica e produza textos explorando a força argumentativa da metáfora e da metonímia. O corpus utilizado foi uma amostra com algumas redações da Fuvest e do ENEM. A pesquisa foi realizada sob a perspectiva da Linguística Cognitiva, especialmente, com ênfase nas operações mentais complexas como Leitura e Memória; Espaços Mentais; Categorização e Teoria dos Protótipos; Analogia; Metáfora e Metonímia; Integração Conceptual. / In this work, we propose a discussion about the presence of images, especially the metaphor and metonymy in compositions written by candidates of the Fuvest and ENEM tests, as well as the occurrence of images in a writing proposal. The motivation for this research is to identify the presence of these processes in the texts produced by the candidates and how to provide to the student resources for them to interpret a metaphorical proposal for the text and produce texts exploring the argumentative force of metaphor and metonymy. The corpus used was a sample with some writing from Fuvest and ENEM. The research was carried out from the perspective of Cognitive Linguistics, with especial emphasis on complex mental operations such as Reading and Memory; Mental Spaces; Categorization and Theory of Prototypes; Analogy; Metaphor and Metonymy; Conceptual Integration.

This essay researches metaphors and metonymy in motorsports language, mainly investigating strategies for translating the structural metaphors RACING is WAR and RACE POSITIONS are RESOURCES and analyzing the results through both a quantitative and qualitative approach. The material for the research was selected parts of former Formula 1 driver Mark Webber’s autobiography, Aussie Grit: My Formula One Journey (2016). For the translation, dictionaries and parallel texts were utilized, and several works on translation theory, such as Ingo (2007), Newmark (1988), and Lakoff & Johnson (2003) were consulted for both the translation and the following analysis. Research into similar metaphors in other sports (such as Shields & Bredemeier (2013) and Bergh & Ohlander (2012)) was analyzed for background on the phenomenon of structural metaphors in sports. The results show that metonyms are prevalent in motorsports language, and structural metaphors are also well established in both the SL and TL. Regarding metonyms, the parallel texts show that proper noun metonyms can be transferred directly. Most metonyms in the ST are of the PLACE for EVENT category (for example names of racetracks/countries used to reference whole races, and the podium being used to reference placing top three or winning). The metaphor structures are also found in the TL, meaning the intended images can largely be maintained without changing the author’s established structure of the source text. Most metaphors and metonyms can thus be translated literally, or with TL equivalents. Where expansions are necessary, the translator can safely fall back on the structures present in motorsports language to ensure a text a reader with previous knowledge of such language will understand.