S’appuyant sur les acquis des travaux en histoire de l’art sur le bâti roman lorrain, cette thèse revisite un certain nombre de sites à l’aune de problématiques archéologiques liées à l’art de bâtir. Quatorze monographies d’églises, abbatiales ou châteaux, et une centaine de sites explorés dans l’ancien diocèse de Toul, permettent d’appréhender l’exploitation des matériaux, essentiellement la pierre et le bois, et leur mise en œuvre à travers neuf thématiques inhérentes au chantier de construction : implanter, proportionner, extraire, tailler, assembler, maçonner, voûter, échafauder, couvrir. Ce travail met ainsi en valeur les savoir-faire des architectes, des carriers, des tailleurs de pierre, des maçons ou encore des charpentiers sur un patrimoine trop modeste pour avoir jusque-là attiré la réelle attention des chercheurs.Ce sujet n’a pas fait l’objet d’études conséquentes, pour le périmètre géographique et la période chronologique retenus. Nous avons mis en lumière des bâtiments dont le plan et la volumétrie, s’ils s’accordent bien avec les canons romans connus, peuvent varier d’un endroit à l’autre du territoire, avec des spécificités inhérentes aux pays du Toulois, du Saintois et du Vallage. Ces pays se distinguent par la densité des vestiges, ce qui témoigne de leur vitalité au cours du XIIe notamment, et par la qualité des ressources lithiques disponibles.L’examen des matériaux et de leurs lieux d’exploitation met en valeur une économie basée sur une économie souvent restreinte à un rayon de cinq kilomètres autour du chantier, à l’exception peut-être du sapin et de la chaux. Le recours aux analyses physico-chimiques complète le dispositif de recherche mis en place. Elles ont souvent permis de reconsidérer les datations proposées par les historiens de l’art, en vieillissant les édifices, quelquefois de plusieurs dizaines d’années.Il s’agit ici bien souvent des premières observations en archéologie du bâti menées sur ces édifices ruraux de faible volume ou sur des parties difficiles d’accès, qu’ils soient en ruine ou en fonction. À la lumière de ces explorations, un nouveau champ de recherche régional émerge, celui des usages du bois dans les maçonneries et les charpentes, dont il reste bien davantage de traces que supposé au début de l’enquête. D’une manière plus générale, nous constatons une évolution dans la technicité des chantiers, et leur rationalisation, qui touche en premier lieu les édifices religieux réguliers dès la fin du XIe siècle, avant de s’étendre à la construction castrale au cours du XIIe siècle, puis aux petites églises de campagne à la fin de la période. Dans une perspective identique, nous démontrons que les savoir-faire locaux sont plus facilement utilisés que les grandes notions de l’architecture développées sur des bâtiments plus prestigieux et dans des régions de centralité politique importante.Nous avons également voulu remettre l’Homme et son geste au centre du processus de construction. Sans délaisser les motivations et les conséquences dans le domaine édilitaire, nous avons travaillé essentiellement sur la technicité. Comment passe-t-on de la motivation (volonté édilitaire) à la conséquence (réception de l’ouvrage terminé) ? Plus que le point d’arrivée, c’est donc le chemin pour y parvenir qui a été au centre de nos préoccupations. Ainsi nous imaginons la position du tailleur de pierre, celle de sa main, le mouvement insufflé à l’outil percutant la matière ; comment s’organise une assise de parement et comment différentier la première pierre posée de la dernière ; comment répondre aux contraintes architectoniques ; comment développer l’échafaudage. Les particularismes locaux montrent un déplacement, plutôt contraint géographiquement, des ouvriers sur les chantiers au gré de l’ouverture de ceux-ci / Thanks to steps forward on art history regarding the Romanesque architecture in the Lorraine region, this thesis revisits a number of sites in terms of archaeological issues related to the art of building. Fourteen monographs of churches, abbeys or castles, plus a hundred or so sites explored in the ancient diocese of Toul, make it possible to understand the use of building materials, primarily stone and wood. This can be done along nine themes related to construction: how to define location, proportionate, extract, cut, assemble, build, vault, scaffold, cover. This work highlights the know-how of architects, quarrymen, stonecutters, masons or carpenters involved in projects that have been neglected as they are often too modest to attract the attention of researchers.In fact, this topic has not been so far the subject of substantial studies for the geographical area and the chronological period involved. We have highlighted buildings for which plan and volume vary from one place to the other, although they all fit well with the known Romanesque canons. Specificities are prevalent in the Toul area, the Saintois or the Vallage. They are distinguished first by the density of remains in comparison with the rest of the Lorraine. This testifies to the vitality of these three entities during the 12th century in particular. It seems also related to the lithic resources available in these sectors.Examination of the materials and locations of available resources in the area highlights an economy based on short distribution channels, whereas materials rarely come from more than five kilometers away from the construction site, with the possible exception of pine wood and mortar. Physico-chemical analyzes have completed the research. They have often made it possible to reconsider the datings proposed by art historians, aging the buildings by several tens of years.On the sites themselves, we often provide the first observations in the archeology of buildings carried out so far, especially for rural buildings of low volume or for parts of buildings which are difficult to access, either in ruin or still in use. In light of these explorations, a new field of research is emerging and has to extended: the use of wood in the masonry and the carpentry. More traces remain than thought of at the beginning of the investigation. In a more general way, we notice an evolution in the technicality of the building sites, and their rationalization, which encompasses first the religious buildings at the end of the 11th century, before extending to the castle construction during the 12th century, and later to the small country churches. From a similar perspective, we demonstrate that local know-how is more often used than grand architectural concepts developed on more prestigious buildings and in regions of more political importance.We have also taken special care to put the Man and his gesture back in the center of the construction process. Most of the time, studies in this area are concerned with motivations and consequences of an action, be it political, artistic or editorial. We have focused more on technicality. How to go from motivation (the will to build) to realization (reception of the finished work) ? More than the point of arrival, it is the process that has been at the center of our concerns. Thus, we can imagine the position of the stonecutter in front of his stone, the position of his hand, the movement he infuses to the tool. How to organize the facings and how to differentiate the first stone laid from the last? How to respond to architectural constraints ? How to develop the scaffolding ? Here again, certain local peculiarities have appeared, probably showing a movement of workers to the various sites according to the opening of the construction works. Finally, our work brings new heuristic tools to the attention of researchers making the reading of the wall facings less tedious and more rational

Durante a Idade Média, o homem português expressava sua fé de algumas formas. A peregrinação se constituía em uma dessas formas. Neste sentido, observamos um Mosteiro na região da Estremadura Castelhana, onde frades da Ordem de São Jerônimo guardavam uma imagem de Nossa Senhora de Guadalupe. Este Mosteiro foi alvo de peregrinação de simples portugueses, passando por membros de vários estratos sociais e até de um monarca, D. Afonso V. Para analisarmos esta peregrinação no século XV, utilizamos como fonte o Livro de Milagres do Mosteiro, onde os Jerónimos recolhiam os motivos da peregrinação e, assim, possuindo instrumentos para a divulgação do culto à virgem de Guadalupe. A análise da documentação leva-nos a descobrir aspectos da espiritualidade do português medieval, assim como também a observarmos que não somente de fé vivia a rota para o Mosteiro, visto que um jogo político igualmente fazia sua peregrinação. / During the Middle Age, portuguese man used to express their faith in many ways. Peregrination was one of theses ways. In this sense, we observed a Monastery located in the region of the Castilian Extremadura, in which friars of the Order of Saint Jerome kept an image of Saint Mary of Guadalupe. This Monastery was the target of peregrination of mere Portuguese man, members of different social classes and even a monarch, D. Afonso V. The analysis of XV century peregrination was based on the Book of Miracles of the Monastery, where hieronymites collected the reasons of the peregrination and, thus, had instruments to spread the cult to the virgin of Guadalupe. The analysis of the documentations reveals aspects of Portuguese man spirituality. We also observe that the route for the Monastery was not motivated only by faith, considering that the peregrination also constituted a political game.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A ideia da inferiorizaÃÃo da mulher tem sido disseminada nas civilizaÃÃes orientais e ocidentais. Tal concepÃÃo atingiu o seu Ãpice na Idade MÃdia, sobretudo, durante os sÃculos XIII e XIV, quando a Igreja CatÃlica controlava com severidade a vida social e religiosa dos cristÃos â em especial da mulher â respaldada nos dogmas religiosos atravÃs da InquisiÃÃo. Essa mentalidade misÃgina ganhou forÃa e adeptos e perdurou pelos sÃculos subsequentes, sendo residual na literatura de cordel contemporÃnea e perceptÃvel atravÃs da vivÃncia, do vocabulÃrio e das expressÃes usadas pelos cordelistas para descrever e retratar a mulher. O discurso literÃrio de carÃter popular tambÃm denota uma relaÃÃo de poder velada, na qual a mulher à rotulada de inferior e de pecadora. Cristalizado ao longo dos sÃculos, este pensamento chegou à contemporaneidade ocorrendo nas manifestaÃÃes literÃrias. Como a sociedade nordestina Ã, em grande parte, patriarcal e machista em suas raÃzes culturais, os quais sÃo refletidos e percebidos na produÃÃo da literatura popular em verso, quando os cordelistas constroem suas narrativas a partir de elementos sociais, culturais e religiosos, os quais remontam, geralmente, ao pensamento da Idade MÃdia. Pretende-se com este trabalho identificar, a partir da leitura e da anÃlise de cordÃis, a moral misÃgina e a construÃÃo das personagens femininas como resÃduos dessa mentalidade herdada do medievo, presentes nas narrativas populares. Para tanto, a Teoria da Residualidade, bem como os seus conceitos correlatos, a saber: Residualidade, CristalizaÃÃo, Mentalidade e Hibridismo Cultural, à a base condutora dessas anÃlises. ApÃs a anÃlise dos cordÃis, ficou claro que os termos e as expressÃes, bem como a moral religiosa, referentes ao universo feminino reforÃam e confirmam o pensamento dos clÃrigos medievais de que a origem do mal està na mulher, na sua essÃncia. Nesse contexto, o cordel configura-se como um instrumento de manutenÃÃo da ordem social e da preservaÃÃo da moral e dos bons costumes, segundo a mentalidade cristÃ. / The inferiorityÂs idea of women has been widespread in eastern and western civilizations. This design reached its apex in the Middle Ages, especially during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, when the Catholic Church severally controlled the social and religious life of Christians - especially women - backed by the religious tenets trough the Inquisition. That mentality misogynist supporters and gained strength and continued by subsequent centuries, being in the residual pulp fiction and contemporary perceptible through the experience, vocabulary and expressions used by cordelistas to describe and portray women. The popular character of literary discourse also denotes a relationship of power veiled in which the woman is labeled as inferior and sinful. Crystallized over the centuries, this thought came to the events taking place in contemporary literature. The BrazilÂs northeast is largely patriarchal and sexist in its cultural roots, which are observed in the production of popular literature in verse, when the cordelistas construct their narratives from the social, cultural and religious, which back, usually at the thought of the Middle Ages. The aim of this work was to identify, from the reading and analysis of cordage, misogynist morality and the construction of the female characters such as waste mentality inherited from the Middle Ages, found in popular narratives. Therefore, the Teoria da Residualidade, and its related concepts, namely: Residual, CristalizaÃÃo, Mentalidade and HibridaÃÃo Cultural is the basis of this analysis. After analyzing the cordÃis, it was clear that the terms and expressions, as well as religious morality, referring to the feminine reinforce and confirm the thinking of medieval clerics that the origin of evil lies with the woman, in essence. In this context, the line appears as an instrument for maintaining social order and the preservation of morals and morality, according to the Christian mentality.

Durante a Idade Média, o homem português expressava sua fé de algumas formas. A peregrinação se constituía em uma dessas formas. Neste sentido, observamos um Mosteiro na região da Estremadura Castelhana, onde frades da Ordem de São Jerônimo guardavam uma imagem de Nossa Senhora de Guadalupe. Este Mosteiro foi alvo de peregrinação de simples portugueses, passando por membros de vários estratos sociais e até de um monarca, D. Afonso V. Para analisarmos esta peregrinação no século XV, utilizamos como fonte o Livro de Milagres do Mosteiro, onde os Jerónimos recolhiam os motivos da peregrinação e, assim, possuindo instrumentos para a divulgação do culto à virgem de Guadalupe. A análise da documentação leva-nos a descobrir aspectos da espiritualidade do português medieval, assim como também a observarmos que não somente de fé vivia a rota para o Mosteiro, visto que um jogo político igualmente fazia sua peregrinação. / During the Middle Age, portuguese man used to express their faith in many ways. Peregrination was one of theses ways. In this sense, we observed a Monastery located in the region of the Castilian Extremadura, in which friars of the Order of Saint Jerome kept an image of Saint Mary of Guadalupe. This Monastery was the target of peregrination of mere Portuguese man, members of different social classes and even a monarch, D. Afonso V. The analysis of XV century peregrination was based on the Book of Miracles of the Monastery, where hieronymites collected the reasons of the peregrination and, thus, had instruments to spread the cult to the virgin of Guadalupe. The analysis of the documentations reveals aspects of Portuguese man spirituality. We also observe that the route for the Monastery was not motivated only by faith, considering that the peregrination also constituted a political game.

Decreased testosterone levels (hypogonadism) in middle-aged men (aged 45-64) has been associated with increased levels of depression. Studies have suggested that increases in anxiety and/or attention problems may also be associated with hypogonadism but have not provided empirical evidence to support these suggestions. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine depression, anxiety, and attention problems in middle-aged men using a psychological self-report inventory. The theoretical model used in this study was the biomedical model, which combined pharmacological treatment with psychological self-report inventories to determine if there was an association or relationship between the testosterone levels in men and the psychological distress experienced by men who have become hypogonadal. A total of 179 males were recruited through local physicians. There was a statistically significant difference and a small size effect in the level of depression, anxiety, and/or attention issues experienced by those who were receiving TRT versus those who were not. This study may provide some guidance to medical clinicians, such as psychiatrists, primary-care physicians, and endocrinologists, as well as clinical psychologists who see middle-aged men in their practice settings.

Thesis (M.D.S.)--University of Hong Kong, 1988. / Also available in print.

<p>Idag lever vi i en kultur där vi objektifierar våra kroppar och utseendet blir allt viktigare. Idealen är orealistiska och det kan leda till skamkänslor, kroppsmissnöje, depression och lägre självkänsla. Studien undersökte hur relationen mellan självobjektifierng och självkänsla ser ut hos medelålders kvinnor och män.  Enkätstudien omfattade 111 personer mellan 40 och 65 år. Av dessa var 68 kvinnor och 43 män. Som mätinstrument användes ”The Self-Objectification Questionnaire”, en skala som mäter självobjektifiering och ”Basic Self-esteem Scale” samt ”Earning Self-esteem Scale” som båda mäter självkänsla. Huvudfynden i studien var att det fanns könsskillnader och skillnad beroende på ålder vad gäller relationen mellan självobjektifiering och självkänsla. De äldre männen med högre nivå av självobjektifiering hade lägre bas-självkänsla än männen i den yngre åldersgruppen. För kvinnorna i den höga självobjektifieringsgruppen visades en lägre bas-självkänsla men högre förvärvad självkänsla</p>

The University of Gotland has between the years 2006-2011 conducted seminar excavations in Västergarn parish, Gotland. During this time 167 comb fragments have been registered. Out of these are 51 of importance for this study, since they are defined as either a single-sided composite comb or a comb case. The purpose of this thesis is to enlighten the earliest period in the history of Västergarn by focusing on the earliest forms of combs and their cases. And as the title expresses do the combs date to the Viking Age or the Middle Ages? The combs from the excavations will be compared to different type schemes, both Viking Age and Middle Age and different places in Scandinavia such as Lund, Oslo, Lödöse and Gotland. The conclusion of the analysis is that the combs from Västergarn are from the late 11th century to the early 13th century, during the Early Middle Age.

Idag lever vi i en kultur där vi objektifierar våra kroppar och utseendet blir allt viktigare. Idealen är orealistiska och det kan leda till skamkänslor, kroppsmissnöje, depression och lägre självkänsla. Studien undersökte hur relationen mellan självobjektifierng och självkänsla ser ut hos medelålders kvinnor och män.  Enkätstudien omfattade 111 personer mellan 40 och 65 år. Av dessa var 68 kvinnor och 43 män. Som mätinstrument användes ”The Self-Objectification Questionnaire”, en skala som mäter självobjektifiering och ”Basic Self-esteem Scale” samt ”Earning Self-esteem Scale” som båda mäter självkänsla. Huvudfynden i studien var att det fanns könsskillnader och skillnad beroende på ålder vad gäller relationen mellan självobjektifiering och självkänsla. De äldre männen med högre nivå av självobjektifiering hade lägre bas-självkänsla än männen i den yngre åldersgruppen. För kvinnorna i den höga självobjektifieringsgruppen visades en lägre bas-självkänsla men högre förvärvad självkänsla

Title: Research on middle-age worker¡¦s stressors and withdrawal behaviors Student: Tzu Hui Liao Advisor: Jin Feng Uen By the trend of decreasing baby-bust and early-retirement, the labor force structure has changed. Middle age and older workers will become increasingly prevalent in the work place. The impact of an aging workforce raises the height-light issues facing employees today. During the global economic crisis in 2008, there are many business enterprises chose to lay off employees massively or offer unpaid leaves. And the middle age and older workers are the main target. Thus, this worker issue has become more and more important. Attention is mainly given to the human resource policies which may impact middle age workers such as performance management, selection and training etc. Less research has focused on attitudes toward the elderly held by middle-aged adults themselves. The presence of ageism in our society is of mounting concern with regard to the changing demographic shape of the workforce. Governments and organizations have become interested in the middle-age worker on performance, training, in recent years. Middle-age worker has numerous life and working experiences, so their mental and physical attitudes may vary form the ones held by the freshmen in labor market. Therefore, this research aims to explore on middle-age workers and withdrawal behaviors in depth in order to development the best human resource practices.