Le glaucome représente la première cause de cécité irréversible à l’échelle mondiale. C’est une maladie neuro-dégénérative caractérisée traditionnellement par une pression intraoculaire (PIO) élevée, un dommage du nerf optique et un défaut du champ visuel correspondant. En fait, la PIO élevée constitue le facteur de risque central associé au développement du glaucome. Cependant, en dépit d’un contrôle adéquat de la PIO, la maladie continue à progresser chez certains patients. Cela montre qu’il existe d’autres facteurs impliqués dans la pathogenèse du glaucome. Des études récentes indiquent qu’un dérèglement de l’oxygène est associé à son développement. En utilisant une nouvelle technologie multi-spectrale capable de mesurer la saturation en oxygène (SaO2) dans les structures capillaires de la rétine, cette étude tentera de déterminer si un état d’oxygénation anormal pourrait se retrouver à la papille optique des patients souffrant de glaucome. Une meilleure compréhension du rôle de l’oxygène pourrait aider à améliorer le pronostic du glaucome. Les résultats de l’étude indiquent que le facteur de position (supérieure, temporale et inférieure de la papille optique) n’a aucun effet sur la mesure SaO2 ainsi que sa variabilité chez les patients normaux. La comparaison de la SaO2 entre les sujets normaux et glaucomateux ne montre pas de différence statistiquement significative. En conclusion, la SaO2 «normale» mesurée dans les yeux glaucomateux n'exclut pas nécessairement que l'hypoxie ne soit pas impliquée dans la pathogenèse. Au moment de l’étude, la PIO était bien contrôlée par des médicaments topiques, ce qui pourrait influencer l’oxygénation à la papille optique. / Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Traditionally, open-angle glaucoma was defined as a neurodegenerative disease characterized by high intraocular pressure (IOP), progressive retinal cell death with subsequent visual field loss. Elevated IOP has been identified as one of the major risk factors for glaucomatous optic nerve damage. However, adequate IOP control cannot prevent progression of the disease in all patients suggesting that there are other factors involved in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Recent studies suggest that hypoxia may contribute to the development of glaucoma. Using a new multi-spectral detection system of oxygen saturation (O2Sa), this study determined whether an abnormal state of oxygenation at the optic disc could be found in glaucoma patients. Knowledge about the influence of the oxygen in glaucoma may help to improve the pronostic of the disease. The results of the study indicate that the position factor (superior, temporal and inferior of the optic nerve head) has no effect on the measurement of O2Sa and its variability in normal patients. Comparing the O2Sa between normal subjects and glaucoma subjects shows no statistically significant difference. In conclusion, the «normal» O2Sa measured in glaucomatous eyes does not necessarily exclude that hypoxia is not involved in the pathogenesis of glaucoma because glaucoma patients were under treatment with topical drops that lowered IOP. These medicines could affect the oxygenation of the optic disc.

Aujourd'hui, les technologies de captation et de restitution sonore se développent dans le but de diffuser des scènes avec un rendu spatialisé. Avant leur diffusion, les extraits sonores peuvent être évalués en terme de qualité par des méthodes recommandées par I'Union lnternationale des Télécommunications (évaluation des codecs de compression, procédés de prise ou restitution sonore...). Cependant, ces standards d'évaluation montrent certaines faiblesses notamment en ce qui concerne les attributs de qualité à évaluer. La dimension spatiale n'est pas prise en compte spécifiquement. Dans ce travail, une méthodologie dédiée à l'évaluation de la qualité de I'audio spatialisé est mise en place notamment pour répondre aux biais identifiés. De par l'utilisation d'une catégorisation libre et d'une analyse multidimensionnelle, vingt-huit attributs ont été catégorisés en trois familles d'attributs : le Timbre, l'Espace et les Défauts. Ces trois attributs généraux ont été inclus dans un test d'écoute. Celui-ci se déroule en deux phases : l'évaluation de la qualité globale suivie de l'évaluation des trois attributs simultanément sur une même interface. Les tests sont réalisés sans référence explicite, le fichier original constitue une référence cachée. De plus, trois signaux audio, dit ancrages, spécifiques à chacun des trois attributs ont été définis puis superposés pour définir un ancrage unique triplement dégradé. La méthode a été testée à la fois sur un système de restitution au casque avec des contenus binauraux mais également sur un système multicanal 5.1. L'évaluation de stimuli de qualité intermédiaire est préconisée ainsi que des contenus présentant un effet spatial prononcé. L'évaluation multicritère a montré son intérêt dans certaines conditions et permet ainsi d'identifier les caractéristiques qui sont dégradées. Les attributs Défauts et Timbre ont montré un poids influant sur la qualité globale tandis que le poids de I'attribut Espace est plus discutable. / Nowadays, recording and restitution technologies focus on a spatial rendering of sound. Before their broadcast, the quality evaluation of sound excerpts is often necessary. Methods recommended by the international telecommunication union denote some weaknesses about sound attributes to be evaluated.For example, spatial dimension is barely taken into account. A methodology dedicated to the assessment of spatial audio quality is proposed in order to avoid some biases. With a free categorization and a multidimensional scaling, 28 attributes were clustered in three families '. Timbre, Space and Defecfs. These three categories were included in a listening test split into two sessions : first, the assessment of overall quality and then, the evaluation of the three categories presented simultaneously on a same interface.Tests were conducted without explicit reference, but, the original version was considered as a hidden reference. Moreover, three specific anchors, each one associated to dedicated categories, were defined and then were mixed to define a unique anchor impaired in three ways. The method was tested on a 5.1 system and on binaural contents with headphone restitution. lntermediate quality of contents is recommended as well as contents with relevant spatial effects. The interest of a multicriteria assessment is to identify which properties of sound are impaired. Linear regression shows that Defecfs and Timbre attributes have influential weight on overall quality while the weight of Space attribute is more dubious.

Cette thèse traite du traitement adaptatif spatio-temporel dans le domaine radar. Pour augmenter les performances en détection, cette approche consiste à maximiser le rapport entre la puissance de la cible et celle des interférences, à savoir le bruit thermique et le fouillis. De nombreuses variantes de cet algorithme existent, une d’entre elles est fondée sur une modélisation autorégressive vectorielle des interférences. Sa principale difficulté réside dans l’estimation des matrices autorégressives à partir des données d’entrainement ; ce point constitue l’axe de notre travail de recherche. En particulier, notre contribution porte sur deux aspects. D’une part, dans le cas où l’on suppose que le bruit thermique est négligeable devant le fouillis non gaussien, les matrices autorégressives sont estimées en utilisant la méthode du point fixe. Ainsi, l’algorithme est robuste à la distribution non gaussienne du fouillis.D’autre part, nous proposons une nouvelle modélisation des interférences différenciant le bruit thermique et le fouillis : le fouillis est considéré comme un processus autorégressif vectoriel, gaussien et perturbé par le bruit blanc thermique. Ainsi, de nouvelles techniques d'estimation des matrices autorégressives sont proposées. La première est une estimation aveugle par bloc reposant sur la technique à erreurs dans les variables. Ainsi, l’estimation des matrices autorégressives reste robuste pour un rapport faible entre la puissance de la cible et celle du fouillis (< 5 dB). Ensuite, des méthodes récursives ont été développées. Elles sont fondées sur des approches du type Kalman : filtrage de Kalman étendu et filtrage par sigma point (UKF et CDKF), ainsi que sur le filtre H∞.Une étude comparative sur des données synthétiques et réelles, avec un fouillis gaussien ou non gaussien, est menée pour révéler la pertinence des différents estimateurs en terme de probabilité de détection. / This dissertation deals with space-time adaptive processing in the radar’s field. To improve the detection’s performances, this approach consists in maximizing the ratio between the target’s power and the interference’s one, i.e. the thermal noise and the clutter. Several variants of its algorithm exist, one of them is based on multichannel autoregressive modelling of interferences. Its main problem lies in the estimation of autoregressive matrices with training data and guides our research’s work. Especially, our contribution is twofold.On the one hand, when thermal noise is considered negligible, autoregressive matrices are estimated with fixed point method. Thus, the algorithm is robust against non-gaussian clutter.On the other hand, a new modelling of interferences is proposed. The clutter and thermal noise are separated : the clutter is considered as a multichannel autoregressive process which is Gaussian and disturbed by the white thermal noise. Thus, new estimation’s algorithms are developed. The first one is a blind estimation based on errors in variable methods. Then, recursive approaches are proposed and used extension of Kalman filter : the extended Kalman filter and the Sigma Point Kalman filter (UKF and CDKF), and the H∞ filter. A comparative study on synthetic and real data with Gausian and non Gaussian clutter is carried out to show the relevance of the different algorithms about detection’s probability.

Apresenta-se o desenho, construção e caracterização de uma plataforma experimental para a obtenção de imagens magnéticas bidimensionais (2D) geradas pela distribuição não uniforme em gel de vaselina de micro-partículas magnéticas (magnetita- Fe3O4), acomodadas em fantomas magnéticos de geometrias irregulares. A instrumentação é basicamente formada por um arranjo multicanal de 12-sensores magnetorresistivos de última geração (modelo HMC 1001/1002 da Honeywell), os quais convertem os sinais magnéticos, a serem medidas, em voltagens diferenciais, que posteriormente passam-se pela etapa de condicionamento analógico multisinais, e adquiridos por uma placa de aquisição PCI de 16 canais simples, e geradas pelas fontes magnéticas (fantomas) as quais eram posicionadas acima de uma tabua porta-fantoma a qual era acionada por um sistema de posicionamento x-y, utilizando-se dois motores de passo controlados via porta paralela. A obtenção e processamento das imagens de forma automática foi levado acabo por médio da ferramenta computacional SmaGimFM v1.0 (grupo de scripts escritos pelo autor, em LABVIEW v8.1 e Matlab v7.3). A montagem experimental foi desenhada para realizar o scan numa área de ate (20x18) cm2. O sistema consegue medir campos na ordem de poucos nano-teslas (10-9 T). Foi demostrado experimentalmente que: a detectibilidade do sistema está na ordem de 100 pT/?Hz; a resolução, o menor valor da indução magnética detectada e a resolução espacial dos sensores foi aproximadamente de (3±1) nT e (3.0± 0.1) mm, respectivamente, este último obtido para uma distancia sensor-fonte média de (6.0± 0.1) mm. O nível de ruído ambiental médio foi corroborado experimentalmente no valor de 10 nT. O fator de Calibração para todos os sensores alimentados com 8V, foi aproximadamente de 10-6 T/V, confirmando o valor da sensibilidade nominal oferecida pelo vendedor no data-sheet dos sensores. Os multisinais sempre foram pré-processadas para a remoção dos offset, e posteriormente era realizadas uma interpolação bi-cúbica, para gerar imagens magnéticas com uma alta resolução espacial da ordem de (256x256) pixels. A funções de transferência da modulação e espalhamento pontual do sistema foram estudados e os sensores foram espaçados e fixados de acordo com os resultados destes estudos. Nesta tese todas as imagens cruas foram geradas pelo mapeamento da resposta do sistema multicanal de magnetômetros a pequenas distancias e geradas pela presença de micropartículas de magnetita (Fe3O4) não tratada termicamente e dispersada em oitos fantomas planares com geometrias complexas e chamados como: PhMão; PhNum; PhLines; PhCinco; PhTrês; PhCircle; PhQuadSmall e PhQuadBig. As imagens magnéticas de cada um destes fantomas é apresentada. A cada experimento, estes fantomas eram magnetizados pela ação de um pulso magnético uniforme no volume dos fantomas, com um valor aproximadamente de 81.6 mT, e produzido por um sistema de bobinas par de Helmholtz. Para fazer o registro experimental das imagens magnéticas, os fantomas foram posicionados a uma altura fixa em relação aos sensores, e movidos numa direção de scan, assim nos detectores observávamos as voltagens gerados pela variação no campo remanente devido às diferentes concentrações de micro-partículas magnéticas magnetizadas foram medidos e controlados por um computador pessoal. Usando as imagens cruas (imagens ruidosas e borradas) e outras informações a priori, foram obtidas as imagens reconstruídas das fontes do campo magnético, tais como, a distribuição de partículas ferrimagnéticas no interior dos fantomas, a qual é relacionada com a susceptibilidade magnética das amostras. Encontrar as imagens das fontes magnéticas, é resolver o problema magnético associado, e nosso trabalho estas restaurações foram realizadas usando-se os seguintes algoritmos numéricos de deconvolução, filtragem espacial de Wiener e Fourier, o filtragem Pseudo-inversa, o método do gradiente conjugado e os procedimentos de regularização de Tikhonov e Decomposição de Valores singulares truncados, dentre outros. Estes procedimentos foram implementados e testados. As imagens reconstruídas das fontes magnéticas de quatro fantomas são apresentadas. Estas técnicas foram programadas computacionalmente por médio de um conjunto de scripts chamados de SmaGimFM v1.0, estes foram escritos nos linguagens computacionais MATLAB® desde a MathWorks Inc.; e LABVIEW desde a National Instruments Inc. Estes resultados preliminares mostram que o sistema de imagens apresenta potencial para ser aplicada em estudos na área da Física Médica, onde imagens com moderada para alta resolução espacial e baixa amplitude da indução magnética são exigidas. Contudo, podemos afirmar que à distância sensor-fonte é crítica e afeta a resolução das imagens. O sistema é capaz de registrar imagens na ordem de 10-9 T, e sua elevada resolução espacial indica que pode ser testada como uma nova técnica biomagnética para gerar imagens em 2D de partículas magnéticas dentro de objetos, na região do campo próximo, para futuras aplicações médicas / We have designed and build a magnetic imaging system for obtaining experimental noisy and blurred magnetic images from distribution of ferromagnetic tracers (magnetite Fe3O4). The main part of the magnetic imaging system was formed by a linear array composed of 12-magnetoresistive sensors from Honeywell Inc. (HMC 1001). These sensors are microcircuits with a configuration of wheatstone-bridge and convert magnetic fields into differential voltage, which after pass for the multichannel signal stage can be to measure magnetic signals about of 10-9 T. The system is capable of scanning planar samples with dimensions up to (16x18) cm square. A full experimental characterization of the magnetic imaging system was carried out. The calibration factor for all sensor supplied by 8 V, was approximately 10-6 T/V, confirming the data sheet nominal properties from the vendor. The spatial resolution and the resolution of the magnetic imaging system were experimentally confirmed to be 3 mm and 3 nT, respectively. The spectral density noise was about , for the experimental conditions used in these studies. The signals were pre-processed for offset remove and the interpolation for spatial resolution improves and generates images of (256x256) pixels. The point spread and modulation transference functions of multi-sensor system were studied and the sensors were spaced accordingly. In this thesis, all raw images were generated by mapping the response of the magnetoresistive magnetometers multichannel array at short distances due to the presence of uncooked magnetite powder dispersed in eight planar phantoms with complex geometries and called as: PhMão; PhNum; PhLines; PhCinco; PhTrês; PhCircle; PhQuadSmall and PhQuadBig. These phantoms were magnetized by a uniform pulse field of approximately of 81.6 mT produced by a Helmholtz coil system. The samples were moved under the magnetoresistive sensors and the voltages generated by the variation in remanent magnetic field due to different magnetized ferromagnetic particles concentrations were recorded and controlled by a personal computer. Using the experimental noisy and blurred magnetic field images (raw images), and some another, a priori information\'s, the reconstruction of the magnetic field source images, such as, the distribution of ferromagnetic particles inner of the phantoms which are related with magnetic susceptibility, was obtained by various inverse problem solution algorithms\', such as, the spatial Wiener and Fourier filtering, the Pseudo-inverse filtering; the conjugated gradient and Tikhonov and Decomposition of Truncated Singular Values approaches and others. These procedures were implemented by mean of the scripts set called SmaGimFM v1.0, that we developed using the MATLAB® language from MathWorks Inc. A preliminary result shows that this magnetic imaging system join to some deconvolution technique can be considered efficient to be used in functional images of the gastrointestinal tract, where a moderate resolution is required. We can affirm that at a distance sensor-source choose is a critical parameter and affects the resolution of the images; and we can conclude that this magnetic images method can be successfully used to generate planar blurred magnetic images and magnetic field sources images in the near field region at macroscopic level generated by ferromagnetic materials.

Submitted by Paulo Schwarz (pauloschwarz1@gmail.com) on 2018-06-22T18:47:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Paulo Schwarz_DESAFIOS DA EXECUÇÃO DE UMA ESTRATÉGIA MULTICANAL 06 2018.pdf: 1403949 bytes, checksum: c91186ef580bd9359cadf630eb2b0da9 (MD5) / Rejected by Simone de Andrade Lopes Pires (simone.lopes@fgv.br), reason: Prezado Paulo, Recebemos a postagem do seu trabalho na biblioteca digital e para ser aprovado serão necessários alguns ajustes: 1º A numeração deve aparecer somente a partir da INTRODUÇÃO. 2º Folha de rosto: Arrumar a linha de Pesquisa, o Correto: Linha de Pesquisa: Gestão e Competividade em Negócios do Varejo. Descer o São Paulo, pois o nome está no rodapé do trabalho, 3º Pagina da Ficha catalográfica: falta a frase “ficha catalográfica elaborada por....”. Ela vem depois da folha de rosto, pois deverá ser impressa no verso desta página. 4º Folha de aprovação: Arrumar a linha de pesquisa. E precisa colocar o nome da instituição de cada professor da banca. Por favor, faça as alterações necessárias e post o trabalho na biblioteca. Atenciosamente, Simone de A Lopes Pires SRA on 2018-06-25T17:01:00Z (GMT) / Submitted by Paulo Schwarz (pauloschwarz1@gmail.com) on 2018-06-26T18:31:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Paulo Schwarz_DESAFIOS DA EXECUÇÃO DE UMA ESTRATÉGIA MULTICANAL 06 2018.pdf: 1398339 bytes, checksum: e75403ff1040ee41be45ab3d4dbedbd1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Simone de Andrade Lopes Pires (simone.lopes@fgv.br) on 2018-06-26T22:04:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Paulo Schwarz_DESAFIOS DA EXECUÇÃO DE UMA ESTRATÉGIA MULTICANAL 06 2018.pdf: 1398339 bytes, checksum: e75403ff1040ee41be45ab3d4dbedbd1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-06-27T13:35:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Paulo Schwarz_DESAFIOS DA EXECUÇÃO DE UMA ESTRATÉGIA MULTICANAL 06 2018.pdf: 1398339 bytes, checksum: e75403ff1040ee41be45ab3d4dbedbd1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-27T13:35:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Paulo Schwarz_DESAFIOS DA EXECUÇÃO DE UMA ESTRATÉGIA MULTICANAL 06 2018.pdf: 1398339 bytes, checksum: e75403ff1040ee41be45ab3d4dbedbd1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-22 / O varejo tem passado por uma transformação devido ao surgimento de novas tecnologias, que possibilitam que os consumidores pesquisem e comprem produtos de diversas maneiras. Ao invés de gerenciar apenas um canal de distribuição, as empresas têm direcionado a sua estratégia para a diversificação de pontos de contato e comunicação com os consumidores. Além do aumento do número de opções para os consumidores, as empresas passaram a perceber que precisam integrar e eliminar as barreiras existentes entre os canais, permitindo que os consumidores transitem entre eles ao longo do seu processo de compra (omnichannel). Nesse contexto, as companhias enfrentam desafios de gestão na execução de suas atividades. Por exemplo, alguns dos principais varejistas estão organizados por departamentos ou unidades de negócio separadas e com pouca integração. Além disso, qualquer alteração na estratégia de canais afeta os processos, pessoas e estrutura da empresa, tornando mais difícil essa implementação. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo estudar como as empresas podem melhorar a execução da sua estratégia multicanal e se preparar para a potencial transição para a completa interação de pontos de contato (omnichannel). Há interesse em estudos nesse campo, pois a área de canais está passando por uma profunda transformação, que vai afetar a maneira como os varejistas organizam os seus negócios. A metodologia utilizada é exploratória qualitativa e a Quiksilver foi a empresa escolhida para a análise, caracterizando o trabalho como um estudo de caso. A Quiksilver operou no Brasil durante muitos anos tendo o atacado como o seu único canal de vendas e, a partir de 2012, passou a utilizar opções complementares como as lojas próprias, franquias e e-commerce. Foram entrevistados executivos da liderança da empresa através de um roteiro semiestruturado e foi aplicado o roteiro omnichannel proposto pela IBM para a avaliação do estágio da estratégia multicanal. / The retail industry is facing a transformation due to the upcoming of new technologies that make possible to consumers to search and buy products in different ways. Now, rather than manage just one distribution channel, the companies should reinforce their distribution strategy, increasing the possible touchpoints with the consumers. Beyond increasing the number of channels, the companies need to integrate and start to eliminate the possible barriers among the channels, allowing the consumers to flow between then during the buying process (omnichannel). On this context, the companies face many operational and management challenges to implement the necessary changes in their channel strategy. The main retailers are organized by department or different business units almost without any integration. Furthermore, any change on the channel strategy affects the process, people and the structure of the company, making harder to implement it. This research has the goal of study how the companies could improve the execution of its multichannel strategy, and be prepared to implement the omnichannel. There is demand for the area of this study, due to the deep transformation that is occurring on this field, and it will change completely the way that retailers do business. The methodology is exploratory qualitative and the Quiksilver Brazil operation was chosen for the analysis, characterizing it as a case study. The company started its operations in Brazil having the wholesale as it unique sales channel, and recently started retail, franchise and e-commerce operations. Interviews were done with the main executives of the company and was applied the IBM omnichannel report to access the Quiksilver multichannel implementation status.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:26:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jony Lan.pdf: 515179 bytes, checksum: 9d1259905152a232aef78e9b64e49266 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-11 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / This dissertation aims at understanding trade channel diversification as a possible source of competitive advantage for supermarket chains. Little research in the literature has been addressed for this theme in a specific sector, the supermarket chains. The main objective was to identify the driving forces in trade channel diversification of supermarket chains in Brazil, which can generate a source of competitive advantage, according to executives' perspective. The theoretical references approaches business strategy, strategic resources and competitive advantage of diversification of trade channels perspective. An exploratory and descriptive field research was conducted by using in-depth interviews with executives at two major supermarket chains which lead the ranking of sales in Brazilian Association of Supermarkets (ABRAS). Interviews were analyzed by observing the qualitative research with content analysis technique applied to interviewers' verbatim transcripts. Analysis was complemented by a secondary data based on the performance reports of both supermarket chains. Results demonstrated an alignment in the growth strategies of supermarket chains in relation to trade channel diversification. They aim the growth through organic expansion and acquisitions. The most characteristic elements mentioned by respondents about channel diversification inside business strategies of companies were: business diversification, trade operations in multi-channel and customer adequacy. Trade channel diversificaton can also constitute a strategic resource in which location, financial resources and trademark figure as the most stressed tangible and intangible assets. It was noticed that the search for a higher performance on the market, cost and price managing were the driving forces for commercial channel diversification. The most highlighted competitive advantages, resulting from trade channel diversification were the service to new and different customers and the trademark strengthening. As a conclusion, trade channel diversification can conceive a source of competitive advantage for supermarket chains. / Com esta dissertação, visa-se entender a diversificação de canais comerciais como uma fonte de vantagem competitiva para as redes de supermercados. Tema ainda pouco tratado na literatura dentro de um setor específico, o de redes de supermercados. O objetivo principal foi o de identificar os elementos mais determinantes na diversificação de canais comerciais das redes de supermercados no Brasil que podem gerar uma fonte de vantagem competitiva, segundo o ponto de vista dos executivos. Para isso o referencial teórico aborda as estratégias de negócios, os recursos estratégicos e a vantagem competitiva na perspectiva da diversificação de canais comerciais. Foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo exploratória e descritiva, utilizando entrevistas em profundidades com os executivos de duas das principais redes de supermercados que lideram o ranking em faturamento da Associação Brasileira de Supermercados. As entrevistas foram analisadas respeitando-se a natureza qualitativa da pesquisa com a técnica de análise de conteúdo aplicadas nas transcrições ipsis literis dos entrevistados. Complementou-se a análise com dados secundários baseados nos relatórios de desempenho das duas redes de supermercados. Os resultados demonstraram um alinhamento nas estratégias de crescimento das redes de supermercados em relação à diversificação de canais comerciais. Elas buscam o crescimento por meio da expansão orgânica e aquisições. Os elementos mais característicos evidenciados pelos entrevistados sobre a diversificação de canais dentro das estratégias de negócios da empresa foram: diversificação de negócios, atuação em multicanais e a adequação ao cliente. A diversificação de canais comerciais também pode-se constituir em recurso estratégico, no qual a localização, os recursos também pode-se constituir em recurso estartégico, no qual a localização, os recursos financeiros e a marca formam os ativos tangíveis e intangíveis mais ressaltados. Constatou-se que a busca por um desempenho superior no mercado, e a gestão de custo e preço foram os elementos mais determinantes para a diversificação de canais comerciais. Os tipos de vantagens competitivas mais evidenciadas resultantes da diversificação de canais comerciais foram o atendimento a novos e diferentes clientes, bem como o reforço da marca. Conclui-se que a diversificação de canais comerciais pode gerar fonte de vantagem competitiva para as redes de supermercados consideradas na pesquisa.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / A novel monomer (N,N'-Bis-(1H-pyrrol-2-ylmethylene)-benzene-1,2-diamine-BPPD) was derived from the condensation reaction between o-phenylenediamine and a pyrrole derivative. The monomer was polymerized electrochemically to produce the new polymer material - polymerized(N,N'-Bis-(1H-pyrrol-2-ylmethylene)-benzene-1,2-diamine) PBPPD. This novel polymer material was deposited at the surface of a screen-printed carbon electrode, as a thin film, in the development of chemical sensors for the detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The monomer material was characterized in terms of its optical (spectroscopy) and thermal properties. The polymer material was characterized in terms of its surface morphology and its redox electrochemistry. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to confirm the azomethine bond formation during the condensation reaction of an aldehyde and primary amine derivative. / 2020-08-31

Inledning: Teknologi har förändrat sättet som detaljhandlare gör affärer på ett fundamentalt plan. En av dessa förändringar är framväxten av multi- och omnikanalshandel. I strategiska förändringar sägs både information och verksamhetsstyrningen påverka vilka beslut som fattas. I en värld där produktionen av ny information ökar kraftigt finns svårigheter att veta vilken information som är relevant. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att kartlägga och analysera vilken information som används som beslutsunderlag och vilka "krafter" som drivit den strategiska förändring mot multikanalshandel i detaljhandelsbranschen. Vidare är syftet att undersöka hur verksamhetsstyrningen har använts och påverkat detaljhandelsföretag under den strategiska förändring. Metod: Utifrån studiens forskningsfrågor och syfte valdes en fallstudie som forskningsmetod. Efter genomförd fallstudie gjordes en kompletterande intervjustudie baserat på resultaten i fallstudien. Semistrukturerade intervjuer användes som datainsamlingsmetod. Slutsats: Många olika krafter och informationstyper har drivit förändringen till multikanalshandel. Företagskultur, en föränderlig omgivning och den stora tillgången av information påverkar detaljhandlare att fatta snabba beslut. Behovet av snabba beslut och en föränderlig omgivning påverkar utformningen av verksamhetsstyrningen som har en stor fokus information om kunder. / Introduction: Technology has changed the way retailers do business in a fundamental way. One of those changes is the emergence of multi- and omnichannel retailing. In strategic changes both information and management accounting are affecting the decisions. In a world where the production of new information is increasing rapidly it’s hard to know which information that are relevant. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to survey and analyse the information used as decision support and which forces that have driven the strategic change towards multichannel retailing in the retail industry. Furthermore the purpose is to examine how and why management accounting has affected retailers during the strategic change. Methodology: Based on the study’s research question and purpose a case study was chosen as research method. After completing the case study a complementary survey based on the results from the case study was conducted. Semi structured interviews were used as data collection method. Conclusion: Many different forces and information types have driven the change to multichannel retailing. Company culture, an changing environment and the vast access to information are affecting retailers to make fast decisions. The need for fast decisions and an changing environment affects the design of retailers management accounting, which has a focus towards customer information.

Dopamine replacement therapy is the main method of treating Parkinson’s Disease (PD), however over time this treatment causes increasingly abnormal, involuntary movements. This symptom, known as Levodopa-Induced-Dyskinesia (LID) is associated with aberrant, high frequency oscillations (HFOs) in the motor cortex and basal ganglia, as demonstrated with implanted electrodes in human Parkinson’s patients as well as in a rat model of Parkinson’s Disease. However, despite efforts to determine if the same high frequency oscillations are also present during dyskinesia in the widespread 6-OHDA mouse model of Parkinson’s Disease, studies have been unable to do so. By building and implanting a 64-channel multi-electrode array into a unilateral 6-OHDA lesioned mouse, we were able to record HFOs at 80Hz and &gt;100Hz in the motor cortex, basal ganglia and thalamus in the lesioned hemisphere during LID. We also recorded bilateral HFOs at &gt;100Hz in the intact hemisphere. With this work we show that the same HFOs that are present in the motor cortex and basal ganglia of rats and humans are also present in mice during dyskinesia. This work will act to further validate the 6-OHDA PD-model in mice and provide opportunities to investigate new treatments for Parkinson’s Disease, dyskinesia and other neurological conditions. It will also serve as a model to study a purposed mechanism underlying the information processing in populations of neurons. / Dopaminbehandling är den mest förekommande metoden för att behandla Parkinsons sjukdom men detta orsakar dessvärre en bieffekt i form av gradvis förvärrande ofrivilliga rörelser. Detta beteendemönster kallas för Levodopa-Inducerad-Dyskinesi (LID) och med hjälp av elektrodimplantat i hjärnan, på parkinsonpatienter och djurmodeller av parkinsons, har man kunnat se att beteendet är förknippat med högfrekventa oscilleringar (HFO) av hjärnaktivitet i motorcortex och basala ganglierna. Trots försök att kartlägga om dessa högfrekventa oscilleringar också är närvarande i den populära 6-OHDA musmodellen av Parkinsons sjukdom, så har man hittills inte lyckats demonstrera detta. Genom att bygga och implantera ett elektrodimplantat med 64 kanaler i en ensidigt-leisonerad 6-OHDA musmodell av Parkinsons sjukdom så kunde vi åskådliggöra HFO i motor cortex, basala ganglierna och thalamus i den lesionerade hjärnhalvan under LID. Vi kunde också påvisa HFO som sträckte sig över till den intakta hjärnhalvan, med frekvenser över 100 Hz. Denna forskning ger stöd att 6-OHDA modellen för Parkinsons i möss är valid och ger möjlighet till nya metoder att utforska och behandla Parkinsons, dyskinesi och andra neurologiska åkommor. Studien lägger också grunden för framtida studier som ämnar att undersöka föreslagna mekanismer bakom sättet populationer av neuroner bearbetar information. / ingår i ett projekt finansierat av Vetenskapsrådet #2018-02717

With the rise of the Internet and the emergence of online shopping, traditional retailing has transformed substantially. Retailers have developed multichannel strategies and, in particular, have integrated their offline channels with online channels. Such an integration of offline and online channels is associated with the concept of cross-channel integration. This cumulative dissertation aims to investigate cross-channel integration holistically from a demand point of view and a supply point of view. It consists of four independent studies embedded in an overarching introduction and conclusion part. The first study provides the conceptual base by conducting a systematic literature review. It identifies, analyzes, structures, and extracts 169 publications in the research field of cross-channel integration and concludes by suggesting two dominant paths for future research. These two research directions are addressed in three subsequent empirical studies. One empirical study focuses on the consumer perspective by investigating channel switching behavior. It finds that customers have a fundamental need for certainty within and after the buying process when it comes to channel switching. The remaining two studies are related to the supply side of cross-channel integration and investigate effects of strategies, retailers can deploy when integrating channels. One study assesses the profitability of a channel addition. It establishes that adding an offline store to online channels increases profits absolutely, but reduces the profit margin in the short run. The other study related to the supply side conceptualizes cross-channel technologies along the customer’s purchase process and experimentally assesses one of these technologies. Finally, based on the insights of the four independent studies, the dissertation concludes by summarizing the contribution and by deriving overarching implications for researchers and practitioners, the latter are equipped with a checklist for cross-channel integration.