The thesis focuses on the topic of language and content integration in ELT in a broad sense, i.e. it discusses not only CLIL but also other models of content-based teaching, viz. ESP (English for Specific Purposes), EAP (English for Academic Purposes), and EMI (English-medium Instruction). In the theoretical part of the thesis, these models are described as regards their history, typical features, teachers, learners, as well as benefits and negatives. The empirical part of the thesis explores the current practice of language and content integration at Czech general secondary schools ("grammar schools"). The research is based on case studies of five teachers who teach various courses belonging to this category. The preliminary research investigated what courses are currently being offered at grammar schools in Prague; they are mostly elective courses. Our research findings suggest that language and content integration in the form of elective courses is a rather common practice, although often unconscious. Teachers tend to act on the basis of their intuition rather than their knowledge of theory and practice of language and content integration. Generally, it seems that more emphasis is put on content than language in these lessons. Content-based English lessons may be beneficial for learners for...

Les alliances stratégiques sont devenues autant une nécessité qu'un choix pour les entreprises afin d'être compétitif sur les marchés d'aujourd'hui. Toutefois, faire fonctionner les alliances stratégiques n'est pas une évidence. Des taux de défaillance entre 30% et jusqu'à 70% ont été régulièrement signalés. Un nombre important de recherches a examiné comment ces chiffres pouvaient être améliorés. La sélection de partenaires a été identifiée comme l'un des facteurs clés de la réussite. En fait, les attributs spécifiques de chaque partenaire, influant même sur la sélection de ces mêmes partenaires, ont tendance à avoir des effets boule de neige au-delà de la phase de formation, jusqu'aux phases de conception et de post-formation. S'appuyant sur des recherches antérieures étudiant l'attribut « réputation », cette thèse vient combler une lacune en explorant le rôle que peut jouer la réputation pour la performance environnementale dans la détermination des avantages individuels et communs dans les différentes phases des alliances stratégiques. Dans quatre essais indépendants mais interconnectés, des questions de recherche spécifiques sont théoriquement examinées sous la « Natural-Resource-Based View (NRBV) » et la « Strategic Cognition Perspective ». Les hypothèses de l'étude sont testées empiriquement à partir des données recueillies auprès des PDG et des cadres supérieurs dans 176 entreprises manufacturières norvégiennes. / Strategic alliances have become as much a necessity as a choice for companies to be competitive in today's markets. However, making strategic alliances work is not evident. Failure rates between 30% and as high as 70% have been regularly reported. A substantial stream of research has examined how these numbers can be improved. Partner selection has been identified as a key success factor. In fact, partner-specific attributes, affecting which partners are selected, tend to have snowball effects beyond the formation phase to the design and postformation phases. Building on previous studies investigating the attribute of reputation, this thesis fills a gap by exploring the role reputation for environmental performance can play in determining firm-specific and joint competitive advantages in the different phases of strategic alliances. In four individual but connected Essays, specific research questions are theoretically examined under the Natural-Resource-Based View (NRBV) and Strategic Cognition Perspective. The study's hypotheses are empirically tested using data collected from CEOs and top managers in 176 Norwegian manufacturing firms.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Luiz_Fernando_Albertin_Bono_Milan.pdf: 1496924 bytes, checksum: dc2807d559797a738bbd609bc3b1ad35 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-26 / Nas últimas décadas, o modelo aberto de desenvolvimento de software foi de passatempo de programadores, para inimigo de empresas de tecnologia e, mais recentemente, passou a ser uma estratégia destas. Sob o paradigma filosófico do Realismo Crítico, o estudo tem o objetivo de identificar os mecanismos envolvidos na decisão de adoção do modelo aberto de desenvolvimento de software pelas empresas. Utilizando estudo de casos múltiplos, os dados contemplam nove empresas brasileiras de tecnologia. O material qualitativo foi analisado utilizando técnicas indutivas e dedutivas, buscando evidências para suportar um modelo preliminar de pesquisa baseado na literatura e a identificação de novos fatores. Os principais resultados do estudo são: com a utilização de técnicas de mapeamento de citações, uma ampla e estruturada revisão da literatura sobre o modelo aberto de desenvolvimento de software, podendo assim, oferecer o caminho principal da literatura; dos dados empíricos, foi identificado um mecanismo e mudança da prática organizacional de influência mútua, entre o nível do indivíduo e o nível da organização e os fatores, uso de software de código aberto e intenção de garantir o investimento inicial; é oferecida uma estrutura de referência – framework, que endereça os mecanismos envolvidos na adoção deste modelo pelas empresas, importante para o avanço do conhecimento sobre o tema; e, as posturas adotadas pelas empresas da amostra, relevante contribuição para os gestores das empresas no contexto brasileiro de desenvolvimento de software. Um importante achado do estudo foi que, independentemente do risco, a adoção do modelo aberto de desenvolvimento de software pelas empresas parece estar mais fortemente ligada à mudança da prática organizacional do que a outros fatores. Os achados do estudo permitem aos pesquisadores, além de enxergarem a evolução da literatura sobre o tema ao longo do tempo, a avançar de forma estruturada os estudos sobre o modelo aberto de desenvolvimento de software no nível da organização, nível de análise que recebeu pouca atenção da literatura ao longo do tempo. Aos gestores do mercado, permite a reavaliação de suas estratégias em relação ao desenvolvimento de software. / In the last decades, the open software development model has gone from being a pastime for programmers to an enemy of technology companies and, more recently, to becoming a strategy for these companies. Under the philosophical paradigm of Critical Realism, this study aims to identify the mechanisms involved in the decision for companies to adopt the open software development model. Using a multiple case study, the data cover nine Brazilian technology companies. The qualitative material was analyzed using inductive and deductive techniques, seeking evidence to support a preliminary research model based on the literature and the identification of new factors. With the use of citation mapping techniques, a broad and structured review of the literature on the open software development model shows the main path that the literature has followed. From the empirical data, a mechanism was identified and a change in organizational culture with mutual influence between the individual and organizational level and the factors, use of open code software and the intention to guarantee initial investment. A framework is provided that addresses the mechanisms involved in the adoption of this model by companies. This is an important step in the advance of knowledge on the theme. Furthermore, the strategies adopted by the companies in the sample are important in that they can be helpful for company managers in the Brazilian software development context. An important finding of the study was that, regardless of the risk, the adoption of the open model of software development by companies seems to be more strongly linked to the change in organizational culture than to other factors. The findings of the study allow the researchers, in addition to seeing the evolution of the literature on the theme over time, to advance in a structured way the studies about the open model of software development at the organizational level, level of analysis that received little attention of literature over time. To managers, it allows the reevaluation of their strategies in relation to software development.

The dissertation deals with the topic of managing and experiencing stressful (extraordi-nary) situations in teaching in connection with selected teachers' personality traits. The thesis has a theoretical-empirical character. Its theoretical part presents some basic know?ledge related to the topics relevant to the processed issues (teacher's profession, persona?lity, motivation, emotion, workload and stress in the teaching profession context, selected teaching methods and organizational forms, recommendations for effective teaching and learning difficulties solutions, basics of artefacts symbolic interpretation). The aim of the research described in the empirical part of the thesis is to obtain the detailed information about the experience of difficult situations in teaching and the possibilities of their man?agement in connection with the personality structure of the selected teachers. The re?search was carried out in the mixed methods design. His qualitative part contains a multiple? case study (semi-structured interviews were conducted with six lower se?condary school teachers, their teaching was observed, an interview about their thematic collage on the theme Me as a teacher in all its positions and roles was conducted, and the same questionnaires were applied as for the quantitative part of the survey) and some open coded interviews about the thematic collages. In the quantitative research section, the data from four questionnaires were evaluated the orientation questionnaire for detecting stress in teachers by Henning and Keller (1996), the Stress Management Stra?tegies SVF 78 (Janke & Erdmann, 2003), the Freiburg Personality Inventory (Kollárik, Poliaková, & Ritomsky, 1984) and a questionnaire of our own design contains open questions. Most of the participants in the research study experience extraordinary situa?tions in their teaching, which usually cause unpleasant emotions and affect their teaching negatively. Particular relationships between personality characteristics and the teaching of the participants have been found. Respondents did not show a higher level of psychoso?matic disturbance, emotional lability, depressivity or neuroticity compared to the com?mon population. Neither between the level of stress feelings and the age or length of practice, no statistically significant relationship has been found. On the contrary, the male self-description and the adaptive burden management showed a mutually significant con?nection. Also, a higher level of stress impact in physical aspect of women compared to men proved to be statistically significant.

Abstract This study aims to clarify the early development stages of technology intensive companies. The current literature does not offer an extensive review of stage perspectives for company growth – the overall picture of the field is somewhat vague. The evolution of this field remains unclear as well as the current state. Further, recent empirical stage models focusing on technology intensive companies have not been delineated. As companies move through their early stages, they face events which contribute to or detract from their aim. A study focusing on these events may provide fresh viewpoints for understanding the management processes. This study seeks to clarify how the literature describes the early stages of technology intensive companies, and what viewpoints are highlighted by the management as a company progresses through these sequences. This retrospective multiple case study clarifies the topic with two meta-analyses and a sequential incident study carried out in ten young technology intensive companies in Finland and Thailand. First, well covered areas, trends, and ideas for fresh approaches are studied through a meta-analysis of the past 60 years of literature focusing on stages of development. Based on recent empirical studies, a sequential self assessment framework is formed. Second, it is studied whether the case study methodology could be utilised to further clarify the early stages of technology intensive companies. Third, the experiences of ten case companies are reflected through the framework in order to test the framework, and to study what viewpoints these cases reveal about the early stages of technology intensive companies. This study provided an extensive review of the research focusing on the stages of development. A four-stage framework was found applicable for a self-assessment of the early stages in technology intensive companies, while ten case studies and cross case analysis provided partial support for the framework. In addition, this study provided many potential fresh viewpoints for a theory related to the early stages of technology intensive companies. These viewpoints are considered here as starting points for further research, which is expected to provide sufficient evidence for further modification of the framework. / Tiivistelmä Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selkeyttää teknologiaintensiivisten yritysten varhaisia kehitysvaiheita. Kirjallisuus ei tarjoa kattavaa katsausta yrityksen kehitysvaiheita käsittelevästä tutkimuksesta – kokonaiskuva aiheesta jää jokseenkin epämääräiseksi samoin kuin alan kehitys ja nykytila. Lisäksi viimeaikaisten empiiristä aineistoa sisältävien vaihemallien tuloksia ei ole koottu yhteen. Varhaisissa kehitysvaiheissaan yritykset kohtaavat sekä tavoitteitaan edistäviä että estäviä tapahtumia. Tapahtumia tutkimalla on mahdollista nostaa esille tuoreita näkökulmia varhaisiin vaiheisiin liittyviin johtamisprosesseihin. Tämä tutkimus pyrkii selvittämään, kuinka teknologiayrityksen varhaiset kehitysvaiheet on kuvattu kirjallisuudessa ja mitä näkökulmia varhaisen kehityksen läpi käyneiden yritysten johto korostaa. Tämä takautuva monitapaustutkimus analysoi aihetta kahden meta-analyysin ja vaiheittain toteutetun kriittiset tapahtumat -menetelmän avulla. Tapaustutkimus suoritettiin kymmenessä suomalaisessa ja thaimaalaisessa yrityksessä. Ensiksi 60 edeltävää vuotta käsittävässä meta-analyysissä analysoitiin vaihemallien historia ja nykytila, trendit ja potentiaaliset ideat uusille lähestymistavoille. Viimeaikaisten empiiristen tutkimusten perusteella muodostettiin synteesi varhaisten kehitysvaiheiden itsearviointikehykseksi. Toiseksi tutkittiin voidaanko tapaustutkimusta hyödyntämällä edelleen selventää teknologiaintensiivisten yritysten varhaisia kehitysvaiheita. Kolmanneksi kymmenen tapausyrityksen kokemuksia peilattiin itsearviointikehykseen tarkoituksena testata kehystä ja analysoida mitä näkökulmia tapaukset paljastavat teknologiaintensiivisten yritysten varhaisista vaiheista. Tutkimus tarjosi laajan katsauksen yrityksen kehitysvaiheisiin keskittyvään tutkimuskenttään. Nelivaiheinen kehys todettiin soveltuvaksi varhaisten kehitysvaiheiden itsearviointiin teknologiaintensiivisissä yrityksissä – kymmenen tapausta ja näiden vertailu antoi osittaisen tuen tälle. Lisäksi tutkimus tarjosi useita uusia näkökulmia teknologiaintensiivisten yritysten varhaisia kehitysvaiheita käsittelevään teoriaan. Nämä näkökulmat toimivat lähtökohtana jatkotutkimuksille, joiden oletetaan tuovan riittävästi todistusaineistoa itsearviointikehyksen edelleenkehittämiseksi.

Contexte : La mauvaise qualité et la faible utilisation des services de santé contribuent aux taux élevés de morbidité et de mortalité dans plusieurs pays à faible et à moyen revenu. Face à cette situation, le gouvernement du Burkina Faso a testé une intervention novatrice qui combine le financement basé sur la performance (FBP) à des mesures d'équité en santé. Les formations sanitaires ont reçu des prix unitaires pour des services de santé fournis ainsi que des bonus conditionnels à la qualité des soins. Des comités communautaires ont sélectionné les indigents pour leur octroyer des exemptions de paiements des soins. Malgré le peu d’études sur le sujet, des acteurs en santé mondiale craignent que l’intervention puisse avoir des conséquences non intentionnelles importantes. Objectif : Cette thèse vise à accroître les connaissances scientifiques sur les conséquences non intentionnelles du FBP combiné à des mesures d'équité en santé dans un environnement à faible revenu. Méthodes : Nous avons développé un cadre conceptuel basé sur la théorie de la diffusion des innovations. Une étude de cas multiples a été réalisée avec neuf formations sanitaires au Burkina Faso. Cinq mois sur le terrain ont permis d’effectuer 104 entrevues semi-structurées, 266 séances d'observation et des conversations informelles avec un large éventail d'acteurs incluant les prestataires de soins, les patients et les vérificateurs. Les données qualitatives ont été codées avec QDA miner pour faciliter l’analyse thématique. Nous avons également utilisé des données quantitatives du système de gestion pour décrire l'évolution des services et trianguler les résultats. Résultats : La nature et la mise en œuvre de l'intervention ont interagi avec le système social et les caractéristiques de ses membres pour engendrer des conséquences non intentionnelles importantes, dont la plupart étaient indésirables. Les prestataires de soins ont démontré une fixation sur les mesures de rendement, ont falsifié les registres médicaux et ont enseigné de mauvaises pratiques aux stagiaires pour augmenter leurs subsides et bonus. Comme conséquence non intentionnelle désirable, certaines formations sanitaires ont limité la vente de médicaments sans prescriptions pour encourager les consultations. Les vérifications communautaires, durant lesquelles les patients sont retrouvés pour vérifier les services déclarés, ont entraîné la falsification des données de vérification, la perte de la confidentialité des patients et certaines craintes chez les patients, bien que certains étaient heureux de partager leurs opinions. Enfin, les prestataires de soins ont limité les services offerts gratuitement aux indigents, ce qui a déclenché des conflits. Discussion : Cette thèse contribue au développement des connaissances scientifiques sur la façon dont le FBP, combiné à des mesures d'équité, peut engendrer des conséquences non intentionnelles. Les résultats sont utiles pour affiner ce type d’intervention et éclairer une mise en œuvre efficace dans le secteur du financement de la santé. Plus largement, cette thèse démontre la faisabilité et la valeur ajoutée d'utiliser un cadre conceptuel pour étudier les conséquences non intentionnelles. Elle pourra guider les chercheurs à élargir leur angle d’analyse afin de rendre compte des conséquences intentionnelles et non intentionnelles des interventions complexes en santé. / Background: Poor quality and low utilization of healthcare services contribute to high levels of morbidity and mortality in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In response, the government of Burkina Faso tested an innovative intervention that combines performance-based financing (PBF) with health equity measures. Healthcare facilities received unit fees for targeted services and bonuses conditional upon the quality of care. To reduce inequities in access to care, community-based committees selected indigents, i.e., the poorest segment of the population, to offer them user fee exemptions. Facilities were also paid more for services delivered to indigents. Despite the potential of this type of intervention, many global health actors argue that it could lead to important unintended consequences that influence its overall impact. Yet, little attention has been given to studying the unintended consequences of this complex intervention. Objective: This thesis aims to increase the scientific knowledge on the unintended consequences of PBF combined with health equity measures in a low-income setting. Methods: We developed a conceptual framework based on the diffusion of innovations theory. Using a multiple case study design, we selected nine healthcare facilities in Burkina Faso. Over five months of fieldwork, we collected multiple sources of qualitative data including 104 semi-structured interviews, 266 recorded observation sessions, informal conversations and documentation. Participants included a wide range of stakeholders, such as providers, patients, and PBF verifiers. Data were coded using QDA miner to conduct a thematic analysis. We also used secondary data from the PBF routine management system to describe the evolution of services and triangulate results. Results: Interactions between the nature and implementation of the intervention, the nature of the social system, and its members’ characteristics led to important unintended consequences, most of which were undesirable. Providers were fixated on performance measures rather than on underlying objectives, falsified medical registers, and taught trainees improper practices to increase subsidies and bonuses. As a desirable unintended consequence, we found that some facilities limited the sale of non-prescribed medication to encourage patients to consult. Community verifications, in which patients are traced to verify the authenticity of reported services and patient satisfaction, also led to unintended consequences, such as the falsification of verification data, the loss of patient confidentiality, and fears among patients, although some were pleased to share their views. Lastly, health equity measures also triggered changes that were not intended by program planners. For example, providers limited the free services and medication delivered to indigents, which led to conflicts between parties. Discussion: This thesis contributes to the development of scientific knowledge on how PBF interventions, combined with equity measures, can trigger unintended consequences in a low-income setting. The results are useful to inform effective implementation and refine interventions, particularly in the health financing sector. More broadly, this thesis demonstrates the feasibility and added value of using a conceptual framework to study the unintended consequences of complex health interventions. This thesis can inspire and guide future researchers to broaden their analytical horizons to capture both intended and unintended consequences of health interventions.

L’éducation par les pairs est de plus en plus utilisée en promotion de la santé. Elle consiste à faire appel à des personnes pour offrir des interventions de prévention et de promotion de la santé (PPS) à leurs pairs. Une formation est généralement offerte aux pairs avant qu’ils débutent leur implication en PPS. Peu d’études ont examiné l’implantation de programmes de promotion de la santé (PPS) offerts par des pairs, ses déterminants et leurs mécanismes d’action. Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une étude quasi-expérimentale visant à évaluer les effets du programme Vivre en Équilibre (VEE), un PPS offert par des pairs ciblant la peur de tomber et ses conséquences sur la participation sociale des aînés. La thèse vise à développer et appliquer un modèle conceptuel des facteurs influençant l’implantation de programmes offerts par des pairs. Les objectifs spécifiques sont: 1) de développer un modèle conceptuel de l’implantation des PPS offerts par des pairs; 2) de documenter l’implantation de VEE; et 3) d’identifier les facteurs associés à son implantation. À la suite d’une recension des écrits, un modèle conceptuel de l’implantation des PPS offerts par des pairs a été élaboré en se basant sur des travaux conceptuels existants et en adoptant une conceptualisation des PPS en tant que systèmes complexes. Ce modèle postule que des facteurs liés aux individus, au programme et au contexte influencent l’implantation et suggère trois mécanismes (interactions, auto-organisation, processus d’adaptation) par lesquels ces facteurs agissent. Une étude de cas multiples a permis d’analyser l’implantation de VEE dans six résidences pour aînés du Québec. La population rejointe, la fidélité d’implantation, les adaptations, la réponse au programme et les facteurs associés à l’implantation du programme ont été documentés à l’aide de grilles d’observation, de journaux de bord, de fiches de présences, de questionnaires téléphoniques et d’entrevues réalisées auprès des pairs, des répondants de résidences et d’un sous-groupe de participants au programme. Une analyse intra- et inter-cas a permis d’identifier les facteurs associés à l’implantation et de les comparer au modèle élaboré. Au total, 71 aînés ont participé au programme. Les participants recrutés correspondaient majoritairement à la population ciblée par le programme. Les pairs ont offert toutes les activités du programme, mais ont rapporté avoir fait certaines adaptations. Le taux de participation (91%) et le niveau de satisfaction des participants, des pairs et des répondants des résidences étaient élevés. L’analyse révèle que des facteurs liés aux individus (ex. : attitudes des participants, expérience des pairs), au programme (ex. : qualité du contenu et du matériel, formation des pairs) et au contexte (ex. : climat d’implantation) ont influencé l’implantation du programme par le biais des mécanismes identifiés dans le modèle conceptuel. La thèse montre que VEE peut être implanté avec succès par des pairs aînés dans des résidences. Les résultats soutiennent aussi le modèle conceptuel élaboré dans le cadre de cette thèse. Ils apportent un éclairage sur les facteurs associés à l’implantation de VEE et guideront les chercheurs et les intervenants intéressés par l’implantation de PPS offerts par des pairs. / Peer education is increasingly being used in health promotion. In this strategy, peer leaders deliver health promotion programs (HPPs) to their peers. Peer leaders usually attend training before delivering HPPs. Few studies have examined the implementation of peer-led HPPs, along with their determinants and mechanisms of action. This thesis was undertaken as part of a quasi-experimental study aiming to evaluate the effectiveness of Vivre en Équilibre (VEE), a peer-led HPP targeting fear of falling and its consequences on older adults’ social participation. The purpose of this thesis is to develop and apply the implementation framework of peer-led HPPs. More specifically, the objectives are to: 1) develop a conceptual framework of peer-led HPPs; 2) document the implementation of VEE; and 3) identify the factors associated with its implementation. Following a literature review, a conceptual framework of peer-led HPPs was developed based on existing conceptual work and on complex systems theory concepts. This framework postulates that factors related to individuals, to the program and to the context influence implementation. It further suggests three mechanisms (interactions, self-organization, adaptation process) through which these factors may act. A multiple case study analyzed the implementation of VEE among six independent-living residences for older adults in Quebec. Program reach, fidelity of implementation, adaptations, responsiveness, and factors associated with implementation of the program were documented. Observation grids, peer leaders’ logbooks, attendance sheets, phone questionnaires and interviews (with peer leaders, activity coordinators of the residences, and a subgroup of program participants) were used to collect the data. Content analysis and case comparisons helped identify factors associated with implementation of VEE and compare them with the conceptual framework developed. Overall, 71 older adults participated in the program. Most participants corresponded to the program’s target population (i.e. older adults with fear of falling). Peers delivered all program content but adapted some elements. The participation rate (91%) and the satisfaction level of participants, peers and activity coordinators were high. The analysis revealed that some factors related to individuals (e.g., participants’ attitudes, peer leaders’ experience), to the program (e.g., materials and content quality, training) and to the organizational context (e.g., implementation climate) facilitated VEE implementation through mechanisms identified in the framework. This thesis shows that VEE can be successfully delivered by peer leaders in independent-living residences. The results also support the conceptual framework and shed light on factors associated with the implementation of VEE. These results can guide researchers and practitioners interested in implementing peer-led HPPs.

This dissertation thesis is focused on the theme of formative assessment on a secondary level of education. The aim of this thesis is to define formative assessment and to show how it is implemented to the teaching process of the Czech language and literature on a secondary level of education. The theoretical part presents a review based on major international and national sources. Formative assessment is defined as an evaluation which brings valuable information concerning the knowledge and skills of the given pupil during the process of education. The typology and function of formative assessment, questions linked to its successful implementation are elaborated together with this methods: goals, criteria, feedback, self-assessment and peer assessment. The aim of the empirical part is to define the real form of the implementation of formative assessment in six targeted Czech schools. This thesis also presents the attitude of students towards the implementation of this method. A qualitative research method was chosen and a multiple case study was used as a form of research strategy. The data collection consisted of observation, document analysis and interviews with teachers and pupils. The formative assessment methods were best implemented under the supervision of a skilled mentor. Contrary to...

The dissertation focuses on the parental attitudes about education of their children during transition from pre-primary to primary education. The study focused on families without identified socio-economic disadvantage whose children were not enrolled in kindergarten. The research design was a longitudinal multiple case study of seven families located in the Liberec region. Data was gathered at multiple points during the children's transition from the kindergarten to primary school. The study focused on the reasons that led parents gave for deciding that their children would either participate in non-regular pre-primary education within nursery schools or not attend the pre-primary classes at all. The study inquired about: parents' general attitudes about pre-primary education; their views on the right educational path for their children; and their self-reported approach to their children's overall development. The study also examined the parents' feelings about the introduction of an obligatory pre-school year and their process of making the enrollment decisions. The results showed that although these families did have some common characteristics, the reasons given for opting not let their children attend preschool, were diverse. Mothers of these children were passionate about doing what's best...

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