University of Macau / Faculty of Law

The aim of the research was to consider the relationship of political ends and the use of military force and, using empirical data gathered from South Africa's experience from 1987 to 1988, to consider whether there might be any implications for existing theory. The question that was formulated for research was: What relationship could be distinguished between the South African government's use of military force in Angola and the government's political ends? The conclusion was reached that the relationship of the application of military force by the South African government to the attainment of political ends was one of inhibition. The concept of 'inhibitive war', refers to the severe .restraint on the use of military force, resulting from the influences of environmental conditions on political ends, so that the political ends themselves become a restriction on the achievement of military aims. / Political Sciences / M.A. (Strategic Studies)

This paper offers a thorough examination of the United States 2002 National Security Strategy. The document is explored in its broader context, which allows us to understand it in its uniqueness and therefore offer sufficient interpretation. Special attention is devoted to the decision making process of the U.S. National Security Council due to primary responsibility of NSC for coordination of American security policy. Further attention is paid to three particular problem- related parts that are often considered to be the most revolutionary issues of this document. Preemption, unilateralism and U.S. support for the spread of democracy are examined in the broader context of the U.S. foreign policy tradition, American identity and historical development. On the basis of thorough research, the paper supposes that all major parts of this particular document are rather compatible with the development of U.S. security policy and they represent rather the outcome of developments than a fundamental change or reformulation of the strategy. The role of strategic documents is implicitly examined as well, while the study suggests that it should be perceived as a product of bureaucratic politics as summarized in a model by Graham Allison.

兩岸兵役制度的演變，雖然每一時期或階段不盡相同，但亦有其可變性與不可變性的本質。惟其差異與特色乃反映出，當時期兩岸互動、國內外政、經、軍形勢發展、假想敵能力、人口政策與民意及輿論的需要。 國家安全並非是一種靜態的概念，而是隨著時間之動態不斷的演進。因此，國際社會已將「國家安全」擴展成為綜合性安全。是以，就國防安全而言，兵役制度政策對軍事產生的效能外，同時也會影響、牽引到橫向的政治、經濟等安全戰略的目標與運作。 首先，在政治方面，徵兵制的兵役制度近來不斷地成為民意與輿論熱門議題，除了影響國軍建軍備戰工作外，亦影響到為國服務、犧牲的意願及國家生存與發展的安全。惟該等議題之爭議實已點出國人對「政府正當性支配」、「流通性」管道阻塞、兵役法的適法性與國家認同等疑慮。 其次，在經濟方面，徵兵制造成役男役前、役後的高失業率，除衍生出新的社會問題外，也造成附加價值高的勞動力閒置，而不利國家經濟發展與競爭力。在成本效益及國家財政支出上，徵兵制較募兵制所費不貲，其因在於訓練頻繁及人力資源運用缺乏彈性，導致人才錯置，難以人盡其才，阻礙工作效能與部隊戰力的提升。 最後，在軍事方面，徵兵制與募兵制對於軍隊屬性（攻勢或守勢）、兵力需求（傳統或高科技）、兵員素質（高技術、多專長）、社會工程（公民素養）、文人統制（軍文關係）與軍方籓籬（特殊階級、文化）等等議題，有著舉足輕重的影響力。然而，對我國而言，要順利漸進降低徵兵比例，提昇募兵比例，則需良好的兩岸關係、適當的規劃時間予以轉型、武器裝備的更新、準則的發展與修訂、訓練方式的改變與相關兵役制度配套措施循序漸進的執行，才能圓滿克竟其功，達到預期的目標。 / Although each period or stage of the cross-strait military service system evolution is not quite the same, but it still has the changeable and unchangeable essence. The differences and characteristics between them reflect the cross-strait interaction, development of domestic and diplomatic political, economical and military affairs, imaginary enemy ability, population policy and the need of public opinion at that time. The national security is not a static concept, but it is a process of unceasing evolution along with the time. Therefore, the international society has expanded the meaning of "the national security" into “the comprehensive security”. That is, for national defense security, except the efficacy brought by military service system policy to the armed forces, it can affect the goal and operation of crosswise political, economical security strategy as well in the meantime. First, in political aspect, conscription of the military service system continuously becomes popular subject of the public discussion these years, this kind of phenomenon influences not only the foundation in armed forces and preparation for war of the national troops, but also the wish to serve and sacrifice for the country, even influences the security of national survival and development. Only this dispute of the subject pointed out the qualms of our countrymen in "the government reasonable control", "circulation channel obstruction”,” the legality of military service law” and “ the recognition of our country”. Second, in the economical aspect, the conscription made the high rate of unemployment of our servicemen before or after service, then new social problem came out, highly appended value labor force left unused, these are all disadvantages for national economy development and competitive ability. Finally, in the military aspect, conscription and enlistingsystem have played a decisive role in the army attribute (offensive or defensive), the military strength demand (tradition or high tech), the soldier quality (high-tech, multi- specialties), the social engineering (citizen accomplishment), the civil governance (military and civilian relations) with the military hedge (special social class, culture) and so on. However, it also need steady cross-strait relations, suitable schedule for the reforms, weaponry renewal, development and revision of the criterion, change of the training method and the necessary measure of correlation military service system proceeded in an orderly way, for our country to gradually and smoothly reduces the proportion of conscription, increases the proportion of enlisting,and at last reach the anticipated and satisfactory goal.

半個世紀以來，中國的威脅一直是我國「國家安全」意涵中最主要甚至是唯一的焦點，因此可以說「國家安全」意涵是與軍事安全概念一致的。國家安全的威脅，不僅是來自外部的各種挑戰，還包括了來自內部的天然因素與人為因素的威脅，殆無疑義。921大地震、桃芝颱風造成嚴重傷亡與財產損失，就是例證。國內的安全維護，顯然必須兼顧非軍事面的安全戰略研究、設計、宣傳與執行，才能達成全面性的安全保障。因此，建立全面綜合性安全觀念，乃是不論政府與民間，必須確立的基本共識與觀念，亦是我國邁入21世紀所必須積極著手的準備。然而，當前對我國安全深具威脅的因素中，反而非軍事性因素居多，值得深究。 因此本論文研究側重於中國運用非軍事手段之方式，破壞我國重大設施之國家安全面向為主要探討範圍。並將進一步探討：中國對我可能採取之戰爭型態、影響國家安全之重大設施現況、中共利用政府採購管道進行超限作戰、國內重大設施應有之防護作為等問題，探討的重大設施著重在與民生關係緊密的公共設施，包含(電力、自來水、交通、電信、科學園區、機場、港口、公路、鐵路)等，中國對我使用非軍事手段方面除經濟貿易、環境、能源、族群衝突、民主化發展、毒品與犯罪、恐怖主義、以及疾病傳染等等外，最可能從介入此類重大公共工程設施之防護以進行秘密活動，伺機安裝引爆裝置，並使全台各重要據點所預置之破壞因子同時發作，致使國內救災體系整個癱瘓、民生丕變、金融交易停滯、高科技產業停擺、並形成一陣社會恐慌、社會失序、終致形成無政府狀態；值此同時，中國即以維護國內秩序之名義接收政權，國際團體及友邦無法介入支援或救助。對內完成統一大業，對外宣示一個中國，順理成章地以達到以非軍事手段替代軍事行動所產生之最低成本換取最高效益。 / Since the past half century, the threat of China has been the most important spotlight in "national security". Therefore, it is the same concept with both of national security and military safety. The threat of the national security is including not only the various challenges that come from the exterior but also the natural factor of the inner part and the threat of the artificial factors. It is doubtless that the 921 heavy earthquakes and the Typhoon Torajis cause serious dead, injured and properties lost, are a series of illustration. The domestic security safeguards must look after both sides of the safe strategy research, design and publicize and carry out obviously in the parts of non- military. So we can reach the comprehensive security guarantee eventually. Therefore, establish overall synthesizes safety concepts are our goal to exceed into 21 centuries must begin actively of preparation; in spite of the government and civilian. This thesis research lays emphasis on making use of the non-military means breaking our country’s public facilities by China. Also I will further inquire into: What kind of war type will be adopted by China? How about the current conditions of domestic public facilities? China probably makes use of the governmental procurement to carry on super limit's battling. What kinds of protection we should take in action on regarding public facilities. The major public facilities which I focus on are people's livelihood. It will contain(electric power, the resource of water, transportation, telecommunication, science-based industrial park, airport, port, highway, railroad) etc., In addition to economy trading, environment, energy, ethnicity conflict, democratization development, drug and crime, terrorism, and diseases infecting the etc., the most possible of China is using the non-military means to get involved in breaking major public facilities in order to carry on the secret activity, wait for an opportunity to install an exploding device, and make each important spot prepare to place of the breakage factor goes into action meanwhile. So that It would cause domestic disaster response system whole paralyze, people's livelihood largely change, the finance trade stagnate, high-tech industry lockout, become a social dismay and lose the preface, eventually with the result that formation anarchy appearance; meanwhile, China namely with safeguard the name of the domestic order to receive the political power. And then the international group and allied countries can't get involved the support or salvages. China will claims to have completed to unify the whole country in the inner part and claims to have one China to all foreign country. At last, China will reach to act for the military action with the non- military means to exchange the highest benefit the lowest cost of creation.

No description available.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / In April 2003, the Bush Administration submitted the Defense Transformation for the 21st Century Act to 108th U.S. Congress for review and enactment. This act proposed broad changes for the Department of Defense to successfully meet new challenges and new threats for the 21st century. This paper will examine the proposals and requested authorities relating to modernizing civilian personnel structures found in the proposed National Security Personnel System. Specifically, this paper will examine the political process used to change Department of Defense policy by examining the legislative outcome of the National Security Personnel System. In November 2003, the legislative treatment of the Bush Administration's proposal was finalized by the passage of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004. / Lieutenant, United States Navy

CHDS State/Local / Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / In "The Principles of Prevention and the Development of the Prevention Triangle Model for the Evaluation of Terrorism Prevention," we propose the theoretical and practical development of the Prevention Triangle, a graphical model designed to define a system for evaluating national, state, and local terrorism prevention mandates and programs. Based upon objectives detailed in the National Strategy for Homeland Security, and derived through an analysis of selected prevention theories and programs - primarily those aimed at crime prevention - this study first seeks a theoretical basis for the prevention of terrorism in the form of four principles before deriving and defining representative evaluative criteria for designing and measuring the efficacy of prevention programs. / Civilian, Homeland Security Liaison, The City of New York

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / The Seamless Maritime Concept is the need to treat awareness, security, defense in a comprehensive, cohesive manner. Continuing discussion of maritime homeland security and defense capability requirements and resources allocation fails to recognize the unique requirements of the maritime domain. Enormous thought and resources have been put towards enhancing maritime homeland security and maritime homeland defense readiness. Unfortunately, the efforts to date treat "defense" and "security" disparately, ignoring the necessity to include all maritime domain partners. The Seamless Maritime Concept suggests that incremental changes to processes, boundaries, and markets have little chance to dramatically improve performance. The Seamless Maritime Concept suggests a new way of addressing the problem. The Coast Guard's motto is "Semper Paratus" or "Always Ready." It reflects the quality of the people; the people will not let any obstacle prevent them from accomplishing the mission. Admiral Loy's "dull knife" declares the desperate need to re-capitalize the Coast Guard cutter and air craft fleets. And the Coast Guard's long standing record of success all combine to demonstrate that given some resource support that the Coast Guard can get it (maritime security) done. Conversely, failure to recapitalize will drive the Coast Guard toward obsolescence and preclude an opportunity to enhance the security and defense readiness of the maritime domain. / Commander, United States Coast Guard

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / Systems engineering is a vital element of systems acquisition, and yet, as a result of previous Department of Defense (DoD) and United States Air Force (USAF) policies and practices, many government systems engineers today lack the systems engineering/management skills required to successfully execute national security space programs. The purpose of this thesis is to study and understand common issues that have impacted the ability of the USAF to cost-effectively acquire satellite systems. The research performed here involves an analysis of the differences between the traditional DoD systems acquisition and the national security space systems acquisition processes and an investigation of previous national efforts to improve these processes. The analysis results, together with the findings from a review of successful and struggling space programs, are then used to discover trends that aid in the formulation of the recommendations in this thesis. Specifically, to improve USAF systems engineering management skills and thereby improve the national security space systems acquisition process, the role of the government systems engineer should be defined as one of risk management, and the government systems engineers should be trained, equipped, and tracked in order to efficiently perform systems engineering in support of the space systems acquisition process. Finally, the research findings will provide a foundation for future researchers to expand upon the recommendations and make steady progress toward improving DoD and USAF space systems engineering expertise. / Outstanding Thesis