Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T16:34:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CamilaViana.pdf: 1627583 bytes, checksum: d811b160025463e1b8d6c2faa8209dcb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Domestic violence is a phenomenon that concerns society and should be highlighted, is serious because it can leave physical and psychological scars. It terrorizes families and its scary, especially to occur, most of the time, the place where people should feel safe and secure within their own homes. There are efforts to measure the incidence of domestic violence. However, the family, the marital relationship and the home environment, today, are still considered private, hindering the accuracy of the real magnitude of this kind of violence. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the object relations and personality structure of women involved in cases of domestic violence. Used the qualitative method, were analyzed four women involved in domestic violence, older than 18 years. The instruments were employees a Sociodemographic Questionnaire and the Test of Object Relations Phillipsons. The results showed that the personality structure of these women presented with a predominance of schizoid traits. At the Tension Unconscious Dominant System, the dynamics of personality has fears, desires and defenses of Viscocárica and paranoid-schizoid position. This dynamic suggests structural weakness, paranoid and dependent objects. Reflecting on the issue of violence and how these women undergo it, by the results obtained in this study, it was observed that this is an object type of relationship with extreme dependence, permeated by hatred and persecutory guilt. This persecutory guilt mobilizes the permittivity of the superego that must meet all dependency objects wishes. While they are attacked, they also hurt, they can not tolerate the absence of the object and the desire to merge it seems to be the trigger that sets off the attacks. Expected that the results of this research may lead to reflection on more effective public policies and interventions to reduce the incidence of such violence and the suffering of these women. / A violência doméstica é um fenômeno que preocupa a sociedade e deve ser objeto de destaque, é grave pois pode deixar marcas físicas e psicológicas. Ela aterroriza famílias e é assustador, principalmente por ocorrer, na maioria das vezes, no local onde as pessoas deveriam sentir-se seguras e protegidas, dentro de suas próprias casas. Há um esforço para medir a incidência da violência doméstica. Contudo, a família, a relação conjugal e o ambiente doméstico, na atualidade, ainda são considerados privados e particulares, o que dificulta a precisão da magnitude real deste tipo de violência. Assim, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar as relações objetais e estrutura de personalidade de mulheres envolvidas em casos de violência doméstica. Para tanto, utilizou-se do método qualitativo, foram avaliadas quatro mulheres envolvidas em violência doméstica, com idade superior a 18 anos. Como instrumentos foram empregados um Questionário Sociodemográfico e o Teste das Relações Objetais de Phillipson (TRO). Os resultados mostraram que a estrutura de personalidade destas mulheres apresenta-se com o predomínio de traços esquizoides. No Sistema Tensional Inconsciente Dominante, a dinâmica da personalidade apresenta medos, desejos e defesas das posições Viscocárica e Esquizoparanoide. Tal dinâmica sugere fragilidade estrutural, persecutoriedade e dependência dos objetos. Refletindo sobre a questão da violência e de como essas mulheres se submetem a ela, por meio dos resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa, observou-se que se trata de um tipo de relação de objeto com extrema dependência, permeada pelo ódio e culpa persecutória. Esta última mobiliza a permissividade do superego que precisa satisfazer todos os desejos do objeto de dependência. Ao mesmo tempo que são agredidas, elas também agridem, por não suportarem a ausência do objeto e o desejo de fundir-se a ele parece ser o gatilho que dispara os ataques. Espera-se que os resultados desta pesquisa possam levar à reflexão sobre políticas públicas e intervenções mais eficazes para diminuir a incidência deste tipo de violência e o sofrimento dessas mulheres

L’objectif est de comprendre comment se forme et se rompt l’alliance thérapeutique dans des consultations médicales pour la douleur chronique. Notre population se compose de quarante-deux patients consultants pour la première fois en Centre d’Etude et de Traitement de la Douleur. Les patients ont été évalués durant les cinq premières consultations et une grille des cognitions sociales et relations d’objet a été remplie. La perception de la douleur, l’autorégulation et l’observance médicamenteuse ont été évaluées. Un questionnaire d’alliance thérapeutique a été rempli par le médecin et les patients. Un questionnaire de contre-transfert a été rempli par le médecin après le cinquième entretien. Nos résultats montrent un lien entre la perception de l’alliance thérapeutique par le patient et l’évaluation du contre-transfert par le médecin. Une partie de l’évaluation des cognitions sociales et relations d’objet est liée à l’évaluation du contre-transfert du médecin et à ses évaluations de l’alliance thérapeutique. L’observance médicamenteuse est en partie reliée à la perception de l’alliance thérapeutique par le médecin. L’évaluation sensorielle de la douleur est négativement corrélée au troisième entretien avec l’évaluation de l’alliance thérapeutique par le patient. L’Expression des Emotions et Besoins est corrélée positivement à plusieurs items de la SCORS et à la perception par le patient de l’alliance thérapeutique. La Contrôlabilité est également corrélée aux évaluations de la douleur. Des données qualitatives permettent de différencier à travers le discours les patients qui quitteront ou non le suivi prématurément et ceux qui décriront une hausse ou baisse des douleurs. / The goal is to understand how therapeutic alliance develops and breaks in medical consultations for chronic pain.
Our population is made up of forty two patients who are seeing a physician for the first time in a chronic pain unit. The patients were assessed during the first five consultations and a social cognition and object relations scale was filled in. Perception of pain, self-regulation and medication adherence were assessed. A therapeutic alliance questionnaire was completed at both to the doctor and the patients. A questionnaire of countertransference was filled in by the doctor after the fifth consultation. Our results show a link between the patient’s perception of the therapeutic alliance and the assessment of physician countertransference. Part of the assessment of social cognition and object relations is related to the countertransference assessment and to the physician’s therapeutic alliance assessments. The medication adherence is partly related to the perception of the physician’s therapeutic alliance. Sensory evaluation of pain is negatively correlated to the third interview with the evaluation of the patient’s therapeutic alliance. Expression of the Feelings and Needs is positively correlated with several items of the SCORS and patient perception of the therapeutic alliance. Controllability is correlated with pain ratings. Qualitative data allow to differentiate through patients discourses who leave prematurely or did follow appointments, and those who describe increased or decreased pain sensations.

A experiência vincular, entre o cuidador primário (mãe) e o bebê, no início da vida pós-natal, constitui o contexto da neurogênese, de acordo com os estudos realizados pela Neurociência do Desenvolvimento; e o fundamento do desenvolvimento emocional segundo a teoria do psicanalista Donald W. Winnicott. O objetivo desta pesquisa é aproximar as construções teóricas de autores que estudam diferentes aspectos de uma mesma realidade: as implicações da experiência vincular entre o bebê e o cuidador primário (mãe), que acontecem nas etapas iniciais do desenvolvimento humano, no processo de inter-relação psique-soma considerada a base do desenvolvimento emocional do ser humano. Essas construções pertencem a uma linha de pesquisa em neurociência do desenvolvimento e outra em psicanálise, representada pela teoria de Donald W. Winnicott, sobre os primórdios do desenvolvimento. Considerando-se que o presente trabalho é um estudo teórico-reflexivo, foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica. As conclusões têm o objetivo de fundamentar um conhecimento que possa ampliar a compreensão dos fatores que interferem no desenvolvimento do ser humano, no início da vida pós-natal, que podem ser responsáveis pelo aparecimento de psicopatologias em etapas futuras do ciclo vital. Enfatizam a necessidade do desenvolvimento de estratégias de intervenção precoce na relação mãe-bebê, em programas de assistência à infância, reforçando a importância da psicologia preventiva na proteção do desenvolvimento humano. / The bonding experience between the primary carer (Mother) and the baby, at the start of the post-natal life, forms the context of neurogenesis, according to studies carried out by Developmental Neuroscience; and is also the basis of emotional development, according to the theory of psychoanalyst Donald W. Winnicott. The objective of this study is to investigate the technical constructions of authors who study different aspects of the same reality: the implications of the bonding experience between the baby and the primary carer (mother), which take place in the initial stages of human development, in the process of the interrelation between psyche and soma, which is considered to be the basis for the emotional development the human being. These constructions belong to a line of research in developmental neuroscience, and another in psychoanalysis, represented by the theory of Donald W. Winnicott on the beginnings of development. Considering that this work is a theoretical-reflective study, a bibliographic review was carried out. The conclusions seek to support a knowledge that can further understanding of the factors which influence human development, at the start of the post-natal life, and which may be responsible for the appearance of psychopathologies in future stages of the vital cycle. They also emphasize the need for the development of strategies of early intervention in the relationship between mother and baby, in infant care programs, reinforcing the importance of preventative psychology in the protection of human development.

The purpose of this study was to discover the impact of ballroom dancing on the marital relationship. In order to do this the researcher first conducted a literature review on numerous aspects such as the marital relationship, movement therapy, the history of dancing, ballroom dancing and different theoretical approaches to marriage counseling. From the literature and personal experience, the researcher developed four hypotheses. To possibly answer these hypotheses and discover what the impact is of ballroom dancing on the marital relationship, the researcher utilized a qualitative research methodology. A sample size of three couples were randomly chosen to participate in the research study. Ethics and issues of validity and reliability were addressed throughout the research process. In-depth interviews were conducted with all three participating couples and from these interviews four different themes emerged. Four categories were then developed from the information obtained from the interviews as well as from the literature review. The research results indicated that the participating couples felt that through ballroom dancing they acquired improved communication in that it occurred more frequently and was more in-depth. The participants were of the opinion that their intimacy levels had enhanced. They related having more physical contact with one another, feeling early courtship emotions again and reinstating the importance of the marital relationship for them and their extended families. The couples seemed to develop strategies for conflict management as they went through the process of learning to dance. In the early stages of their dancing the couples recounted incidences of arguing however they all seemed to progressively make conscious decisions to ulitise strategies for conflict management which they found effective. Negotiation, investment and cooperation appeared to be essential tools for the couples to succeed in dancing. Added to this the couples seemed to be of the opinion that they became more competent in these behaviours as they progressed with their dancing. / Dissertation (MA (Counselling Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Psychology / unrestricted

Exploring the cycloid temperament has been attempted throughout the ages by various pioneers in psychiatry, psychology and psychoanalysis. Contemporary psychiatric approaches have estimated that cycloid pathology, most evident as Bipolar Disorder, accounts for more than 1% of the population and is seen as the sixth leading cause of all illnesses. Despite the latter it is remains a desperately understudied area psychologically. Theoretically, BD is known for (1) its complex epidemiology, (2) costly treatment, (3) occupational impairment; (4) its negative interpersonal implications, (5) negative domestic effects, (6) forensic consequences, (7) death due to suicide and accidents, (8) cost in treatment, and finally, and most importantly from a humanistic perspective, (9) BD's diminished quality of life. Given the various realities faced by those suffering from Bipolar disorder the current study aimed at describing, through the use of the Rorschach Comprehensive system (CS), the self and object-representations, as well as the affect experiences of fifty, predominantly Bipolar I inpatients. The patients were selected through opportunity sampling at two provincial psychiatric hospitals in South Africa and included Caucasian, African and Colored respondents. All protocols were administered and scored by trained CS clinicians and re-scored by both the author and supervisor. Fifteen protocols were thereafter randomly assigned to three inter-raters and a high level of inter-rater reliability seemed evident. Given various inherent limitations of the study, that is, (a) a study of limited scope, (b) the heterogeneous nature of the sample and the reliance on opportunity sampling, (c) the small sample size, (d) lack of a control group, and (d) the focus of the study as exploratory-descriptive in nature, basic descriptive statistic were relied upon. Despite the various limitations, the results obtained seemed to hint at the possibility of a Neglected Self, characterised by difficulties in modulating affect in moderation, lack of self-esteem and positive self-regard, difficulties in introspection and self-inspecting behaviour, a general lack of interpersonal comfort and feelings of threat, as well as affectional and representational constriction. The presence of impaired self-regulation and reflection, possible perceptual differences in sensory-affective reactivity and processing, as well as difficulties in representational elaboration and differentiation needs further research and comparison to other psychiatric disorders. Basic therapeutic inferences were also discussed that may support those who treat cycloid patients. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Psychology / unrestricted

The aim of this study is to give an in-depth understanding of the representations of a depressed woman who killed her baby. The representations under study is based on “The motherhood constellation” by Stern (1995) and focus on the woman’s representation of her mother as mother-of-herself-as-child, herself-as-mother and her representations of her children. Pregnancy is an important phase in a woman’s life. Parent-infant psychotherapies are a rapidly growing field of infant mental health as many psychological problems have their roots in infancy. Neglect, trauma and abuse and prolonged maternal depression can cause a child to develop a range of problems. The work of Winnicott (1965a) and Bion (1988) put the mother’s fantasy life about her infant as one of the major building blocks of the infant’s construction of a sense of identity (Stern, 1995). Fraiberg (Fraiberg, Adelson&Shapiro, 1980) with her “ghosts in the nursery” revolutionised this perception by placing the maternal representation at the core of the parent-infant clinical situation (Stern, 1995). The way the research developed and the nature of the research problem necessitated a pure qualitative mode of enquiry. A single case study was done about the representations (of self-as-mother, mother-as –mother–of–self-as-child- and of the children) in an extreme case where the mother’s depression led to her murdering her baby. Data collection was done through semi-structured interviews and documents from the psychiatric hospitals she attended. Data was also obtained from field notes, before and after the interviews and also while transcribing the audio-taped interviews. Data analysis was done by the procedures of data reduction and organising it into categories on the basis of themes as described by Neuman (2000). Coding and analytic memo writing were done. The relationships between concepts were examined and linked to each other and interweaved into theoretical statements. The researcher argues that not enough is done to enhance the relationship between a mother and her foetus, and later her baby. The concept of maternal representations is the only approach that opens the possibility to start working at the earliest point of prevention, because intervention can start during pregnancy. Intervention during pregnancy is ideal because defence mechanisms are less rigid during pregnancy and women are more in touch with their entire life cycle and the whole system is more open for change. The ghosts can be chased out of the nursery by helping the mother to see the repetition of the past in the present. The affective link, recognising and remembering the feelings help a parent not to repeat the past in the present - “…it is the parent who cannot remember his childhood feelings of pain and anxiety who will need to inflict his pain upon his child” (Fraiberg, Adelson&Shapiro, 1980, p. 182). / Thesis (PhD (Psychotherapy))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Psychology / unrestricted

The purpose of this study was to discover and describe the structure and essential meaning of the experience of betrayal in intimate relationships. Previous and current research has directed much attention to the consequences and effects of betrayal in relationships, however the essential experience of the phenomenon of betrayal has received less attention. The experience of betrayal was approached from a Kleinian perspective. A review of the literature revealed that betrayal per se is less frequently found in psychological texts although extensive reference to the construct is found in the field of sociology, in texts on deviance (Ben-Yehuda, 2001). However, inherent aspects of the phenomenon may be recalled for the purposes of this study, notably trust and loyalty. Trust is considered to be an intrinsic variable in the phenomenon of betrayal. Loyalty appears to be an interchangeable variable and is briefly included in this study. Trust as a significant aspect in the establishment of human relationships was discussed with reference to relevant psychological paradigms. The bridge to Kleinian theory was formed using trust as a fundamental aspect of the primary mother-infant relationship. Further exploration of core Kleinian constructs and Klein’s developmental positions, were also integrated in elucidating the phenomenon of betrayal in intimate relationships. Being qualitative in nature, the experience of betrayal was explored using research principles of grounded theory (Strauss&Corbin, 1990/1998) for the purposes of data reduction, analysis and generation of theory. In addition, the qualitative research interview, proposed by Kvale (1996), was used to collect the data. In-depth interviews with five participants and a second interview with one of the participants were conducted. The participants were unknown to myself as the researcher, prior to commencing the study and they were formally approached by three fellow practising psychologists. Furthermore, the study of the experience of betrayal included verification of the transcribed interviews by the participants, prior to data reduction and analysis. In this manner, opportunities for further reflection and an enhanced understanding of the experience of betrayal were provided. The core category which emerges from this inquiry is a sense of alienation which individuals experience as a result of betrayal in intimate relationships. Therefore, contrary to Klein’s extensive emphasis on intrapsychic processes, the interpersonal nature of individuals cannot be excluded or underestimated. These findings specifically contribute to Kleinian theory, social psychology, sociology, theology and psychotherapy. In this study the participants’ experience of betrayal, the consequences for the participants themselves and the outcome of the relationships were addressed. Furthermore, the significance of cognitive processes in adulthood and the theoretical implications of the relational phenomenon of betrayal for further research were mentioned. Contributions to Klein’s theory as well as a critical review of the research methodology and a critique of the strengths and limitations of this study were also included. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Psychology / PhD / Unrestricted

M.A. / Conduct disorder is one of the most frequently diagnosed childhood disorders. The prevalence of this disorder has increased over the past few decades, which has ramifications for many facets of society, such as with families, justice systems, institutions involved with the rehabilitation of these children, and society as a whole. Conduct disorder has been found to be stable over time, and is therefore often associated with problems later in life such as violent crime, alcoholism, marital discord, and antisocial personality disorder. There have been many theories advanced for the aetiology of conduct disorder, but it is generally a bio-psychosocial model, rather than a single theory that receives the most attention when considering the development of this disorder. Included within such a model are variables such as a genetic component, neuropsychological factor, comorbid factor, socio-economic element, and a social learning component, that are involved with the development and maintenance of conduct disorder. One of the most consistently researched aspects involved within such models proposed for the aetiology of conduct disorder has been the role that certain parental styles have in the development of conduct disorder. Parental styles and the home environment have been consistently found to be a precursor of conduct disorder in foreign studies, however there is a lack of research within a South African context in this area. In order to establish whether there are specific styles of parenting related to conduct disorder in a South African sample, two measuring instruments were utilised, which were the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) and the Family Environment Scale (FES). The PBI and FES were administered to two groups of adolescents (n=80): one group of males (n=40) diagnosed with conduct disorder, and one group of males (n=40) without a diagnosis of conduct disorder. These instruments were used in order to establish if there were any differences in the perceived style of parenting between the two groups. The study yielded results that are similar to those found in foreign based studies. It was found with the South African sample, that a parenting style characterised by a low amount of care on the part of the mother, and overprotection on the part of the father was found within the conduct disorder group. Together these form a Parenting style of `affectionless control'. These parents were found to exert a high amount of control over their children, have a low expressiveness of emotions and feelings, have a low involvement with their children, and were poor at supervising and monitoring their children. These results indicate that parental styles could be a precursor of conduct disorder within a South African context. The implications of these results are discussed as well as the limitations of the study. Recommendations for future research and possible applications of the results are delineated.

This study explored the lived experience of traumatisation manifesting as enduring undiagnosed post- traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on the overall psychological functioning of members currently serving in the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) from an object-relations perspective. A qualitative approach with a phenomenological study design using semi-structured interviews and self- report questionnaires to gather data was employed. Prominent themes formed the content for interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) from an object-relations perspective on pathology in relation to untreated trauma of the psyche. The findings indicated that servicemen and women in the SANDF lived in a chronic state of psychic, occupational and relational disintegration. Recurrence of reactivated past unresolved traumas experienced in dreams, troubled sleep and internal conflict were characterised by annihilation anxiety, psychic numbing and repression. Further, there was a chronic sense of loss of the self through loss of good internal and external self-objects as well as in meaning of life and work as a soldier. The findings further revealed overall functional paralysis as evidenced in these SANDF members’continued psychological deterioration, which manifested in irreversible damage to character and cognitive deficits linked to chronic trauma in the form of undiagnosed PTSD. / Thesis (PhD (Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Psychology / PhD (Psychology) / Unrestricted

[pt] O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar sobre a clínica dos casos-limite numa perspectiva psicanalítica, por meio de uma revisão de literatura. Esses sujeitos revelam uma marcante precariedade no que se refere à construção dos limites intersubjetivos, configurando uma difícil relação interpessoal ao longo da vida. São pacientes que exigem do psicanalista uma atenção em relação a técnica empregada e um olhar para as primeiras relações de objeto. Assim, em um primeiro momento, utilizamos das contribuições técnicas e teóricas de Sigmund Freud no atendimento em casos de neurose de transferência, isto é, pacientes onde o sintoma se configura a partir do recalque, que vão orientar uma técnica que se convencionou a chamar de clássica. São sujeitos que não se enquadram como casos-limite. Em seguida, colhemos as contribuições de Sándor Ferenczi sobre a clínica dos casos graves, valorizando o tato do analista, sua sensibilidade e elasticidade da técnica. Por fim, com Donald Woods Winnicott, abordamos alguns aspectos fundamentais como os primórdios da constituição psíquica e as relações objetais primárias, assim como o brincar e a regressão à dependência no setting, posto que são elementos centrais que nos ajudam a pensar a clínica dos casos-limite por uma outra dimensão que não a técnica clássica. Nesse trajeto, é possível destacar o holding frente aos impasses e desafios na clínica desses casos na contemporaneidade. / [en] The aim of this research was to study the clinical practice of the borderline cases in a psychoanalyst perspective, based on a literature review. These individuals reveal an important fragility related to intersubjective boundaries, which results in a difficult interpersonal relationship throughout life. They are patients who demand from the analyst a close attention of the technique used, and also a look at the first objects relations. Thus, at first, we used all Sigmund Freud s technical and theoretical background in clinical care of transference neurosis, that is, patients where the symptom is formedfrom repression, that will guide a technique that is conventionally called classic. They are subjects that do not fit asborderline cases. Then we extracted the corpus of Sándor Ferenczi in terms of the clinic of severe cases, in which, we value the analyst experience and sensibility, and the technique versatility. At last, based on Donald Woods Winnicott, we address some fundamental aspects such as the beginnings of the psychic constitution and the primary object relations, as well as the play and the regression of dependency in the setting, since they are central elements that help us to think about the clinic of borderline cases from a different perspective other than the classic techniques. Along this path, it is possible to highlight the holding in the view of the impasses and challenges of this cases on the contemporary clinic.