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This study examines the functions of objects in a selection of British colonial travel accounts about Africa. The works discussed were published between 1863 and 1908 and include travelogues by John Hanning Speke, Verney Lovett Cameron, Henry Morton Stanley, Mary Henrietta Kingsley, Ewart Scott Grogan, Mary Hall and Constance Larymore. The author argues that objects are deeply involved in the construction of pre-modern and modern spheres that the travelling subject moves between. The objects in the travel accounts are studied in relation to a contextual background of Victorian commodity and object culture, epitomised by the 1851 Great Exhibition and the birth of the modern anthropological museum. The four analysis chapters investigate the roles of objects in ethnographical and geographical writing, in ideological discussions about the transformative powers of colonial trade, and in narratives about the arrival of the book in the colonial periphery. As the analysis shows, however, objects tend not to behave as they are expected to do. Instead of marking temporal differences, descriptions of objects are typically unstable and riddled with contradictions and foreground the ambivalence that characterises colonial literature.

L’objectif de cette thèse est de jeter un éclairage sur ce qui influence une personne, ayant peur d’être abandonnée, à s’automutiler. Les modèles psychologiques des relations d’objet et de l’attachement ont montré empiriquement que la peur de l’abandon, via les concepts de l’anxiété d’attachement et de la dépendance, est associée à l’automutilation. Cependant, la nature de cette relation n’a jamais été approfondie. Après avoir défini et mis en contexte la notion d’automutilation, une explication théorique est proposée à l’aide des approches des relations d’objet, de l’attachement et de l’évitement expérientiel des fonctions de l’automutilation, afin de mieux comprendre ce qui influencerait une personne dépendante à s’automutiler. La présente thèse suggère que les individus dépendants et ayant peur d’être abandonnés s’automutileraient afin de gérer leurs émotions négatives liées à la perception d’un abandon, d’une séparation ou d’un rejet. Cette influence de l’automutilation se ferait, théoriquement, à travers des fonctions de régulation intrapersonnelle et interpersonnelle, telles que la régulation affective, l’autopunition et l’influence interpersonnelle, mais également par une fonction d’évitement de l’autonomie. Ces fonctions permettraient de préserver les représentations internes d’une relation de dépendance et ainsi réduire les sentiments subjectifs de l’abandon. Pour appuyer empiriquement ces propositions, 58 participants consultant en clinique externe de psychologie ont, entre autres, complété le Questionnaire des expériences dépressives (DEQ), l’Inventaire d’énoncés sur l’automutilation (ISAS) et l’Entrevue diagnostique révisée pour les troubles limites de la personnalité (DIB-R). Les résultats montrent qu’une dépendance, de type anaclitique, et la fréquence de l’automutilation sont associées et que leur relation peut s’expliquer par les effets médiateurs des difficultés sur les plans affectifs et interpersonnels. En outre, la dépendance anaclitique apparaît être liée spécifiquement à différentes fonctions de l’automutilation, soit symboliser la détresse interne, l’antidissociation, l’influence interpersonnelle ainsi que l’évitement de l’autonomie. Ces résultats suggèrent que la dépendance anaclitique favorise l’expérience de difficultés affectives et interpersonnelles qui augmentent la fréquence de l’automutilation. En outre, ils suggèrent que l’automutilation, associée à ce type de dépendance, servirait à réguler des états affectifs internes, influencer l’environnement interpersonnel et éviter l’autonomie. Quant à elles, la régulation affective et l’autopunition sont présentes chez une majorité des personnes qui s’automutilent, sans égard à leur niveau de dépendance. Ainsi, si ces fonctions sont bien liées théoriquement à la dépendance derrière l’automutilation de certains individus, les analyses rappellent qu’elles contribuent également à l’automutilation chez des personnes n’ayant pas de crainte particulière de l’abandon. / The objective of this thesis is to shed light on what may lead a dependent person who fears abandonment to engage in self-injury. Psychological models of object relations and attachment have shown that self-injury is empirically associated with fear of abandonment via dependency and attachment anxiety. However, the nature of this relationship has yet to be thoroughly explained. Having defined and contextualised self-injury, a theoretical explanation is proposed through object relations, attachment and experiential avoidance functions of self-injury, all with the goal of better understanding what can influence a dependent individual to self-injure. This thesis suggests that individuals who are dependent and afraid of being abandoned might use self-injury to regulate negative emotions associated with their perception of abandonment, separation or rejection. Theoretically, this influence of self-injury could occur through intrapersonal and interpersonal functions, such as affect regulation, self-punishment and interpersonal influence, as well as autonomy avoidance. These functions might serve to protect internal representations of dependence and thus, reduce subjective feelings of abandonment. To test these theoretical proposals, 58 outpatient participants completed, among other measures, the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ), the Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury (ISAS) and the Revised Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines (DIB-R). Results showed a relationship between anaclitic neediness and self-injury frequency, which was explained by mediator effects of both affective and interpersonal problems. Furthermore, this type of dependency was found to be specifically associated with marking distress, anti-dissociation, interpersonal influence and autonomy avoidance functions of self-injury. These findings suggest that anaclitic neediness favours the experience of affective and interpersonal difficulties, which in turn increase the frequency of self-injury. Results also suggested that self-injury associated with this type of dependency might serve to regulate internal affective states, to influence the interpersonal environment and to avoid autonomy. Affect regulation and self-punishment functions were endorsed by the majority of individuals who self-injured, regardless of their level of dependence. While these two functions are associated in theory to dependency issues that underpin self-injury for some individuals, analyses indicated that these functions also contribute to self-injury behaviour in people who do not fear abandonment specifically.

殺人犯罪是所有犯罪類型中嚴重性被評為最高的罪行,也最令社會大眾與媒體關切.國內對殺人犯罪的研究仍少,而且主要是以問卷的形式進行.為了對此一現象做另一種方式的初步探討,研究者以台中監獄中刑期十年以上與無期徒刑的殺人犯為對象,研究中以「失抑量表」、「社會化量表」與「社會病態量表」來瞭解殺人犯的心理病態（psychopathy）的程度,並根據其在「失抑量表」得分的高低而分為組一與組二兩組.Rorschach墨漬測驗則用來探討他們的客體關係（object relations）能力的差異,同時也呈現出兩組在Exner系統中描述性變項上的統計結果.研究者除了採用Blatt等人的量表來對受刑人的Rorschach protocol進行計分外,並根據客體關係理論,結合Blatt與Urist的量表而發展出一套新的客體關係量表. 研究結果支持殺人犯可以依其心理病態的程度做進一步的區分,而且不同的心理病態程度可以對應到不同的客體關係能力.最後,研究中分析了新量表的有效性. 第一章 緒論-第1頁 第一節 研究背景-第1頁 第二節 反社會行為的異質性-第3頁 第三節 心理病態的生理、心理與行為特徵-第11頁 第二章 本研究的相關理論、研究與研究目的-第21頁 第一節 Kernberg的客體關係理論-第21頁 第二節 Rorschach測驗的本質-第28頁 第三節 Human Contents與客體關係-第32頁 第四節 M反應與客體關係-第33頁 第五節 客體關係理論的研究取向與批評-第38頁 第六節 研究工具的編製與研究目的-第48頁 第三章 研究方法-第56頁 第一節 受試、工具與程序-第56頁 第二節 資料分析-第60頁 第四章 結果-第66頁 第五章 討論-第80頁 附註-第83頁 參考文獻-第85頁 Notes-第97頁 附錄一 相互自主性量表-第98頁 附錄二 Rorschach互動量表-第100頁 附錄三 客體概念的發展分析-第101頁 附錄四 失抑量表、社會化量表與社會病態量表-第112頁 附錄五 信度計分表一-第115頁 附錄六 信度計分表二-第116頁 附錄七 信度計分表三-第117頁 / The seriousness of criminal homicide is evaluated as the highest among all crimes, and receives the most concern from the public and mass media. There is still few researches on criminal homicide in Taiwan, and the major study tools are questionnaires. In order to investigate this phenomenon from a different perspective, the researcher selected the homicides in Taichung prison who get a 10-year sentence or life sentence as his subjects. In this study, "Disinhibition Scale", "Socialization Scale", and "Sociopathy Scale" were applied to understand the psychopathy level of the homicides, and subjects are divided into two groups according to their scores on the "Disinhibition Scale". Rorschach inkblot test was selected to investigate their different capacity for object relations, meanwhile presented the descriptive statistics of Exner's Comprehensive System for both groups. Besides scoring subjects' Rorschach protocols on the scale developed by Blatt et al., the researcher intergrated Blatt's and Urist's scales on the basis of object relations theory into a new object relations scale. The results of this stydy provide suppport for the hypotheses that homicides can be differentiated from each other on the basis of their psychopathy level, and different levels of psychopathy reflect different capacity for object relations. Finally, the utility of the new scale is analyzed and discussed.

My thesis addresses the antagonism between the mystery of life and the destructive pursuit of power which forms a central theme in the works of Per Olof Sundman (1922–1992). The purpose is to show that Sundman uses the theme of the encounter/non-encounter and the destructive leader to examine the conditions for allowing a deeper experience of reality and the destructive exercise of power. I analyse these themes using concepts borrowed from literary studies (Atle Kittang, Paul Ricoeur, Bertil Romberg, Staffan Björck, Gérard Genette), the philosophy of religion (Martin Buber, Göran Bergstrand) and psychoanalysis (Ludvig Igra, Otto Kernberg, Erich Fromm, Julia Kristeva). My study highlights the problems associated with the destructive exercise of power, which is the overriding theme of Sundman's work.      I explore the theme of the encounter by using the concept pair I-You/I-It. With the aid of this concept pair, I throw light on the aspect of depth in our existence by describing the human encounter. In my analysis on the theme of power, I point out the personal qualities inherent in the destructive leader. I also explore the link between the destructive leader's inner conflict of narcissism and repressed weakness – a conflict projected to the outside world – and the emergence of violence. In order to reveal this inner process, I unearth on a latent level the theme of the destructive leader/stranger in Sundman's work. This enables me to single out the mechanism responsible for the emergence of destructivity in the human psyche, while showing the close link between this pattern of narcissism and projected weakness and a distorted view of reality.    Sundman contrasts this world of power with an integrative attitude to life. In his novel The Expedition, Sundman depicts life in the other world as being a state of human coexistence in which no one is seen to be a stranger. This idea of unity is reinforced by the choice of name for the first-person narrator of the other world. In this novel, the conditions enabling the flourishing of universalism as an attitude to life are also those that give expression in the I-You encounter to the experience of a deeper aspect to our existence.

Philophonetics-Counselling is a specific form of a bodily-oriented expressive therapeutic approach, defined for the purposes of this study as an approach that uses the non-verbal bodily modalities of movement, gesture, visualisation, and sound, as well as forms of artistic expression, as elements of a process, which furthers the physical and psychic integration of an individual. In view of the recent rise in bodily-oriented therapeutic processes, this study intends to describe and explore the role of especially bodily representation, but also mental representation in the phenomenon of the transformation and representation of sensory-emotional experience in the developing psyche. This is achieved by exploring the essence of described ‘lived experience’ of Philophonetics-Counselling, which is a means not only to elicit this phenomenon of transformation, but also to gain access particularly to bodily representation and bodily knowing. This exploration is guided primarily by a dialogue with object relations theory, exploring conceptualisations provided by Bollas, Ogden, Winnicott, Bion, and Klein. This dialogue is also, however, informed by contemporary bodily-oriented theorists, including Merleau-Ponty, Gendlin, and Shapiro. . The essence of this experience is explicated from qualitative material according to the Duquesne Phenomenological Research Method, which requires of the researcher to allow the inherent constituents and dynamic process to emerge such that the phenomenon can present itself to his/her awareness as it is in itself. Following this, by engaging with psychological theory in an attempt to understand this explicated structure, specific attention is given to the manner in which bodily representation and bodily knowing, particularly as applied or encouraged in therapeutic process, is intimately involved with thetransformation and representation of sensory-emotional experience. This research process reveals a means to rework and explore perhaps more directly the representations of self and other. Furthermore, through the open-ended and playful engagement with both the theory and the material, this descriptive-dialogical study concludes with the notion that although linked to the phenomenon of transformation and representation, consciousness, understood in terms of psychic truth, seems to extend beyond the seemingly differing mentalities of both mind and body, as perhaps dwelling in (the) neither flesh nor fleshless… / Dissertation (MA (Counselling Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Psychology / unrestricted

This thesis focuses on the development of Gestalt guidelines for alternative caregivers to enhance attachment with the traumatised child. The researcher made use of the intervention research process, consisting of six phases. For the purpose of this study of limited scope, the intervention research process was completed up to step one of the fourth phase. The target group in this study was alternative caregivers of traumatised children where attachment difficulties existed. `Alternative caregivers' refers to people who provide care to these children, either on a voluntary basis or professionally. Focus groups, field notes and observation were used as data collection method, and Creswell's spiral was used to analyse data. Not all aspects regarding attachment were covered in this study and only relevant Gestalt principles were discussed. Gestalt guidelines with an observational system were finally developed. The views of the respondents, those of experts and a literature review were incorporated into the guidelines, as well as some functional elements of existing treatments. / Practical Theology / M. Diac. (Play Therapy)

This thesis focuses on the development of Gestalt guidelines for alternative caregivers to enhance attachment with the traumatised child. The researcher made use of the intervention research process, consisting of six phases. For the purpose of this study of limited scope, the intervention research process was completed up to step one of the fourth phase. The target group in this study was alternative caregivers of traumatised children where attachment difficulties existed. `Alternative caregivers' refers to people who provide care to these children, either on a voluntary basis or professionally. Focus groups, field notes and observation were used as data collection method, and Creswell's spiral was used to analyse data. Not all aspects regarding attachment were covered in this study and only relevant Gestalt principles were discussed. Gestalt guidelines with an observational system were finally developed. The views of the respondents, those of experts and a literature review were incorporated into the guidelines, as well as some functional elements of existing treatments. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M. Diac. (Play Therapy)