Abstract Peatland drainage for forestry, agriculture and peat extraction results in runoff rich in organic matter, sediments and nutrients. This has a significant effect on downstream ecosystems. Therefore, water purification using sedimentation basins and wetlands is required in environmental permits for peat extraction in Finland, to reduce downstream impacts. Due to increasingly strict environmental regulations, more advanced water purification methods need to be developed. Using field measurements, laboratory experiments and hydrological/hydraulic modelling, this thesis sought to develop new methods based on: i) more refined hydrological information related to runoff and pollutant load control and ii) hydraulic design of sedimentation basins used in chemical purification. The hydrology of three peatland forestry and two drained peat extraction areas in northern Finland was studied and simulated using the DRAINMOD 6.1 hydrological model. Watertable depth (WTD) and drainage outflow were recorded continuously during several years and the data were used for model calibration and validation. Despite some under- and over-estimation of certain events, WTD fluctuations were simulated quite accurately for all peatland areas. The results demonstrated that DRAINMOD 6.1 can satisfactorily simulate WTD fluctuations in a cold climate such as northern Finland, but the model did not simulate drainage outflow adequately. Chemical treatment facilities were optimised using 3D computational fluid dynamic (CFD) models. COMSOL Multiphysics 5.1 was employed to evaluate the influence of inlet design on treatment efficiency in commonly used treatment basins without any barrier, and for optimization of barrier design through gravity-driven hydraulic flocculators. The results showed that inlet design had a significant effect on treatment efficiency. Several barrier designs were simulated and the best combination was tested for different distances between barriers, to find a geometry ratio and flow depth producing optimal mixing conditions for the treatment process. / Tiivistelmä Turvemaiden ojitus metsätaloutta, maataloutta ja turvetuotantoa varten lisää orgaanisen aineen, kiintoaineineen ja ravinteiden huuhtoutumista alapuolisiin vesistöihin. Lisääntyneellä kuormituksella voi olla merkittäviä vaikutuksia vesiekosysteemeihin, minkä vuoksi turvetuotannon ympäristöluvissa vaaditaan valumavesien puhdistamista mm. laskeutusaltaiden ja pintavalutuskenttien avulla. Tiukentuneiden vesiensuojelumääräysten vuoksi tarvitaan uusia vesiensuojelumenetelmiä sekä tulee tehostaa jo käytössä olevien menetelmien toimintaa. Tämän työn tavoitteena on suositella uusia menetelmiä perustuen I) entistä tarkempaan hydrologiseen tietoon valunnasta ja vesistökuormituksesta ja II) kemiallisen vesienpuhdistuksen yhteydessä käytettävien laskeutusaltaiden hydrauliseen suunnitteluun. Tämä väitöstyö rakentuu maastossa ja laboratoriossa tehtyjen tutkimusten sekä hydrologisen/hydraulisen mallinnuksen varaan. Valuma-alueiden hydrologiaa tutkittiin ja mallinnettiin kolmella turvemetsäalueella ja kahdella turvetuotantoalueella Pohjois-Suomessa. Ojituksen hydrologisten vaikutusten arviointiin käytettiin DRAINMOD 6.1 ohjelmaa, jonka kalibrointia ja validointia varten kerättiin jatkuvatoimisilla antureilla aineistoa pohjaveden pinnankorkeuksista ja virtaamasta useiden vuosien ajalta. Mallin avulla voitiin pohjaveden pinnan vaihtelut kuvata yleisesti melko hyvin kaikilla tutkimusalueilla yksittäisistä sadanta-valuntatapahtuminen yli- tai aliarvioinneista huolimatta. Saadut tulokset osoittavat, että DRAINMOD 6.1 ohjelmalla voidaan riittävällä tarkkuudella simuloida pohjaveden pinnan vaihteluita kylmässä ilmastossa, kuten Pohjois-Suomessa, mutta malli ei soveltunut hyvin ojitusalueelta lähtevän valunnan tarkkaan määrittämiseen. Kemiallisen vesienpuhdistusrakenteiden optimointiin käytettiin COMSOL Multiphysics 5.1 ohjelmaa, jolla voidaan toteuttaa ja laskea veden virtauksia kolmessa dimensiossa (computational fluid dynamic, CFD, model). Mallilla arvioitiin kemikalointialtaan tuloaukon rakenteen vaikutuksia tyypillisesti kemikaloinnissa käytetyn allasrakenteen puhdistustehokkuuteen. Lisäksi mallilla mitoitettiin virtausesteitä optimaalisen sekoittumisolosuhteiden saamiseksi ja puhdistustehokkuuden parantamiseksi painovoimaisesti toimivissa flokkausaltaissa (hidas sekoitus). Saadut tulokset osoittavat, että laskeutusaltaiden tuloaukon rakenteella on merkittävä vaikutus kemikaloinnissa saavutettuun puhdistustehokkuuteen. Lisäksi työssä esitettiin optimaalisia virtausesteiden mitoituksia (geometria, esteiden välinen etäisyys, virtaussyvyys yms.) puhdistuksen kannalta parhaiden mahdollisten sekoitusolosuhteiden saavuttamiseksi.

Humanitarian aid and disaster relief are delivered in times of crises or natural disasters, such as after a conflict or in response to a hurricane, typhoon, or tsunami. Different from regular aid programs, aid and relief are provided to deal with emergency and immediate local areas, and to shelter affected people and refugees impacted by sudden traumatic events. There is evidence that natural and man-made disasters are increasing in numbers all around the world, affecting hundreds of millions of people every year. In spite of this fact, only in recent years – beginning in 2005 – has management of the supply chain of resources and materials for humanitarian aid and disaster relief been a topic of interest for researchers. Consequently, the academic literature in this field is comparatively new and still sparse, indicating a requirement for more academic studies. As a key part of the C-Change International Community-University Research Alliance (ICURA) project for managing adaptation to environmental change in coastal communities of Canada and the Caribbean, this thesis develops a framework and analytical model for domestic supply chain management in humanitarian aid and disaster relief in the event of severe storm and flooding in the Canadian C-Change community of Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. In particular, the focus includes quantitative modeling of two specific aspects during the preparedness phase for emergency management: (1) inventory prepositioning and (2) transportation planning. In addition, this thesis proposes and analyses the characteristics of an effective supply chain management framework in practice to assist Canadian coastal communities in improving their preparation and performance in disaster relief efforts. The results indicate Charlottetown system effectiveness and decreased time to assist affected people are improved by distributing central emergency supply among more than one base station.

[pt] O Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) foi criado pela Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) em 1975, sendo um índice composto que mede a obtenção da média do país em três aspectos básicos que são a expectativa de vida, a educação e a renda familiar. O IDH é um indicador alternativo ao Produto Nacional Bruto (PNB), que mede a riqueza de uma nação, acrescentando a este dois indicadores sociais abrangentes, a saber: a educação e a saúde. O IDH torna-se útil na medida em que chama a atenção das pessoas responsáveis politicamente pelo país, no sentido de se aterem mais à área social, ou seja, de verificarem como está o desenvolvimento integral do país permitindo inclusive a comparação com outros. Além do IDH, o estudo descreve índices que medem a condição humana, HPI-1 e HPI- 2, para medirem índices de pobreza em países em desenvolvimento e em países selecionados, o GDI e GEM, que são índices relacionados ao sexo, tanto para desenvolvimento como participação e o IDH-M que é um índice apropriado para municípios. O estudo faz também um diagnóstico da situação do Brasil e de sua evolução, desde a criação do índice. Serão propostos modelos em pesquisa operacional para otimização do IDH, o que facilitará e agilizará a tomada de decisões por parte dos governantes, que poderão tomar suas decisões baseadas agora num modelo matemático que certamente trará mais retornos de investimento sobre o capital empregado. As variáveis principais do problema serão a saúde, educação e a renda da população. As soluções e sugestões a serem apresentadas terão como meta básica o menor custo e de mais rápida implementação. / [en] The Human Development Index (HDI) is a compound index that measures the levels of a country in three basic aspects: life expectancy, education level and the family income. The HDI indicates an alternative to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which measures the overall wealth of a country, adding two social indexes: the education pattern and the health level. The HDI is a useful index because it shows the social area to people who have political responsabilities in a country, suggesting them the evaluation of the country development including social aspects, and permitting the comparison with the other countries. Besides the HDI, the study describes indexes which measure the human condition, HPI-1 and HPI-2, of poverty in development and in selected countries, the GDI and GEM, which are gender related indexes to check development and participation, and the HDI-M which is an appropriate index to measure the human condition in an urban environment. The study makes a diagnosys of the Brazilian situation and evolution, since the creation of these indexes. The dissertation proposes HDI optimization models. Such proposal might simplify and improve the efficiency of the decision making process. In this way, public officials may take their decisions based on a mathematical model which will increase the ratio benefits and investment costs.

In this study, methodologies for modeling grey uncertainty in water resources systems are developed, specifically for the problems in two identified areas in water resources: waste load allocation in streams and floodplain planning. A water resources system is associated with some degree of uncertainty, due to randomness of hydrologic and hydraulic parameters, imprecision and subjectivity in management goals, inappropriateness in model selection, inexactness of different input parameters for inadequacy of data, etc. Uncertainty due to randomness of input parameters could be modeled by the probabilistic models, when probability distributions of the parameters may be estimated. Uncertainties due to imprecision in the management problem may be addressed by the fuzzy decision models. In addition, some parameters in any water resources problems need to be addressed as grey parameters, due to inadequate data for an accurate estimation but with known extreme bounds of the parameter values. Such inexactness or grey uncertainty in the model parameters can be addressed by the inexact or grey optimization models, representing the parameters as interval grey numbers. The research study presented in this thesis deals with the development of grey and fuzzy optimization models, and the combination of the two for water resources systems decision-making. Three grey fuzzy optimization models for waste load allocation, namely (i) Grey Fuzzy Waste Load Allocation Model (GFWLAM), (ii) two-phase GFWLAM and (iii) multiobjective GFWLAM, and a Grey Integer Programming (GIP) model for floodplain planning, are developed in this study. The Grey Fuzzy Waste Load Allocation Model (GFWLAM) for water quality management of river system addresses uncertainty in the membership functions for imprecisely stated management goals of the Pollution Control Agency (PCA) and dischargers. To address the imprecision in fixing the boundaries of membership functions (also known as membership parameters), the membership functions themselves are treated as imprecise in the model and the membership parameters are expressed as interval grey numbers. The conflict between the fuzzy goals of PCA and dischargers is modeled using the concept of fuzzy decision, but because of treating the membership parameters as interval grey numbers, in the present study, the notion of ‘fuzzy decision’ is extended to the notion of ‘grey fuzzy decision’. A terminology ‘grey fuzzy decision’ is used to represent the fuzzy decision resulting from the imprecise membership functions. The model provides flexibility for PCA and dischargers to specify their aspirations independently, as the membership parameters for membership functions are interval grey numbers in place of a deterministic real number. In the solution, optimal fractional removal levels of the pollutants are obtained in the form of interval grey numbers. This enhances the flexibility and applicability in decision-making, as the decision-maker gets a range of optimal solutions for fixing the final decision scheme considering technical and economic feasibility of the pollutant treatment levels. The methodology is demonstrated with the case studies of a hypothetical river system and the Tunga-Bhadra river system in Karnataka, India. Formulation of GFWLAM is based on the approach for solving fuzzy multiple objective optimization problem using max-min as the operator, which usually may not result in a unique solution. The two-phase GFWLAM captures all the alternative optimal solutions of the GFWLAM. The solution technique in the Phase 1 of two-phase GFWLAM is the same as that of GFWLAM. The Phase 2 maximizes upper bounds and minimizes lower bounds of decision variables, keeping the optimal value of goal fulfillment level same as obtained in the Phase 1. The two-phase GFWLAM gives the unique, widest, intervals of the optimal fractional removal levels of pollutant corresponding to the optimal value of goal fulfillment level. The solution increases the widths of interval-valued fractional removal levels of pollutants by capturing all the alternative optimal solutions and thus enhances the flexibility and applicability in decision-making. The model is applied to the case study of Tunga-Bhadra river system, which shows the existence of multiple solutions when the GFWLAM is applied to the same case study. The width of the interval of optimal fractional removal level plays an important role in the GFWLAM, as more width in the fractional removals implies a wider choice to the decision-makers and more applicability in decision-making. The multiobjective GFWLAM maximizes the width of the interval-valued fractional removal levels for providing a latitude in decision-making and minimizes the width of goal fulfillment level for reducing the system uncertainty. The multiobjective GFWLAM gives a new methodology to get a satisfactory deterministic equivalent of a grey fuzzy optimization problem, using the concept of acceptability index for a meaningful ranking between two partially or fully overlapping intervals. The resulting multiobjective optimization model is solved by fuzzy multiobjective optimization technique. The consistency of the solution is verified by solving the problem with fuzzy goal programming technique. The multiobjective GFWLAM avoids intermediate submodels unlike GFWLAM, so that the solution from a single deterministic equivalent of the GFWLAM adequately covers all possible situations. Although the solutions obtained from multiobjective GFWLAM provide more flexibility than those of the GFWLAM, its application is limited to grey fuzzy goals expressed by linear imprecise membership functions only, whereas GFWLAM has the capability to solve the model with any monotonic nonlinear imprecise membership functions also. The methodology is demonstrated with the case studies of a hypothetical river system and the Tunga-Bhadra river system in Karnataka, India. The Grey Integer Programming (GIP) model for floodplain planning is based on the floodplain planning model developed by Lund (2002), to identify an optimal mix of flood damage reduction options with probabilistic flood descriptions. The model demonstrates how the uncertainty of various input parameters in a floodplain planning problem can be modeled using interval grey numbers in the optimization model. The GIP model for floodplain planning does not replace a post-optimality analysis (e.g., sensitivity analysis, dual theory, parametric programming, etc.), but it provides additional information for interpretation of the optimal solutions. The results obtained from GIP model confirm that the GIP is a useful technique for interpretation of the solutions particularly when a number of potential feasible measures are available in a large scale floodplain planning problem. Though the present study does not directly compare the GIP technique with sensitivity analysis, the results indicate that the rigor and extent of post-optimality analyses may be reduced with the use of GIP for a large scale floodplain planning problem. Application of the GIP model is demonstrated with the hypothetical example as presented in Lund (2002).

Il est bien connu que l'écosystème industriel territorial représente aujourd'hui un enjeu majeur dans les politiques d’aménagement du territoire. De ce fait, il constitue un système d’action où les différents acteurs impliqués utilisent des différentes approches et dont les objectifs ne sont pas toujours proches et les points de vue parfois conflictuels. Toutes approches confondues, un type idéal de tableau de bord incorporant des indicateurs et centré sur le pilotage de la performance émerge aujourd'hui de la littérature.Dans ce contexte, il apparaît l'importance du traitement de la problématique d'évaluation d'un écosystème industriel territorial et plus précisément l'évaluation de la performance d'un système de distribution dans une zone portuaire : l’hinterland. Ce sujet n'a pas été assez développé dans la littérature puisqu’il n’a pas été traité selon une approche pluridisciplinaire.Cette problématique est caractérisée par la forte liaison entre l'infrastructure de transport, le système territorial et les zones logistiques suite à l'échange des flux de marchandises dans le territoire à travers l'infrastructure de transport. L'apport théorique de ce travail se présente dans la démarche originale d'investigation qui met en contribution des approches théoriques différentes dans le but de comprendre et résoudre une problématique relative à deux systèmes complexes (le système logistique et le système territorial). Pour plus de clarté, ce travail s'agit d'une aide à la décision à travers la réflexion sur les solutions de distribution en intégrant les spécificités territoriales et non pas comme un outil d'optimisation des tournées ou de l'organisation logistique. / It is well known that the territorial industrial ecosystem is now a major issue in territory planning policies. As a result, it constitutes a system of action in which the various actors involved use different approaches and whose objectives are not always close and sometimes conflicting points of view. In all approaches, an ideal type of dashboard incorporating indicators and focusing on performance pilotage is emerging today from the literature.In this context, it appears the importance of the treatment of the problem of evaluation of a territorial industrial ecosystem and more precisely the evaluation of the performance of a distribution system in a port area: the hinterland.This subject has not been sufficiently developed in the literature since it has not been treated with a multidisciplinary approach.This problem is characterized by the strong link between the transport infrastructure, the territorial system and the logistics zones following the exchange of goods flows in the territory through the transport infrastructure.The theoretical contribution of this work is presented in the original investigation approach, which involves different theoretical approaches in order to understand and solve a problem related to two complex systems (the logistics system and the territorial system).For clarity, this work is a decision aid through the reflection on distribution solutions by integrating territorial specificities and not as a tool for optimizing tours or logistics organization.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:50:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseCRNS.pdf: 1772351 bytes, checksum: 17b2dc82dae0e985204bfa2fd68f873b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-04-29 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / The management of manufacturing systems have become more complex, once that new products are arising, product demands are uncertain, life cycles get shorter, and a wide variety of products compete for common resources. This thesis deals with the design and planning of discrete manufacturing systems, based on open queueing network models to support the decision making of capacity allocation. As manufacturing systems may be represented by generalized queueing networks, and there are no exact solution methods, here is employed the decomposition approximate method to evaluate the performance of systems under different configurations. It is shown in the thesis how these approximations are suitable and effective to estimate the work-in-process (WIP) and the production leadtime of an actual metallurgical industry queueing network. It is also shown that discrete capacity allocation models, based on the approximations, are effective to evaluate and optimize the performance of the case study under different configurations. Trade-off curves between capacity investment and WIP are generated and are useful not only to support a manager to estimate how much capacity he/she should allocate, but also to decide where it should be allocated in the queueing network. These curves also support the decision making in terms of capacity, if the variability of the external arrivals, the product mix and/or the throughput for the network change. Besides adding capacity, partitioning the facility is another alternative to reduce the system complexity. This thesis also approaches the focused factory design problem, involving the partition of the facility into smaller shops and the capacity allocation in each shop. Again, the decomposition approximations were employed to evaluate the system performance. Despite its importance, this problem has rarely been reported in the literature. In this thesis, the goal is to reduce the system complexity either from the product management point of view or from the workstation management point of view. From the product management point of view, a model whose complexity constraint is na upper limit on the production leadtime variance of the products passing through the network was studied. From the workstation management point of view, the complexity constraint of the model keeps constant the expected waiting time of a product at a workstation, once it waits for being served. It is shown through these models for some instances that the partition of the facility into smaller shops decreases the complexity system without necessary capacity additional investments. Futhermore, sometimes it is possible to keep the network performance (or even to improve it), partitioning the network into smaller shops which need less capacity than the original configuration with a single shop. / A gestão de sistemas de manufatura tem se tornado mais complexa na medida em que novos produtos estão surgindo, a demanda de produtos é incerta, os ciclos de vida são mais curtos e uma grande variedade de produtos competem pelos mesmos recursos. Esta tese trata o projeto e planejamento de sistemas discretos de manufatura, baseados em modelos de redes de filas abertas, para auxiliar no processo de tomada de decisões. Porque sistemas de manufatura podem ser representados por redes de filas genéricas, e não existem métodos exatos de solução, aqui é empregado o método aproximado de decomposição para avaliar o desempenho dos sistemas em diferentes configurações. Mostra-se nesta tese que estas aproximações são adequadas e efetivas para estimar os estoques em processo (WIP) e o leadtime de produção de uma rede de manufatura real de uma indústria metal-mecânica. Mostra-se ainda que os modelos de alocação de capacidade discreta, baseados nestas aproximações, também são efetivos para avaliar e otimizar o desempenho da rede do estudo de caso em diferentes configurações. Curvas de trade-off entre investimento em capacidade e WIP são geradas e são úteis não somente para auxiliar um gerente a estimar quanto alocar de capacidade, mas também para decidir onde alocá-la na rede de filas. As curvas também auxiliam a tomada de decisões em termos de capacidade, se a variabilidade das chegadas externas, o mix de produtos e/ou a taxa de produção da rede mudam. Além de adicionar capacidade, a partição da instalação é outra alternativa para reduzir a complexidade do sistema. Esta tese também aborda o problema de projeto de fábrica focalizada, envolvendo a partição da instalação em subplantas e a alocação de capacidade em cada estação das subplantas. Novamente, as aproximações por decomposição foram utilizadas para avaliar e otimizar o desempenho do sistema. Apesar de sua importância, este problema tem sido muito pouco reportado em literatura. Nesta tese, o objetivo é reduzir a complexidade do sistema do ponto de vista da gestão do produto, ou do ponto de vista da gestão da estação. Do ponto de vista da gestão do produto, é apresentado um modelo cuja restrição de complexidade é um limitante superior para a variância do leadtime dos produtos na rede. Do ponto de vista da gestão da estação, a restrição de complexidade do modelo fixa o tempo médio de espera de um produto na estação, quando há espera. Mostra-se, por meio destes modelos para alguns casos que, a partição da instalação em subplantas reduz a complexidade do sistema, sem necessidade de investimentos adicionais em capacidade. Além disso, algumas vezes, é possível manter (ou até melhorar) o desempenho da rede, particionando-a em subplantas que necessitam de menos capacidade do que a configuração original com uma planta única.

Les réseaux maillés sans fil sont une solution efficace, de plus en plus mise en œuvre en tant qu’infrastructure, pour interconnecter les stations d’accès des réseaux radio. Ces réseaux doivent absorber une croissance très forte du trafic généré par les terminaux de nouvelle génération. Cependant, l’augmentation du prix de l’énergie, ainsi que les préoccupations écologiques et sanitaires, poussent à s’intéresser à la minimisation de la consommation énergétique de ces réseaux. Ces travaux de thèse s’inscrivent dans les problématiques d’optimisation de la capacité et de la minimisation de la consommation énergétique globale des réseaux radio maillés. Nous définissons la capacité d’un réseau comme la quantité de trafic que le réseau peut supporter par unité de temps. Ces travaux s’articulent autour de quatre axes. Tout d’abord, nous abordons le problème d’amélioration de la capacité des réseaux radio maillés de type WIFI où l’accès au médium radio se base sur le protocole d’accès CSMA/CA. Nous mettons en lumière, les facteurs déterminants qui impactent la capacité du réseau, et l’existence d’un goulot d’étranglement qui limite cette capacité du réseau. Ensuite, nous proposons une architecture de communication basée sur l’utilisation conjointe de CSMA/CA et de TDMA afin de résoudre ce problème de goulot d’étranglement. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, nous nous intéressons aux réseaux maillés sans fil basés sur un partage des ressources temps-fréquence. Afin de calculer des bornes théoriques sur les performances du réseau, nous développons des modèles d’optimisation basés sur la programmation linéaire et la technique de génération de colonnes. Ces modèles d’optimisation intègrent un modèle d’interférence SINR avec contrôle de puissance continue et variation de taux de transmission. Ils permettent, en particulier, de calculer une configuration optimale du réseau qui maximise la capacité ou minimise la consommation d’énergie. Ensuite, dans le troisième axe de recherche, nous étudions en détail le compromis entre la capacité du réseau et la consommation énergétique. Nous mettons en évidence plusieurs résultats d’ingénierie nécessaires pour un fonctionnement optimal d’un réseau maillé sans fil. Enfin, nous nous focalisons sur les réseaux cellulaires hétérogènes. Nous proposons des outils d’optimisation calculant une configuration optimale des stations de base qui maximise la capacité du réseau avec une consommation efficace d’énergie. Ensuite, afin d’économiser l’énergie, nous proposons une heuristique calculant un ordonnancement des stations et leur mise en mode d’endormissement partiel selon deux stratégies différentes, nommées LAFS et MAFS. / Wireless mesh networks (WMN) are a promising solution to support high data rate and increase the capacity provided to users, e.g. for meeting the requirements of mobile multimedia applications. However, the rapid growth of traffic load generated by the terminals is accompanied by an unsustainable increase of energy consumption, which becomes a hot societal and economical challenges. This thesis relates to the problem of the optimization of network capacity and energy consumption of wireless mesh networks. The network capacity is defined as the maximum achievable total traffic in the network per unit time. This thesis is divided into four main parts. First, we address the problem of improvement of the capacity of 802.11 wireless mesh networks. We highlight some insensible properties and deterministic factors of the capacity, while it is directly related to a bottleneck problem. Then, we propose a joint TDMA/CSMA scheduling strategy for solving the bottleneck issue in the network. Second, we focus on broadband wireless mesh networks based on time-frequency resource management. In order to get theoretical bounds on the network performances, we formulate optimization models based on linear programming and column generation algorithm. These models lead to compute an optimal offline configuration which maximizes the network capacity with low energy consumption. A realistic SINR model of the physical layer allows the nodes to perform continuous power control and use a discrete set of data rates. Third, we use the optimization models to provide practical engineering insights on WMN. We briefly study the tradeoff between network capacity and energy consumption using a realistic physical layer and SINR interference model. Finally, we focus on capacity and energy optimization for heterogeneous cellular networks. We develop, first, optimization tools to calculate an optimal configuration of the network that maximizes the network capacity with low energy consumption. We second propose a heuristic algorithm that calculates a scheduling and partial sleeping of base stations in two different strategies, called LAFS and MAFS.

<p>У докторској дисертацији су предложена два модела: модел за планирање испорука и агрегационо планирање производње и модел за прогнозу купчеве потражње у ланцу снабдевања у аутомобилској индустрији. Оба модела примењена су на студији случаја у предузећима два добављача из области аутомобилске индустрије у Републици Србији. Истраживање је показало применљивост предложених модела на практичним проблемима у присуству неизвесности и употребљивост њихових резултата у аутомобилској индустрији. Модели су показали боље резултате у односу на практичне податке у предузећима и у односу на основне стратегије за планирање производње и залиха које се користе у аутомобилској индустрији.</p> / <p>U doktorskoj disertaciji su predložena dva modela: model za planiranje isporuka i agregaciono planiranje proizvodnje i model za prognozu kupčeve potražnje u lancu snabdevanja u automobilskoj industriji. Oba modela primenjena su na studiji slučaja u preduzećima dva dobavljača iz oblasti automobilske industrije u Republici Srbiji. Istraživanje je pokazalo primenljivost predloženih modela na praktičnim problemima u prisustvu neizvesnosti i upotrebljivost njihovih rezultata u automobilskoj industriji. Modeli su pokazali bolje rezultate u odnosu na praktične podatke u preduzećima i u odnosu na osnovne strategije za planiranje proizvodnje i zaliha koje se koriste u automobilskoj industriji.</p> / <p>In doctoral dissertation are proposed two models: model for delivery planning and aggregate production planning and model for customer demand forecasting in supply chain in automotive industry. Both models are applied on the case study in enterprises of two suppliers from area of automotive industry in Republic of Serbia. The research shows applicability of proposed models on practital problems in the presence of uncertanty and usability of their results in automotive industry. Models have showed better results in regard to both the practical data in enterprises and a basic strategies for production planning and inventory planning which are used in automotive industry.</p>

The Master’s thesis deals with production scheduling in an industrial company. It uses the means of artificial intelligence to develop an appropriate production schedule in a generalized Flow-shop Programming problem. This problem can be solved by application which is a result of this thesis and was prepaired with use of the software Matlab 7.1 and its Genetic Algorithm and Direct Search toolbox. There is a part devoted to the use of advanced production systems (APS) and the concept of the operative production planning in praxis as well. The thesis pays attention to various optimization models in production scheduling and supply chain management too.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] Actualmente, la mayor parte de la población mundial vive en ciudades y se espera que esta tendencia continúe, trasladando cada año más población rural hacia las áreas urbanas. Este fenómeno se debe principalmente al desarrollo económico que se genera en las ciudades. Estas condiciones plantean desafíos importantes para las ciudades en cuanto a su planificación y gestión. Si el crecimiento de la urbanización se gestiona adecuadamente puede contribuir al crecimiento sostenible, aumentando la productividad y el nivel de vida de las personas. Sin embargo, no se puede pasar por alto que el crecimiento de las ciudades implica una afectación al medioambiente. Uno de los problemas que más preocupación causa es la expansión de las ciudades que sustituyen los espacios verdes y agrícolas que rodean a las ciudades por calles y estructuras impermeables. Este proceso disminuye la capacidad del suelo para absorber el agua en un evento de lluvia, incrementando la escorrentía y el riesgo de inundaciones. Si a este problema particular de las ciudades, le sumamos el innegable cambio climático que aumenta la frecuencia de eventos de lluvias extremas en ciertas zonas del planeta, la adaptación de la infraestructura de las ciudades para hacerlas más seguras es una necesidad imperiosa. Los sistemas de drenaje son infraestructuras esenciales, concebidos para captar y transportar el agua producto de las precipitaciones, su buen funcionamiento genera seguridad y bienestar a las personas mientras que un funcionamiento inadecuado se asocia al riesgo y a la vulnerabilidad. Bajo escenarios de cambio climático estas estructuras que fueron diseñadas para caudales menores no garantizan la efectiva evacuación de las aguas, volviendo a las ciudades vulnerables a las inundaciones que pueden generar pérdidas sociales y económicas. Para mitigar estos impactos se han desarrollado diferentes medidas como las denominadas buenas prácticas de manejo o la instalación de sistemas de drenaje con tecnología de bajo impacto, entre otras. Sin embargo, estas medidas no son suficientes para controlar el caudal pico de una lluvia extrema. Adaptar la red existente a las nuevas condiciones climáticas, se presenta como una alternativa idónea para el control de las inundaciones en el entorno urbano. Ampliar la capacidad de la red cambiando el tamaño de las tuberías por otras de mayor diámetro ha sido el enfoque tradicional que se ha venido usando desde hace muchos años. La inclusión de tanques de tormenta en el sistema es una medida que se adoptó posteriormente para dotarlo de mayor resiliencia a los picos de lluvias extremas. Desafortunadamente la construcción de estas estructuras en el entorno conlleva una gran dificultad por el tamaño de la intervención, el tiempo y el coste. En este contexto, el presente trabajo, presenta una novedosa forma de mejorar las redes de drenaje combinando el cambio de tuberías, la instalación de tanques de tormenta en la red de drenaje e incluye también elementos de control hidráulico en la red de drenaje. Con estas acciones se considera que la rehabilitación de la red será más eficiente en términos técnicos y económicos. Para lograrlo, se usa un modelo de optimización creado a partir de un algoritmo genético modificado conectado al modelo SWMM mediante una toolkit. El modelo de optimización se enfoca en minimizar el coste de la infraestructura requerida y de los costes asociados a las inundaciones. Planteado así el problema, se define una función objetivo compuesta por funciones de coste que será evaluada para encontrar las mejores soluciones. El desarrollo de diferentes pasos para la obtención de una metodología eficiente, las estrategias para reducir los tiempos de cálculo y el esfuerzo computacional, el análisis económico de las inundaciones y las estructuras requeridas se detalla en cada capítulo de esta tesis. / [CA] Actualment, la major part de la població mundial viu en ciutats i s'espera que aquesta tendència continue, traslladant cada any més població rural cap a les àrees urbanes. Aquest fenomen es deu principalment al desenvolupament econòmic que es genera a les ciutats. Aquestes condicions plantegen desafiaments importants per a les ciutats quant a la seua planificació i gestió. Si el creixement de la urbanització es gestiona adequadament pot contribuir al creixement sostenible, augmentant la productivitat i el nivell de vida de les persones. No obstant això, no es pot passar per alt que el creixement de les ciutats implica una afectació al medi ambient. Un dels problemes que més preocupació causa és l'expansió de les ciutats que substitueixen els espais verds i agrícoles que envolten a les ciutats per carrers i estructures impermeables. Aquest procés disminueix la capacitat del sòl per a absorbir l'aigua en un esdeveniment de pluja, incrementant l'escolament i el risc d'inundacions. Si a aquest problema particular de les ciutats, li sumem l'innegable canvi climàtic que augmenta la freqüència d'esdeveniments de pluges extremes en unes certes zones del planeta, l'adaptació de la infraestructura de les ciutats per a fer-les més segures és una necessitat imperiosa. Els sistemes de drenatge són infraestructures essencials, concebuts per a captar i transportar l'aigua producte de les precipitacions, el seu bon funcionament genera seguretat i benestar a les persones mentre que un funcionament inadequat s'associa al risc i a la vulnerabilitat. Sota escenaris de canvi climàtic aquestes estructures que van ser dissenyades per a cabals menors no garanteixen l'efectiva evacuació de les aigües, tornant a les ciutats vulnerables a les inundacions que poden generar pèrdues socials i econòmiques. Per a mitigar aquests impactes s'han desenvolupat diferents mesures com les denominades bones pràctiques de maneig o la instal·lació de sistemes de drenatge amb tecnologia de baix impacte, entre altres. No obstant això, aquestes mesures no són suficients per a controlar el cabal pique d'una pluja extrema. Adaptar la xarxa existent a les noves condicions climàtiques, es presenta com una alternativa idònia per al control de les inundacions en l'entorn urbà. Ampliar la capacitat de la xarxa canviant la grandària de les canonades per altres de major diàmetre ha sigut l'enfocament tradicional que s'ha vingut usant des de fa molts anys. La inclusió de tancs de tempesta en el sistema és una mesura que es va adoptar posteriorment per a dotar-lo de major resiliència als pics de pluges extremes. Desafortunadament la construcció d'aquestes estructures en l'entorn comporta una gran dificultat per la grandària de la intervenció, el temps i el cost. En aquest context, el present treball, presenta una nova manera de millorar les xarxes de drenatge combinant el canvi de canonades, la instal·lació de tancs de tempesta en la xarxa de drenatge i inclou també elements de control hidràulic en la xarxa de drenatge. Amb aquestes accions es considera que la rehabilitació de la xarxa serà més eficient en termes tècnics i econòmics. Per a aconseguir-ho, s'usa un model d'optimització creat a partir d'un algorisme genètic modificat connectat al model SWMM mitjançant una toolkit. El model d'optimització s'enfoca a minimitzar el cost de la infraestructura requerida i dels costos associats a les inundacions. Plantejat així el problema, es defineix una funció objectiu composta per funcions de cost que serà avaluada per a trobar les millors solucions. El desenvolupament de diferents passos per a l'obtenció d'una metodologia eficient, les estratègies per a reduir els temps de càlcul i l'esforç computacional, l'anàlisi econòmica de les inundacions i les estructures requerides es detalla en cada capítol d'aquesta tesi. / [EN] Currently, most of the world's population lives in cities and this trend is expected to continue, moving more rural population to urban areas every year. This phenomenon is mainly due to the economic development that is generated in the cities. These conditions pose significant challenges for cities in terms of planning and management. If the growth of urbanization is properly managed, it can contribute to sustainable growth, increasing productivity and people's standard of living. However, it cannot be overlooked that the growth of cities implies an impact on the environment. One of the problems that causes the most concern is the expansion of cities that replace the green and agricultural spaces that surround the cities with streets and impermeable structures. This process decreases the capacity of the soil to absorb water in a rain event, increasing runoff and the risk of flooding. If adding to this problem of cities the undeniable climate change that increases the frequency of extreme rainfall events in certain areas of the planet, the adaptation of the infrastructure of cities to make them safer is an urgent need. Drainage systems are essential infrastructures, designed to capture and transport water produced by precipitation, their proper functioning generates security and wellness for people, while inadequate functioning is associated with risk and vulnerability. Under climate change scenarios, these structures, which were designed for lower flows, do not guarantee the effective evacuation of water, making cities vulnerable to floods that can generate social and economic losses. To mitigate these impacts, different measures have been developed, such as the so-called Best Management Practices or the installation of Low Impact Development etc. However, these measures are not enough to control the peak flow of extreme rainfall. Adapting the existing network to the new climatic conditions is presented as an ideal alternative for flood control in the urban environment. Expanding the capacity of the network by changing the size of the pipes for others with a larger diameter has been the traditional approach that has been used for many years. The inclusion of storm tanks in the system is a measure that was later adopted to provide it with greater resilience to extreme rainfall peaks. Unfortunately, the construction of these structures in the environment entails great difficulty due to the size of the intervention, the time, and the cost. In this context, the present work presents a novel way of improving drainage networks combining the replacement of pipes, the installation of storm tanks in the drainage network and also includes elements of hydraulic control in the drainage network. With these actions it is considered that the rehabilitation of the network will be more efficient in technical and economic terms. To achieve this, an optimization model created from a modified genetic algorithm connected to the SWMM model through a toolkit is used. The optimization model focuses on minimizing the cost of the required infrastructure and the costs associated with flooding. Posing the problem in this way, an objective function is defined composed of cost functions that will be evaluated to find the best solutions. The development of different steps to obtain an efficient methodology, the strategies to reduce calculation times and computational effort, the economic analysis of floods and the required structures are detailed in each chapter of this thesis. / I want to mention the support for the realization of this thesis from the Program Fondecyt through Project No. 1210410 and Project No. 1180660 of the National Agency for Research and Development (ANID) of Chile. From the program PAID 12-21 of the Polytechnic University of Valencia and the program E+/EU Erasmus+ Traineeship. / Bayas Jiménez, LA. (2023). Flood control in urban areas through the rehabilitation of drainage networks [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/199234 / Compendio