L’objectiu general d’aquesta tesi ha estat avaluar l’aplicabilitat de bioassajos específics i un bioassaig estandarditzat genèric en mostres de diferents matrius ambientals. D’aquesta manera es pretén complementar la informació obtinguda de les anàlisis químiques per tal de poder establir un millor diagnòstic ambiental. S’han analitzat diferents metalls i compostos orgànics en mostres dels diferents compartiments ambientals. Per avaluar l’ecotoxicitat de mostres d’aigua dolça, s’ha triat l’alga Pseudokirschneriella subcapitata, mentre que per mostres de sòl i residus orgànics, s’han escollit plantes d’interès agrícola com són Allium cepa, Raphanus sativus i Lolium perenne. Per últim, s’han realitzat tests in vitro de toxicitat humana per avaluar la toxicitat de les partícules PM10 de l’aire amb cultius de cèl•lules pulmonars (línia A549). En tots els casos, s’ha realitzat també un assaig ecotoxicològic amb el bacteri luminescent Vibrio fischeri, per avaluar la seva idoneïtat en les diferents matrius ambientals. Els resultats, han demostrat que l’aplicació de bioassajos específics en diferents matrius ambientals pot suposar una bona eina d’“screening” per completar la informació obtinguda de les anàlisis químiques que, realitzades de forma individual, poden estimar erròniament la toxicitat real de les mostres ambientals. S’ha observat que el bioassaig amb Vibrio fischeri ha mostrat bona complementarietat amb d’altres assajos més específics de cada matriu, a més de resultar molt sensible a la presència de contaminants en aigües i sediments fluvials, fangs de depuradora i partícules d’aire PM10. / El objetivo general de esta tesis ha sido evaluar la aplicación de bioensayos específicos y un bioensayo estandardizado genérico en distintas matrices ambientales. De este modo se pretende complementar la información obtenida con los análisis químicos para poder establecer un mejor diagnóstico ambiental. Se han analizado metales y compuestos orgánicos en muestras de distintos compartimentos ambientales. Para evaluar la ecotoxicidad de muestras de agua dulce se ha escogido el alga Pseudokirschneriella subcapitata, mientras que para muestras de suelos y residuos orgánicos se han escogido plantas de interés agrícola como son Allium cepa, Raphanus sativus y Lolium perenne. Por último, se han realizado tests in Vitro de toxicidad humana para evaluar la toxicidad de las partículas PM10 del aire, con cultivos de células pulmonares (línea A549). En todos los casos se ha realizado un ensayo ecotoxicológico con la bacteria luminescente Vibrio fischeri, para evaluar su idoneidad en las distintas matrices ambientales. Los resultados han demostrado que el uso de bioensayos específicos en distintas matrices ambientales puede suponer una buena herramienta de ‘’screening’’ para completar la información obtenida de los análisis químicos, que realizados de forma individual, pueden estimar erróneamente la toxicidad real de las muestras ambientales. Además, se ha observado que el bioensayo con Vibrio fischeri presenta buena complementariedad con otros ensayos más específicos de cada matriz ambiental, además de ser muy sensible a la presencia de contaminantes en aguas y sedimentos fluviales, lodos de depuradora y PM10 del aire.

Fours sets of PM10 samples were collected in three sites in SEQ from December 2002 to August 2004. Three of these sets of samples were collected by QLD EPA as a part of their regular air monitoring program at Woolloongabba, Rocklea and Eagle Farm. Half of the samples were used in this study for the analysis of water-soluble ions, which are Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, NH4 +, Cl-, NO3 -, SO4 2-, F-, Br-, NO2 -, PO4 -3 and the other half was retained by QLD EPA. The fourth set of samples was collected at Rocklea, specifically for this study. A quarter of the samples obtained from this set of samples were used to analyse water-soluble ions; a quarter of the sample was used to analyse Pb, Cu, Al, Fe, Mn and Zn; and the rests were used to analyse US EPA 16 priority PAHs. The water-soluble ions were extracted ultrasonically with water and the major watersoluble anions as well as NH4 + were analysed using IC. Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ Pb, Cu, Al, Fe, Mn and Zn were analysed using ICP-AES while PAHs were extracted by acetonitrile and analysed using HPLC. Of the analysed water-soluble ions, Cl-, NO3 -, SO4 2-, Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ were high in concentration and determined in all the samples. F-, Br-, NO2 -, PO4 -3 and NH4 + ions were lower in concentration and determined only in some samples. Na+ and Cl- were high in all samples indicating the importance of a marine source. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to examine the temporal variations of the water-soluble ions at the three sites. The results indicated that there was no major difference between the three sites. However, comparing the average concentrations of ions and Cl-/Na+ it was concluded that Woolloongabba had more marine influence than the other sites. Al, Fe and Zn were detected in all samples. Al and Fe were high in all samples indicating the significance of a source of crustal matter. Cu, Mn and Pb were in low concentrations and were determined only in some samples. The lower Pb concentrations observed in the study than in previous studies indicate that the phasing-out of leaded petrol had an appreciable impact on Pb levels in SEQ. This study reports for the first time, simultaneous data on the water-soluble, metal ion and PAH levels of PM10 aerosols in Brisbane, and provides information on the most likely sources of these chemical species. Such information can be used alongside those that already exist to formulate PM10 pollution reduction strategies for SEQ in order to protect the community from the adverse effects of PM pollution.

In this diploma thesis I focus on poultry farms, as a source of dust particles, which are taken from the breeding establishment to the surroundings of poultry breeding. The first theoretical part of the thesis is focused on dust, dust particles and their sources, as well as on housing of poultry and on BAT technology. These particles can be dangerous not only for the animals but also for the staff working in the vicinity of the farm animals. In the second, practical part of the thesis, I focus on the measurement of dust particles PM10 using the DUST TRUK II measuring instrument in a selected broiler breeding facility, as well as on the processing of measurement results and comparison with hygienic regulations and already measured values.

Se estudió las emisiones de material particulado (PM), vapores y gases de chimenea del incinerador del Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas y se registró la micrometeorolo' gía. Los gases de chimenea fueron recolectados con un muestreador isocinético; los sólidos totales suspendidos, por muestreo pasivo. Los análisis muestran elevados niveles de PM 10, que contiene Pb, Al, Zn y Ca, así como altas concentraciones de benceno y naftaleno en el gas de chimenea. Se observó que la dispersión del PM tiene escala local. / Toxic substances in gaseous emissions from hospital incineratorsThe Nationallnstitute for Neoplastic Diseases incinerator was studied: emissions were sampled and analyzed for particulate matter (PM), stack gases and vapors and the micrometeorology was also registered. Gases were collected with an isokinetic sampler, total suspended solids by passive sampling. Results show high levels of PM10, which contains Pb, Al, Zn and Ca; high levels of benzene and naphthalene in the gas fireplace. Local dispersion of PM was observed,

One important source of coarse particulate matter in urban atmosphere is the resuspended street dust. The aim of this study was to determine the emission potential of street dust samples, to conduct shape and mineralogical analysis of resuspendable fraction and on the bases of the findings carry out a comparison between the different sampling sites. The dust samples were collected in February 2014 in three cities: Ostrava, Prague and Pilsen. For the purpose of this study, nine samples from the selected sites were dispersed in a resuspension chamber. The samples were collected in the center of every city in the following locations: the main square, the tram railway and the curbside. Morphological and elemental analysis was performed using a Scanning Electron Microscope with EDS detector. The presence of mineral components such as quartz, chlorite, calcite, feldspar and kaolinite was observed. In samples from Ostrava were found spherical-shaped particles composed of iron oxides. The samples of Pilsen contained amphibole mineral fibers - actinolite. X-ray Powder Diffraction at high sensitivity showed the presence of amphibole asbestos in the samples from Ostrava and Prague. The mass of each size fraction of resuspended samples was determined. The mass size distribution was bimodal (2.5 µm and 8 µm),...

Le but de cette thèse est de documenter la variabilité des teneurs en aérosols minéraux en Afrique de l’Ouest et de comprendre les mécanismes qui la contrôlent. L’analyse des concentrations mesurées au sol au Sahel montre que ce sont les transports d’aérosols sahariens qui sont responsables des maxima de concentration observés en saison sèche Marticorena et al. (2010). Ces évènements présentent une très forte variabilité à l’échelle intra-saisonnière et interannuelle mais une certaine persistance à l’échelle régionale. Quelles sont les conditions météorologiques qui expliquent cette variabilité ? La réponse à cette question ne peut être obtenue qu’au travers d’une analyse systématique et conjointe des conditions météorologiques régionales et des mesures d’aérosol désertiques sur le continent (concentration de surface, épaisseurs optiques en aérosols) et au large de l’Afrique de l’Ouest. Les mesures d’épaisseur optique en aérosols (AOT) permettent la surveillance globale du contenu atmosphérique en particules. Cependant la relation permettant de retrouver les concentrations massiques en (PM10) à partir des mesures d’épaisseur optique n’est pas toujours simple. Ainsi dans un premier temps l’analyse de la variabilité de la concentration en PM10 et des conditions météorologiques locales mesurées au sol, a permis de confirmer un cycle saisonnier régional présenté par Marticorena et al. (2010), caractérisé par un maximum de concentration en saison sèche et un minimum pendant la saison des pluies sur l’ensemble de trois stations. L’analyse du cycle diurne des concentrations a permis de voir qu’il est diffèrent selon les saisons. En saison sèche, le jet de basses couches (NLLJ en anglais) saharien semble moduler le cycle diurne des concentrations en particules mesurées au Sahel, tandis que l’évolution diurne des concentrations de poussière en saison des pluies apparaît être modulé par l’évolution des systèmes convectifs a l’échelle régionale.Dans un deuxième temps, une méthodologie basée sur une classification en types de temps a été proposée. Elle permet de mettre en évidence des situations météorologiques typiques pour lesquelles la relation AOT-PM10 est simplifiée, puis une modélisation de PM10 à partir de l’épaisseur optique. Pour cela deux approches ont été adoptées. D’abord une famille composée de six régimes de temps bruts a été définie décrivant la saisonnalité climatique. La mise en relation AOT-PM10 permet de voir que les régimes de temps caractéristiques du flux d’harmattan présentent une relation meilleure en terme de corrélation par rapport à la relation avant la séparation en type de temps. Ensuite six régimes de temps ayant un impact sur la variabilité interannuelle des aérosols ont été définis. Les régimes de temps obtenus sont caractérisés par une forte variabilité interannuelle et moins persistante que pour les régimes de temps bruts. Les régimes de temps sont caractérisés par des anomalies de circulation atmosphérique, soit cyclonique, soit anticyclonique, d’échelle synoptique et centrée sur le nord du domaine. L’intégration de l’ensemble de cette approche en régimes de temps permet d’obtenir des résultats satisfaisants dans la prévision des valeurs de PM10, ouvrant des perspectives en terme de système d’alerte précoce. / The aim of this thesis is to document the variability of the atmospheric dust content in West Africa and to understand the mechanisms that control it. The analysis of the concentrations measured ground in the Sahel shows that it is the transport of Saharan aerosols that are responsible for the maximum concentration observed in the dry season. These events have a very high variability at intra-seasonal and interannual scale with some persistence on a regional scale. What are the weather conditions that explain this variability? The answer to this question can be obtained only through a systematic analysis of regional weather and desert aerosol measurements on the continent (surface concentration, aerosol optical thickness) and of the West Africa. The aerosol optical thickness measurements (AOT) allow global monitoring of atmospheric particulate content. However the relationship allowing to find the concentrations (PM10) from the optical thickness measurement is not always simple. So at first the analysis of the variability of the PM10 concentration and local meteorological conditions measured on the ground, confirmed a regional seasonal cycle presented by Marticorena et al. (2010), characterized by a maximum concentration during the dry season and a minimum during the rainy season on all three stations. The analysis of the diurnal cycle concentrations allowed seeing that it differ depending on the season. In the dry season, the Saharian low level jet (NLLJ) appears to modulate the diurnal cycle of particulate concentrations in the Sahel, while the diurnal evolution of concentrations of the rainy season appears to be modulated by changes in convective systems has regionally. Secondly, a methodology based on a classification into weather types was proposed. It allows to highlight typical meteorological situations in which the AOT- PM10 relationship is simplified and modeling PM10 from the Aerosol Optical Thickness. For this, two approaches have been adopted. At first a family of six weather types has been defined describing the climate seasonality. The link between AOT and PM10 can allowed to see that the weather types characterise to harmattan flow have a better relationship in terms of correlation to the relationship before separating in weather type. Then six weather types affecting the interannual variability of aerosols were defined. The resulting weather patterns are characterized by high interannual variability and less persistent than for rough weather regimes. The weather patterns are characterized by atmospheric circulation anomalies, either cyclonic or anticyclonic at synoptic scale and centered on the northern area. The integration of all of this approach in weather types provides satisfactory results in forecasting PM10 values, opening perspectives in terms of early warning system.

Die gesundheitsschädliche Wirkung unreiner Luft ist Gegenstand unzähliger Studien und wurde bereits hinreichend nachgewiesen. Der Straßenverkehr ist dabei eine der wesentlichsten Schadstoffquellen, denen der Mensch im Alltag ausgesetzt ist. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die Schadstoffbelastung von Nutzern des Straßenverkehrs vertiefend abzubilden. Im Rahmen eines Literaturreviews werden insgesamt 50 wissenschaftliche Studien analysiert. Obwohl sich viele Studien mit dem Vergleich der Verkehrsmittel bezüglich der Immissionsexposition auseinandersetzen, widersprechen sich ihre Ergebnisse je nach Schadstoff regelmäßig hinsichtlich der Reihenfolge der Verkehrsmittel oder auch grundsätzlich bezüglich der Signifikanz der Verkehrsmittelwahl. Ursache dafür sind die zahlreichen Einflussfaktoren, die sich von Arbeit zu Arbeit unterscheiden und eine Vergleichbarkeit der Messergebnisse stark erschweren. Trotz einer steigenden Anzahl an Studien zum Thema mangelt es den Messmethoden an einem strengen Qualitätsstandard sowie einer ausführlichen Dokumentation der Messbedingungen. Eine Verallgemeinerung und Vergleichbarkeit der Forschungsergebnisse untereinander ist damit bislang nicht gewährleistet. Die Betrachtung der Luftqualität bildet die wissenschaftliche Grundlage, um Grenzwertüberschreitungen aufzuspüren, Gegenmaßnahmen zu erarbeiten und diese auf ihre Wirksamkeit zu kontrollieren. Die Werte stationärer Messeinrichtungen geben dabei ein nur unzureichend genaues Bild über die Immissionen, denen die Nutzer des Straßenverkehrs ausgesetzt sind. Um ein realistischeres Bild über die Immissionsbelastung von Verkehrsteilnehmern zu gewinnen, wird mittels eines mobilen Messgeräts die PM10-Belastung für Radfahrer in Teilen des Dresdner Straßennetzes bestimmt. Dabei wird deutlich, dass die gemessene Schadstoffkonzentration sowohl räumlich innerhalb einer Messstrecke als auch zeitlich im Laufe des Tages variiert. Um den weitestgehend emissionsarmen Rad- und Fußverkehr weiter zu fördern und auszubauen, ist es nötig, die Schadstoffbelastung dieser Verkehrsteilnehmer noch besser zu verstehen und quantifizieren zu können. Nur dann sind Verkehrsplaner und Entscheidungsträger in der Lage, eine Infrastruktur zu schaffen, die ihre Nutzer so wenig wie möglich gesundheitlich beeinträchtigt.

This study examines the potential of electrification in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution from passenger cars in a short- to mid-term time perspective. Using Stockholm County as a case study, this has been done in a three-step process by modeling the relative change in emissions between 2019 and 2030. Firstly, four scenarios have been created for 2030, each of which state the number of gasoline cars, diesel cars, PHEVs and EVs in use on a municipality-level. Secondly, for each scenario, the movement of traffic has been modeled on a car-by-car basis using the Scaper/MATSim transportation model at KTH. Thirdly, using emission factors from HBEFA, an emission model for 17 pollutants has been created for the modeling of hot emissions, cold start emissions, evaporation losses and non-exhaust emissions. Compared to 2019 emission levels, with EVs and PHEVs accounting for 64.5 % of the car fleet, the optimistic scenarios suggest that emissions of CO2, NMHC and NOx could decrease by up to 43.6, 63.5 and 84.7 %, respectively, by 2030. Besides electrification, for NMHC and NOx, these emission reductions are largely a result of technological improvements of combustion vehicles. Conversely, emissions of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) are projected to increase by up to 45.6 % in the optimistic scenarios. Roughly corresponding to the increase in the total driving distance, this increase can be attributed to the lower cost of driving of electric cars and the projected population increase of 15.5 %.

[pt] Este trabalho tem como finalidade determinar a concentração em massa, caracterizar quimicamente as espécies presentes e identificar as possíveis fontes das amostras de material particulado (MP10 e MP2,5) coletados em locais com (Gericinó, Lagoa e Copacabana) e sem (Botafogo) a influência dos Jogos Olímpicos, no Rio de Janeiro. As amostras de MP foram disponibilizadas pelo Instituto Estadual do Ambiente (INEA) referente ao ano de 2016, sendo os meses de julho a setembro considerados como a temporada Olímpica. A caracterização química das amostras foi realizada por ICP-MS e Cromatografia de Íons (CI). Durante a temporada Olímpica, em 2016, foram reduzidos cerca de 26 porcento de MP10, quando comparados aos anos anteriores na mesma época do ano, por outro lado, o MP2,5 não foi reduzido. De todos os íons solúveis em água analisados, as maiores concentrações foram obtidas para o NO3-, SO4 2- e Na positivo nas duas frações de MP. As altas concentrações dos íons NO3 - e SO4 2- sugerem a presença de fontes antropogênicas. A partir do cálculo de nss (non-sea salt) foi possível observar que os íons Ca2 positivo, K positivo e SO4 2- tiveram uma contribuição marinha baixa. Os metais Fe, Cu e Ti foram os majoritários em todas as amostras nas duas frações de MP, enquanto que elementos como Mn, Pb, V e Ni foram detectados como minoritários. Correlações acima de 0,90 foram observadas entre Ti-Mn e Ti-Fe, sugerindo emissões de ressuspensão do solo e fortes correlações entre V-Ni e VPb mostram a influencia veicular como principal fonte. Finalmente, foi possível observar que houve uma influência dos Jogos Olímpicos na concentração em massa e de algumas espécies no MP2,5, enquanto que no MP10 não foi observada qualquer correlação. / [en] The main aim of this work was to determine the mass concentration, chemically characterize the species present and identify the possible sources of samples of particulate matter (PM10 e PM2.5) collected at sites with (Gericinó, Lagoa e Copacabana) and without (Botafogo) the influence of the Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro. The PM samples were obtained from the Instituto Estadual do Ambiente (INEA) relative to the year 2016. The Olympic seasons considered were July to September of 2016. The chemical characterization of the samples was performed by ICP-MS and ion chromatography (IC). PM10 during the Olympic period were reduced 26 percent, when compared to previous years at the same time of the year. On the other hand, PM2.5 was not reduced during the Olympic period. Of all the water-soluble ions analyzed, the highest concentrations were obtained for NO3-, SO42- and Na plus in both fractions of PM. High concentrations of NO3 - and SO4 2- suggest the presence of anthropogenic sources. From calculation of non-sea salt was possible to observe that Ca2 plus, K plus and SO4 2- had a low marine contribution. Fe, Cu and Ti were the majority metals of all samples in both fractions of PM, while Mn, Pb, V and Ni were detected as minorities. Correlations above 0.90 are observed between Ti-Mn and Ti-Fe, suggested soil resuspension emissions. Strong correlations coefficients between V-Ni and V-Pb show the vehicular influence as the main source. Finally, it was possible to observe an influence of the Olympic Games in mass concentration and some species in PM2.5, while in PM10 no correlation was observed.

La sclérose en plaques (SEP) est une maladie neuro-inflammatoire du système nerveux central. Les causes sont multifactorielles impliquant à la fois une prédisposition génétique et l'influence de facteurs environnementaux. Dans environ 85% des cas, les patients sont atteints de poussées correspondants à la survenue de signes neurologiques, suivis d'une phase de rémission partielle ou totale. De nombreux travaux avancent l'hypothèse selon laquelle le taux de poussées varie au gré des saisons, survenant plus fréquemment au printemps et en été. Cette fluctuation temporelle a soulevé la question de l'influence de paramètres dépendants de la saison tels que l'ensoleillement et le statut en vitamine D, le niveau de mélatonine ou encore la pollution atmosphérique. Etant donné cette variation de la pollution de l'air, nous avons cherché à explorer l'impact à court terme des particules fines (PM10), benzène (C6H6), dioxyde d'azote (NO2), monoxyde de carbone (CO) et de l'ozone troposphérique (O3), sur le risque de déclenchement de poussée, indépendamment des saisons "chaude" (1er avril au 30 septembre) et "froide" (1er octobre au 31 mars). Ce travail s'est appuyé sur les données de patients issus du réseau ville-hôpital alSacEP. Nous avons sélectionné 424 patients atteints de SEP à début rémittent et ayant connu un total de 1 783 poussées (2000-2009). Les niveaux journaliers de pollution, produits grâce au modèle physique déterministe ADMS-Urban, ont été modélisés sur une base horaire pour chaque IRIS de la communauté urbaine de Strasbourg par l'actuelle AASQUA ATMO Grand Est. De plus, une enquête individuelle menée dans le cadre de cette étude auprès de l'ensemble des patients (PT) a permis de collecter (par questionnaire téléphonique ou auto-questionnaire sur internet) des informations personnelles socio-économiques (SES) et du mode de vie pour 188 d'entre eux (PS). Enfin, le niveau SES des IRIS a été estimé à l’aide d’un indice de défaveur social - construit à partir des données du recensement de l’INSEE. Nous avons observé une influence saisonnière délétère à court terme de la pollution (3 jours précédant la poussée) sur le risque de poussée en PT, notamment de l'O3 en saison "chaude" et des PM10 et NO2 en saison "froide". Nos résultats suggèrent également que le contexte SES puisse exacerber ces associations, notamment chez les patients résidant dans les quartiers défavorisés lors d'exposition aux PM10, NO2, C6H6 et CO ("froide") et ceux résidant dans les quartiers favorisés et défavorisés lors de l'exposition à l'O3 ("chaude"). Enfin, nous avons observé chez la PS que le niveau d'éducation faible, le revenu familial moyen, la consommation de cigarette et le manque d'activité physique régulière sont les catégories SES et du mode de vie les plus associées avec le risque de poussée lors de l'exposition à la pollution de l'air. Ce travail montre la nécessité d'étudier les expositions environnementales au cours de la SEP selon une approche holistique intégrant des facteurs individuels et contextuels. / Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuro-inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Causes are multifactorial enrolling both genetic predisposition and influence of environmental factors. In 85% of cases, patients experience relapse corresponding to the occurrence of neurologic signs, followed by a phase of partial or total remission. Several studies put forth the hypothesis that relapses rate varies across season, mainly occurring during spring and summer. This temporal fluctuation raised the question of season-dependent parameters influence such as sunlight exposure and vitamin D, melatonin level or ambient air pollution. Considering this variation of air pollution, we explored the short-term impact of fine particles (PM10), benzene (C6H6), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and ground-level ozone (O3), on the risk of relapse triggering, separately for "cold" (i.e., October-March) and "hot" (April-September) season. This work has drawn from data of patients provided by the alSacEP network. We included 424 patients affected with remitting MS onset who experienced 1,783 relapses over the 2000-2009 period. Daily level of air pollution was modeled through ADMS-Urban software at the census block scale of the Strasbourg metropolitan area (AASQA ATMO Grand Est). Furthermore, an individual survey was conducted among all the patients (PT) in order to collect individual socioeconomic (SES) and lifestyle features. Finally, the census block SES position was estimated using a composite deprivation index - created from the INSEE census data. A short-term (3 days preceding the relapse) seasonal adverse effect was observed in PT, in particular during exposure to O3 in "hot" season and PM10 and NO2 in "cold" season. Results also suggest that the SES context might exacerbate these associations, in particular among patients who were living in deprived neighborhood with exposure to PM10, NO2, C6H6 and CO ("cold) and those who were living in most well-of and deprived places with exposure to O3 ("hot"). Finally, we observed among Ps that low education level, average family income, smoking and lack of physical activity are more associated with the risk of relapse triggering when patients were exposed to air pollution. This work shows the need to investigate environmental exposure such as air pollution along the SEP course using a holistic approach integrating individual and contextual factors.