Constata-se que a reforma sanitária brasileira representa um avanço na direção de uma concepção avançada de sistema de saúde. Entretanto o SUS, com toda a materialidade das reformas ao nível macro induzidas a partir dos avanços na legislação, a implantação da regionalização e hierarquização da assistência, e dos instrumentos de gestão, assim como todas as grandes organizações modernas, padece de problemas de coordenação na operação de suas ações. Este trabalho pretende discutir as possibilidades e limites das mudanças organizacionais induzidas pela implementação do SUS na configuração dos sistemas locoregionais de saúde, à luz das experiências internacionais e das contribuições mais recentes das teorias organizacionais, no contexto da transição do fordismo à acumulação flexível. A partir do referencial da teoria dos sistemas, considera-se a contribuição das teorias organizacionais fordistas, pós-fordistas e pós-modernistas na especificidade do campo da saúde coletiva, para discutir a efetividade dos seus subsistemas cibernéticos do SUS: controle, avaliação, regulação, auditoria e vigilância em saúde, no complexo contexto da configuração do poder deste setor. Verifica-se que o SUS, constituído a partir de culturas organizacionais fordistas, do antigo INAMPS e da Saúde Pública tradicional, não tem obtido êxito em configurar estruturas organizacionais competentes, na medida em que reproduz os modelos tradicionais nos seus sistemas de controle. Esta dificuldade em parte deve-se ao momento histórico, que fez coincidir o momento dos avanços na legislação, em direção à ampliação do direito à saúde, com o momento das reestruturações dos aparelhos estatais decorrente da crise global do modo de produção fordista, e com as profundas transformações demográficas, epidemiológicas e da tecnologia da assistência médica. Por outro lado, a disponibilidade de soluções pósfordistas propicia um padrão para a conformação de novas regras e novos modos de regulação do sistema de saúde, que induzam a comportamentos auto-reguladores por parte dos prestadores de serviços de saúde, considerando as metas de equidade e de melhoria da saúde da população. Conclui-se que a necessária reforma do setor saúde demanda o fortalecimento de uma tecno-burocracia protegida contra injunções político-partidárias, que possibilite a incubação uma cultura organizacional profissional em todas as esferas de governo e níveis de gestão, que incentive um trabalho em saúde competente e moralmente comprometido com as finalidades do SUS nesse país. / The Brazilian Health Reform is a step ahead towards an advanced health system concept. However, despite the concrete legal progress achieved through the 1988 Constitution, expressed in reforms at the broader level, aiming to organize the assistance in a hierarchyzed services network, and the promulgation of norms for the decentralized system local management, the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), as other large modern organizations, experiences a lack of coordination in its operations. This work aims to discuss the possibilities and limits of the organizational changes induced by this implementation, in the very configuration of regionalized health systems from the viewpoint of international experience with health systems reforms, taking into account the most recent contributions of the organizational theories, considering the transitional context from fordism to post-fordism. From the theoretical perspective of systems, we consider the contribution of organization theories, regarding the specificity of the field of public health, to argue the effectiveness of its regulation subsystems: control and evaluation, regulation, medical audit, health Information and also the surveillance and disease control systems, within the complex configuration of political power in this sector, in Brazil. SUS, characterized by a mix of two fordist organizational patterns the National Institute of Social Security (INAMPS) and traditional Public Health systems fails to build competent organizational structures, since it reproduces traditional models in its controlling systems. These difficulties are due in part to historical determinants, which made the legal advances towards a more comprehensive health right coincide with State reforms arisen from the crisis of fordist regulation patterns, and also with worldwide deep societal transformations, like demographic and epidemiological transitions, and the high costs of medical technology. On the other hand, the availability of post-fordist organizational solutions provides patterns for new rules and ways for health systems regulation, which lead to self-regulated behaviors on the part of health care providers, considering the goals of equity and improvement of populational health. The author conclude that necessary health care reform in Brazil requires the strengthening technobureaucracy protected against political-partisan injunctions, allowing the incubation of a professional organizational culture in all government and managerial levels, fostering the competent health work, committed with SUSs purposes.

Constata-se que a reforma sanitária brasileira representa um avanço na direção de uma concepção avançada de sistema de saúde. Entretanto o SUS, com toda a materialidade das reformas ao nível macro induzidas a partir dos avanços na legislação, a implantação da regionalização e hierarquização da assistência, e dos instrumentos de gestão, assim como todas as grandes organizações modernas, padece de problemas de coordenação na operação de suas ações. Este trabalho pretende discutir as possibilidades e limites das mudanças organizacionais induzidas pela implementação do SUS na configuração dos sistemas locoregionais de saúde, à luz das experiências internacionais e das contribuições mais recentes das teorias organizacionais, no contexto da transição do fordismo à acumulação flexível. A partir do referencial da teoria dos sistemas, considera-se a contribuição das teorias organizacionais fordistas, pós-fordistas e pós-modernistas na especificidade do campo da saúde coletiva, para discutir a efetividade dos seus subsistemas cibernéticos do SUS: controle, avaliação, regulação, auditoria e vigilância em saúde, no complexo contexto da configuração do poder deste setor. Verifica-se que o SUS, constituído a partir de culturas organizacionais fordistas, do antigo INAMPS e da Saúde Pública tradicional, não tem obtido êxito em configurar estruturas organizacionais competentes, na medida em que reproduz os modelos tradicionais nos seus sistemas de controle. Esta dificuldade em parte deve-se ao momento histórico, que fez coincidir o momento dos avanços na legislação, em direção à ampliação do direito à saúde, com o momento das reestruturações dos aparelhos estatais decorrente da crise global do modo de produção fordista, e com as profundas transformações demográficas, epidemiológicas e da tecnologia da assistência médica. Por outro lado, a disponibilidade de soluções pósfordistas propicia um padrão para a conformação de novas regras e novos modos de regulação do sistema de saúde, que induzam a comportamentos auto-reguladores por parte dos prestadores de serviços de saúde, considerando as metas de equidade e de melhoria da saúde da população. Conclui-se que a necessária reforma do setor saúde demanda o fortalecimento de uma tecno-burocracia protegida contra injunções político-partidárias, que possibilite a incubação uma cultura organizacional profissional em todas as esferas de governo e níveis de gestão, que incentive um trabalho em saúde competente e moralmente comprometido com as finalidades do SUS nesse país. / The Brazilian Health Reform is a step ahead towards an advanced health system concept. However, despite the concrete legal progress achieved through the 1988 Constitution, expressed in reforms at the broader level, aiming to organize the assistance in a hierarchyzed services network, and the promulgation of norms for the decentralized system local management, the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), as other large modern organizations, experiences a lack of coordination in its operations. This work aims to discuss the possibilities and limits of the organizational changes induced by this implementation, in the very configuration of regionalized health systems from the viewpoint of international experience with health systems reforms, taking into account the most recent contributions of the organizational theories, considering the transitional context from fordism to post-fordism. From the theoretical perspective of systems, we consider the contribution of organization theories, regarding the specificity of the field of public health, to argue the effectiveness of its regulation subsystems: control and evaluation, regulation, medical audit, health Information and also the surveillance and disease control systems, within the complex configuration of political power in this sector, in Brazil. SUS, characterized by a mix of two fordist organizational patterns the National Institute of Social Security (INAMPS) and traditional Public Health systems fails to build competent organizational structures, since it reproduces traditional models in its controlling systems. These difficulties are due in part to historical determinants, which made the legal advances towards a more comprehensive health right coincide with State reforms arisen from the crisis of fordist regulation patterns, and also with worldwide deep societal transformations, like demographic and epidemiological transitions, and the high costs of medical technology. On the other hand, the availability of post-fordist organizational solutions provides patterns for new rules and ways for health systems regulation, which lead to self-regulated behaviors on the part of health care providers, considering the goals of equity and improvement of populational health. The author conclude that necessary health care reform in Brazil requires the strengthening technobureaucracy protected against political-partisan injunctions, allowing the incubation of a professional organizational culture in all government and managerial levels, fostering the competent health work, committed with SUSs purposes.

No description available.

[pt] A dissertação tem como objeto de investigação a gênese do conceito de trabalho imaterial amplamente desenvolvido e difundido por Antonio Negri. Na perspectiva da esquerda italiana, analisaremos, inicialmente, o impacto da Depressão de 1929 e os dois principais dispositivos, Fordismo e Keynesianismo, desenvolvidos e intensamente expandidos para superar este primeiro grande ciclo de crise do século XX. Na sequencia, trataremos do Operaísmo - movimento surgido na Itália em meio às lutas operárias das décadas de 1960 e 1970 - em seu contexto histórico e temas centrais. O Operaísmo, enquanto movimento que reuniu inúmeros jovens pensadores em torno da proposta de uma releitura da obra marxiana, não se limitou a uma construção teórica, e procurou, sobretudo, criar instrumentos de crítica e de ação para as lutas operárias que se desenrolaram no segundo grande ciclo de crise do capitalismo nos anos 1970. Por fim, passaremos a tratar do conceito de trabalho imaterial - um conceito em construção, razão pela qual são diversas as disputas em tornos dos seus elementos fundamentais. A dimensão biopolítica, os aspectos subjetivo e econômico-político desse conceito serão abordados com base nas formulações elaboradas por Antonio Negri. / [en] The paper has as object of research the genesis of the concept of immaterial labor developed and widely disseminated by Antonio Negri. From the perspective of the Italian left, we analyze, initially, the impact of the Depression of 1929 and the two main devices, Fordism and Keynesianism, developed and expanded intensively to overcome this first major cycle of crisis of the twentieth century. In the sequel, we tackle the Workerism - movement emerged in Italy amid labor struggles of the 1960s and 1970s - in its historical context and central themes. The Workerism while movement that brought together many young thinkers around the proposal of reading Marx s work, sought not merely a theoretical construct, but, above all, create instruments of criticism and action for workers struggles that unfolded in the second great cycle of crisis of capitalism in the 1970s. Finally, we will discuss the concept of immaterial labor - a concept under construction, which has several disputes on lathes of its fundamental elements. We will discuss the biopolitical dimension, and subjective, economic and political aspects of this concept based on formulations developed by Antonio Negri.

Utvecklingen av Artificiell Intelligens (AI) har gått i rasande fart under de senaste åren och har redan tillämpats på en rad olika sätt. Samtidigt har regleringen kring användningen av AI inte haft samma explosionsartade utveckling. Syftet med uppsatsen är därför att jämföra de olika förhållningssätten till AI-reglering hos Google, International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) och den Europeiska Unionen (EU), med fokus på de ideologiska teman som synliggörs i spänningen mellan dessa förhållningssätt. Därefter analyseras förhållningssätten med hjälp av den franska regleringsskolans perspektiv på post-fordistisk reglering. Detta görs i form av en dokumentstudie och en efterföljande ideologianalys.  Studiens resultat och analys visar att Googles syn på AI-reglering präglas av teknologiskt och ekonomiskt fokus, teknologisk solutionism och optimism samt en liberal och essentialistisk syn på intelligens och samhället. EU beskriver sig i sin tur sträva efter ett robust och flexibelt regelverk, vilket i praktiken framkommer som ett regelverk baserat på flexibla, liberala och kapitalistiskt styrda ideal där endast specifika undantagsfall regleras på ett robust vis. IFLAs förhållningssätt till AI-reglering framstår som högst motsägelsefullt. AI-utvecklingen beskrivs som något oundvikligt och som något IFLA står maktlösa inför, vilket får som konsekvens att IFLAs socialliberala och mänskligt orienterade kritik mot AI-utvecklingen och kapitalismen framstår som mer formell än reell. Generellt präglas alltså alla tre av organisationernas förhållningssätt till AI och AI-reglering starkt av den franska regleringsskolans post-fordistiska ideologier, men sprickor syns genom framförallt EUs och IFLAs osäkerhet kring AI-utvecklingens etiska och mänskliga konsekvenser. Detta gör mänskliga rättigheter till ett centralt fokus och den största kritiken av det kapitalistiska förhållningssättet till AI och AI-reglering. / The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has accelerated rapidly in the last few years and has already been used in an array of different ways. Meanwhile the regulation of AI use has not had the same explosive development. The purpose of this thesis is therefore to compare the different positions to AI-regulation between Google, the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) and the European Union (EU), focusing on the ideological themes revealed in the tension between these positions. Thereafter the positions are analysed with the help of the French regulation school’s perspective on post-fordist regulation. This is done in the form of a document study and a subsequent ideology analysis. The results and analysis of the study show that Google's position on AI-regulation is infused with technological and economical focus, technological solutionism and optimism as well as a liberal and essentialist view of intelligence and society. The EU in turn describe themselves as striving for a robust and flexible regulation, which in practice is articulated as a regulative framework based on flexible, liberal and capitalist-oriented ideals where only specific exceptions are regulated in a robust way. IFLA's standpoint on AI-regulation appears to be highly contradictory. AI-innovation is seen as inevitable and as something IFLA is powerless to affect, which makes IFLA's socio-liberal and human-oriented critique of AI-innovation and capitalism appear more formal than real. In general all three of the organisations' positions to AI and AI-regulation are strongly infused with the French regulation school’s post-fordist ideologies, but cracks are visible especially in the EU's and IFLA's uncertainty towards the AI-innovation's ethical and humanitarian consequences. This brings human rights to the forefront, making them the biggest critique of the capitalist position on AI and AI-regulation.

Esta dissertação ilustra como o regime fordista de acumulação brasileiro foi induzido à sua crise na década de oitenta, pelas políticas de ajuste econômico patrocinadas pelo FMI, e como na década seguinte a política de liberalização da economia terminou por reformatá-lo. Destacam-se as alterações estruturais na economia neste novo ambiente pós-fordista, e evidencia-se como este novo regime de acumulação não permitiu uma ampliação do produto e renda / This master dissertation elucidates how the Brazilian accumulation of fordist type was driven into its crisis in the eighties, by the adjustment policies of International Monetary Fund and how, during the nineties, the liberalization of economy put another one in curse, the so called post-fordist regime. The work approaches the structural changes of the Brazilian economy under this new post-fordist regime, and attempts to show how it was not able foster new economic growth, as expected

Esta dissertação ilustra como o regime fordista de acumulação brasileiro foi induzido à sua crise na década de oitenta, pelas políticas de ajuste econômico patrocinadas pelo FMI, e como na década seguinte a política de liberalização da economia terminou por reformatá-lo. Destacam-se as alterações estruturais na economia neste novo ambiente pós-fordista, e evidencia-se como este novo regime de acumulação não permitiu uma ampliação do produto e renda / This master dissertation elucidates how the Brazilian accumulation of fordist type was driven into its crisis in the eighties, by the adjustment policies of International Monetary Fund and how, during the nineties, the liberalization of economy put another one in curse, the so called post-fordist regime. The work approaches the structural changes of the Brazilian economy under this new post-fordist regime, and attempts to show how it was not able foster new economic growth, as expected

The vision of New Zealand as a 'knowledge society' is a mantra that has opened the twenty-first century. Underpinning any 'knowledge society', however; are people who turn resources into concrete products and who build, maintain and service the technological and social infrastructure essential to society. This thesis examines the skilled trades and, in particular, how people are trained for those trades. Industry training is a crucial component of the wealth-generating capabilities of New Zealand. It is also an essential part of the way that many young people make the transition from school to work and from adolescence to adulthood. The means of training tradespeople has moved over the years from the rigid and prescriptive apprenticeship system, to the more voluntaristic, industry-led 'industry training' strategy, introduced following the Industry Training Act 1992. Regardless of the system used to organise training, however, there have been long-standing problems in New Zealand with achieving the optimum number of skilled workers, possessing the correct 'mix' of skills required. In this research, based upon semi-structured interviews with industry training stakeholders four industry case studies, policy content analysis and an in-depth examination of the Modem Apprenticeships scheme, I ask three key questions. First, what are the things that, as a country, we could or should reasonably expect a 'good' industry training system to contribute to? These may be things like: an adequate supply of appropriately skilled workers, the ability to upskill or reskill these workers as needed, clear transition routes for young people, lifelong learning opportunities, equity goals and foundation skills. Second, I ask how the current system performs against these criteria. The short answer is that the performance is 'patchy'. There are dire skill shortages in many areas. While opportunities for workplace upskilling, reskilling or 'lifelong learning' are available, I argue that they are not yet cemented into a 'training culture'. Workplace-based learning is an important transition route for a small percentage of our young people but the favoured route is some form of tertiary education, which may be an expensive and not necessarily relevant option. Third, I ask why the performance of New Zealand's industry training system is often less than desirable. My argument is that the problems and solutions thereof, of skill formation in New Zealand have been understood largely in terms of the supply-side. That is, we have either critiqued, or looked to reform, whatever system has been in place to train skilled workers. The inadequacy of this approach is evident from weaknesses in the ability of either the prescriptive apprenticeship system or the voluntaristic industry training strategy to deliver an appropriately skilled workforce. Thus, I also examine the demand side of skill formation: the wider influences that impact on employers' training decisions. Training decisions made by individual employers, the aggregation of which represent the level and quality of training for New Zealand as a whole, are influenced by a plethora of factors. At the micro level of the employer or firm, I explore barriers to training and some of the constraints to the demand for skills. I then examine broader influences, such as the changing shape of the workforce, labour market regulation and wider economic factors, all of which impact on training levels.

The core concern of my thesis is with shifting the focus from the description on how innovation is done (predominantly STS accounts of innovation in-the-making) to what designers do with conceptions of innovation. The thesis is based on ethnographic fieldwork within a group of interaction designers of Milan. Despite the different conceptions and traditions of innovation that these designers bring in – the artistic and technological ones – I observed that a design-centered conception of innovation is reproduced, as well as the idea that plans and intentions precede things. However, another key idea of my fieldwork is the importance designers give to imagining things as they might be, rather than focusing on how things are. This is where different models of action, planned and open ones coexist in creative ways: it is these processes that the ethnography details.