This essay examines tweets published during a measles outbreak in January 2018 with the purpose of highlighting the division among tweets positive and negative toward vaccine, the use of sources and arguments as well as what risks are expressed and how the tweets relate to research and media. The study conducted is based on a combination of a quantitative content analysis followed by a qualitative content analysis. In total 260 Swedish tweets are being analyzed during the study, 18 of them make up the material for the qualitative study, all published 2-5 January 2018. Theories about media and health, post-truth, risk and participation make up the theoretical framework for the conducted study. The results from the study are analyzed through these theories. Results from the quantitative content analysis show that more than half of the tweets mentioning vaccine are positive toward vaccine. Tweets arguing in favor of vaccine use more sentiment in their arguments and those opposing vaccine more often use rational arguments. The quantitative analysis also show that half of the tweets used a source and primarily with the purpose of spreading information. Additionally a majority of those tweets using a source support the source mentioned, sources mostly used are media or authorities/institutions. Almost two-thirds of all tweets express some kind of risk. The risks most frequently expressed are risk of disease, lack of people vaccinated and immigration. Four themes emerge from the qualitative content analysis, two themes among tweets negative toward vaccine and two themes from tweets positive toward vaccine. The negative tweets speak of measles as a harmless disease and the danger of taking vaccine. On the contrary, the positive tweets speak of the dangers of measles and of the lack of people vaccinated as dangerous. / I denna studie undersöks twitterinlägg som publicerats under utbrott av mässling i januari 2018 för att belysa fördelningen mellan inlägg för och mot vaccin, användning av källor och argument samt hur inläggen ger uttryck för risk och även deras förhållande till forskning och media. Studien bygger på en kombinerad metod med en kvantitativ innehållsanalys följt av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Totalt har 260 svenska twitterinlägg ingått i studiens empiriska material, varav 18 ingått i den kvalitativa delen av studien, och samtliga är hämtade 2-5 januari 2018. Teorier om hälsa och medier, post-truth, risk samt deltagande utgör den genomförda studiens teoretiska ramverk. Dessa teorier används för att analysera studiens resultat. Resultatet av den kvantitativa analysen visade att mer än hälften av de inlägg som berörde vaccin var positiva till vaccin. I sin argumentation användes främst emotionella argument hos inlägg positiva till vaccin och logiska argument hos inlägg negativa till vaccin. Den kvantitativa studien visade även att hälften av alla inlägg använt sig av en källa och då främst i syfte att informera, dessutom ställde majoriteten av twitterinläggen sig positiva till den källa de hänvisat till vilket oftast var media eller myndigheter/institutioner. Nästan två tredjedelar av inläggen gav uttryck för risk och då var sjukdom, brist på vaccinerade och invandring de risker som lyftes fram mest. I den kvalitativa delen av studien framkom fyra teman, två för inlägg negativa till vaccin och två för inlägg positiva till vaccin. Inlägg negativa till vaccin talade om hur mässling inte var farligt och att vaccin var farligt. I motsats till detta talade inlägg positiva till vaccin om att mässling var farligt och att brist på vaccinerade var farligt.

Este estudo tem por objeto o documentário de Thomas Harlan, Torre Bela (1978), filmado durante o processo revolucionário português (1974-1975). A película insere-se na raiz cinematográfica do cinema-verdade, destacando-se do debate em torno deste conceito desenvolvido por Jean Rouch e Edgar Morin no decênio de 1960, na medida em que propõe antes, uma abordagem materialista aos processos sociais, retomando a perspectiva desenvolvida por Dziga Vertov (1896-1954), cineasta russo autor do filme Kinoglaz (1924), que Thomas Harlan cita em diferentes cenas de Torre Bela. Harlan constrói de forma crítica e reflexiva uma síntese da atualidade, proveniente do recorte histórico, resultante da combinação sistematizada entre o fragmento do filme e a visão histórica sobre o processo revolucionário que o cineasta insere na montagem do filme. Ao concretizá-la, Harlan acaba por colocar luz nas contradições do processo português, alumiando, por exemplo, como o acordo militar para uma \"nova política social\", que defendia os direitos da classe trabalhadora como anunciado no Programa do Movimento das Forças Armadas, consolida-se apenas em direitos para a classe dominante, os proprietários dos meios de produção, excluindo-se o trabalhador do modelo de sociedade democrática. O filme é emblemático também, para compreender a forma como o trabalhador se torna sujeito político da Revolução, histórico, por isso, objetivando as suas utopias através da película, até o momento da intervenção da força militar contrarrevolucionária como mostra o final do filme. Em tese, o trabalho investiga como a reintrodução da perspectiva histórica sobre a forma como uma dada sociedade se organiza, bem como o ponto de vista do cineasta sobre o fenômeno social abordado torna-se, no caso da película Torre Bela, uma forma de resistência e de oposição ao movimento de desmanche e declínio das grandes utopias que marcou a segunda metade do século XX, e que na atualidade se reinventa no fenômeno da pós-verdade. / The subject of this study is the Thomas Harlan documentary Torre Bela (1978), filmed during the Portuguese Revolution of 1974 - 1975. The movie is implanted in the cinematographic roots of the truthful-cinema (cinéma vérité), outdistancing from the 1960´s debate surrounding Jean Rouch and Edgar Morin´s concept since it proposes instead, a materialistic view of the social processes, recollecting the same perspective developed by Dziga Vertov (1896-1954), Russian filmmaker creator of Kinoglaz movie (1924), and in which Thomas Harlan references it in several scenes of Torre Bela. Based on a historical approach, Harlan elaborates a critically reflexive summary of the actuality, resultant from the systematic combination between frames and the historical perception of the revolutionary process and in which the creator inserts in the film. Whilst producing it, Harlan focus on the contradictory facts in the Portuguese process highlighting for example, how the military agreement for the new social politic, which defended the workers\' rights, as announced by the Military Forces Program, primarily focuses on the dominant classes (owners) excluding the workers from the social-democratic model. The movie is emblematic and historical leading you to understand how the worker became a politic individual of the revolution, presenting its utopias trough the movie up until the contra revolutionary intervention by the military force as exposed in the end of the movie. In theses, the study investigates how a reintroduction of the historical perspective of a society organization as well as the filmmaker´s understanding and approach of the social singularity becomes, in Torre Bela, a way of resistance and opposition to the destruction and decline of the utopias which characterized the second half of the 20th century and in present time reinventing itself within the post-truth concept.

In 2016, “post-truth” was chosen as the word of the year by the Oxford Dictionaries. This is a concept that has come to be associated with a type of political discourse in which objective facts are less important than factual inaccuracies which appeal to emotion to influence people’s attitudes. Due to this recent increase in post-truth politics, critical thinking becomes an important skill to master. Yet, studies have suggested that students often lack the necessary skills for critical thinking. One way of approaching this problem is through the reading of literature. This essay specifically argues that George Orwell’s 1984 provides teachers with an excellent opportunity to develop critical thinking skills among upper secondary English as a foreign language (EFL) students, with the novel as an excellent platform to also promote student reflection on current post-truth politics. In order to work with 1984 to foster critical thinking, this essay utilizes a literature-based, pedagogical model developed by Bobkina and Stefanova that draws inspiration from elements of reader-response theory and critical literacy pedagogy (CLP). To show how 1984 can be used to discuss current post-truth politics, a thematic analysis was performed where central themes and concepts from the novel, such as doublethink, Newspeak and telescreens, were compared to current trends in post-truth politics. The analysis itself was structured around the following themes: the distortion of truth for political gains, the use of language as an instrument of political power and the use of technology to spread misinformation. Following the analysis, a lesson project based on Bobkina and Stefanova’s four-stage model was constructed, focusing on different pre-, while- and post-reading activities aimed at making the students develop their critical thinking skills as well as their awareness of the three themes mentioned above. While this approach is deemed suitable for working with 1984 to discuss post-truth politics, a suggestion for further research would be to use Bobkina and Stefanova’s model together with more contemporary dystopian novels in order to discuss other topics that are more relatable to young adults, e.g. identity issues and social stratification.

Este estudo tem por objeto o documentário de Thomas Harlan, Torre Bela (1978), filmado durante o processo revolucionário português (1974-1975). A película insere-se na raiz cinematográfica do cinema-verdade, destacando-se do debate em torno deste conceito desenvolvido por Jean Rouch e Edgar Morin no decênio de 1960, na medida em que propõe antes, uma abordagem materialista aos processos sociais, retomando a perspectiva desenvolvida por Dziga Vertov (1896-1954), cineasta russo autor do filme Kinoglaz (1924), que Thomas Harlan cita em diferentes cenas de Torre Bela. Harlan constrói de forma crítica e reflexiva uma síntese da atualidade, proveniente do recorte histórico, resultante da combinação sistematizada entre o fragmento do filme e a visão histórica sobre o processo revolucionário que o cineasta insere na montagem do filme. Ao concretizá-la, Harlan acaba por colocar luz nas contradições do processo português, alumiando, por exemplo, como o acordo militar para uma \"nova política social\", que defendia os direitos da classe trabalhadora como anunciado no Programa do Movimento das Forças Armadas, consolida-se apenas em direitos para a classe dominante, os proprietários dos meios de produção, excluindo-se o trabalhador do modelo de sociedade democrática. O filme é emblemático também, para compreender a forma como o trabalhador se torna sujeito político da Revolução, histórico, por isso, objetivando as suas utopias através da película, até o momento da intervenção da força militar contrarrevolucionária como mostra o final do filme. Em tese, o trabalho investiga como a reintrodução da perspectiva histórica sobre a forma como uma dada sociedade se organiza, bem como o ponto de vista do cineasta sobre o fenômeno social abordado torna-se, no caso da película Torre Bela, uma forma de resistência e de oposição ao movimento de desmanche e declínio das grandes utopias que marcou a segunda metade do século XX, e que na atualidade se reinventa no fenômeno da pós-verdade. / The subject of this study is the Thomas Harlan documentary Torre Bela (1978), filmed during the Portuguese Revolution of 1974 - 1975. The movie is implanted in the cinematographic roots of the truthful-cinema (cinéma vérité), outdistancing from the 1960´s debate surrounding Jean Rouch and Edgar Morin´s concept since it proposes instead, a materialistic view of the social processes, recollecting the same perspective developed by Dziga Vertov (1896-1954), Russian filmmaker creator of Kinoglaz movie (1924), and in which Thomas Harlan references it in several scenes of Torre Bela. Based on a historical approach, Harlan elaborates a critically reflexive summary of the actuality, resultant from the systematic combination between frames and the historical perception of the revolutionary process and in which the creator inserts in the film. Whilst producing it, Harlan focus on the contradictory facts in the Portuguese process highlighting for example, how the military agreement for the new social politic, which defended the workers\' rights, as announced by the Military Forces Program, primarily focuses on the dominant classes (owners) excluding the workers from the social-democratic model. The movie is emblematic and historical leading you to understand how the worker became a politic individual of the revolution, presenting its utopias trough the movie up until the contra revolutionary intervention by the military force as exposed in the end of the movie. In theses, the study investigates how a reintroduction of the historical perspective of a society organization as well as the filmmaker´s understanding and approach of the social singularity becomes, in Torre Bela, a way of resistance and opposition to the destruction and decline of the utopias which characterized the second half of the 20th century and in present time reinventing itself within the post-truth concept.

Thesis exhamines the role and purpose of lie in post-truth age in the life of individual person as well as in the life of sociaty. The action oscillates between performance and happening, through these media author and in the same time tour-guide presents his own and his family and friends lifes.

Aging represents the most significant prerequisite to be influenced by disinformation or fraudulent media messages on the internet. The elderly are a group that consumes these messages and also spreads them most often. With the gradual aging of the population and enlargement of the elderly group, the society-wide problem further escalates. The topic of the diploma thesis is focused on the issues of fake news and the spread of disinformation online within the elderly group aged 65 and more years. The thesis aims to describe in detail the aspects on which the elderly evaluate the credibility of news and which signs of fake news they are able to identify. The theoretical section defines the fundamental terms relevant to fake news and describes the state of media literacy of the Czech elderly in the context of current research. In the practical section, a qualitative study is conducted in the form of semi structured interviews with the elderly to answer the research questions.

No description available.

The general theme of this thesis is the audience's understanding and ideals ofscience and how these, through digital social media, are shaped in relation to moregeneral understandings about the role of science in society. The rationale of thethesis was to study constructions of ideals of science at Flashback Forum during theperiod of April 1, 2021 through April 1, 2022. The theoretical framework wasconstructed using theories taken from the field Science of science communication,Knorr-Cetina's theories of the knowledge society and epistemic cultures, theories ofthe post-truth society and understandings of digital media landscapes as publicnetworks. The material retrieved from Flashback was collected using a structuredselection method and analyzed through a thematic content analysis. The materialwas structured based on the various ideals of science that emerged. A total of ninedifferent ideals of science could be defined. The performative strategies used tosubstantiate the discursive content were then examined. Strategies are mentionedas markers and a total of ten different markers appeared. The analysis of thematerial has shown that science is generally seen as a legitimate source ofknowledge and that science is used as a way of legitimizing, for example, opinionsand positions. The analysis also shows that ideas of science may differ and that theconcept of science, as a producer of knowledge and as practice, varies from thosewith a stronger connection to scientific establishment. All in all, the study points to thetension that can arise when science, with its complexity, on the one hand positionsas an interpreter of truth and democracy and on the other hand as part of ademocratization process increasingly becomes a concern for society as a whole.

I studien undersöks elevers tillit till olika sorters källor och hur detta påverkar deras användande av källor vid nyhetssökning. Studier visar på att människor idag tenderar till att i högre grad lita på människors åsikter samt att lita på det som passar bättre med ens egna åsikter och moraliska kompass. Detta bidrar till att försämra människors källkritik då du inte blir lika nyanserad om du enbart läser nyheter som stämmer med det du själv tycker. För att undersöka detta har en kvalitativ intervjustudie bland gymnasieelever gjorts utifrån The think aloud method. Denna metod går ut på att respondenterna gör ett test där de samtidigt ska redogöra för sina tankar muntligt under tiden de utför testet. Testet eleverna genomfört har handlat om att de ska rangordna olika sorters källor utifrån vilka de litar på mest till dem källorna de litar minst på. Resultatet har analyserats utifrån den tidigare forskning som finns om post-truth för att kunna definiera vad post-truth är och därmed kunna hitta beteenden hos respondenterna som stämmer överens med detta, samt Rothstein och Putnams tankar kring socialt kapital för att få en djupare förståelse för hur tillit skapas och påverkas av olika omständigheter. Resultatet visade på att flera av eleverna hade en hög tillit till källor som kan beskrivas som objektiva, såsom experter och statistik. Däremot var vissa av dem misstänksamma mot public service och i högre grad mot människor, med anledning av att de gör saker för egen vinning. Detta visade att respondenterna har ett lågt socialt kapital gentemot vissa människor och instanser samt att likt vad den tidigare forskningen sade om post-truth fanns det en minskad tilltro till public service. Studien har visat att dessa elevers källkritiska förmåga stundtals är något begränsad och att undervisningen behöver breddas kring källkritik för att de ska kunna bli medvetna om hur deras egna tankar och åsikter påverkar hur pålitliga de anser olika källor är. / This study has investigated students trust to different types of sources and how this affects their using of sources when searching for news. Studies shows that people today tend to trust mainly on opinions and facts that correspond more with their own opinions. This contributes to deteriorate their source criticism, because they will not be as much nuanced if they just read news that correspond with their own opinions. To investigate this a qualitative interview study has been made with students in upper secondary school according to The think aloud method. In this method the respondents have been doing a test and at the same time reported their own thoughts verbally. The test the students have made has been about ranking different kind of sources from the source they trust most on to the source they trust at least on. The result has been analysed according to previous research on post-truth to define this concept and find behave among the respondents that match with post-truth. Also, the result has been analysed according to Rothstein and Putnam’s thoughts on Social Capital to get a bigger understanding on how trust is created and is affected by different circumstances. The result showed that several of the students had a high trust to sources that can be said to be objective, as experts and statistics. On the contrary some of them where suspicious to public service and to a greater extent against people because they do things for their own gain. This showed that these respondents had a low Social Capital against institutions and some peoples. Like the previous research said about public service some respondents had a lower trust to this institution. This study has showed that these students source criticism on some occasion is limited. The education about source criticism needs to be broadened so the students can be aware of how their own thoughts and opinions can affect how trustful they see different kinds of sources.

In the occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic, a trend of Instagram as a news source emerged in the Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020 (Reuters, 2020). Instagram’s visual factor has made accessing news more feasible and convenient through a curated feed. Consequently, news producers are migrating to social media platforms, including Instagram to serve news consumption needs. However, journalism on social media has been criticized for its lack of journalistic legitimacy where media trust is challenged by the sensationalism of news to drive engagement metrics. Moreover, the COVID-19 infodemic (WHO, 2020) has escalated the concern of news credibility due to a circulation of misinformation regarding the pandemic and overwhelming citizens. Hence, the objective of this study is to analyze how a news outlet on Instagram maintains journalistic legitimacy and how Instagram users navigate news through information abundance in finding credible and trustworthy news.  The analysis of this study takes into account an Indonesian news outlet on Instagram called Narasi Newsroom, by interviewing a representative from the news producer, a content analysis of their news content, and interviewing Indonesian Instagram users. The empirical findings illustrate how Narasi Newsroom can revive journalistic legitimacy through an innovative approach without diminishing journalism quality on Instagram. With its principle of educating the audience to understand the news beyond factual statements, Narasi Newsroom’s strategy of riding the wave to serve audience needs upholds journalism values through critical thinking and credible sources. By conducting the study through updating the encoding/decoding model (Hall, 1973; 2009), it was found that the social media logic (Dijck & Poell, 2013) can balance journalism practice on Instagram as well as practices critical thinking for news consumers in finding trustworthy news. In light of the post-truth era, media trust and news credibility may be challenged, however, they are not lost when journalism on social media takes accountability to serve news consumers’ needs. Consequently, it takes both the news producers and consumers to take a critical stance to preserve trust in the news.