Esta dissertação inscreve-se nos campos dos Estudos de Gênero e Culturais, em uma aproximação com a perspectiva pós-estruturalista de análise; investiga as posições de sujeito usuário/a de substâncias psicoativas e os atravessamentos de gênero (re)produzidos no âmbito da Política de Redução de Danos. A Política de RD está preocupada em reconhecer as escolhas dos/as usuários/as de substâncias psicoativas (SPA) que demandam algum tipo de cuidado e, desse modo, alcançar a esfera do direito à saúde, à cidadania e aos direitos humanos. O material empírico é composto pelos documentos normativos da política e seus desdobramentos. Para o exame do corpus de investigação, foi utilizada a análise cultural, em combinação com a pesquisa documental, operando com os conceitos de posição de sujeito, norma, poder e gênero. Os documentos da política e seus desdobramentos foram tomados como artefatos culturais e pedagógicos que (re)produzem e veiculam discursos biomédicos, psicológicos, morais e jurídicos implicados com a produção de sujeitos e de práticas de cuidado no campo da saúde mental voltada para o uso de SPA. A análise permitiu descrever, discutir e problematizar os sentidos de termos como usuário, dependente, droga, substância, autonomia, dentre outros utilizados de forma naturalizada na política; com esse movimento analítico, foi possível explorar sua multiplicidade, conflitualidade e historicidade. As análises empreendidas contribuem para que sejam desnaturalizadas determinadas noções tão presentes nas formulações de propostas para o cuidado desses usuários/as. A (in)definição de termos discutidos permitiu visualizar a aparente sobreposição de sentidos de alguns termos como usuário/dependente para explorar distinções entre eles; também algumas relações lineares, como uso/consumo = dependência, que podem levar o indivíduo a evitar a aproximação com serviços de saúde como o CAPS mesmo quando deles precisa, com receio de ser nomeado como um/uma dependente, uma vez que essa nomeação produz diferentes efeitos em sua vida. Do ponto de vista do gênero, parece haver algumas pistas na (in)definição desses termos, mostrando que, em alguma medida, não se contemplam distinções produzidas pelo gênero, talvez porque haja ainda uma dificuldade em associar a mulher ao uso/abuso de SPA, embora os estudos mostrem o uso crescente destas entre as mulheres. Assim, um olhar sensível às abordagens de gênero na política permitiu ir "encontrando" pistas em relação à naturalização da relação entre uso de SPA e masculinidade e de uma feminilidade que não se droga. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa intentou desnaturalizar e mostrar alguns silenciamentos nas representações de feminino/masculino ainda ativas na cultura que contribuem para dificultar o dimensionamento de uma demanda de cuidado. / This dissertation is inserted in the field of Gender and Cultural Studies, approaching the poststructuralist perspective of analysis. It investigates the places of the subject/user of psychoactive substances and gender crossings (re)produced under the National Policy of Harm Reduction, a public policy concerned in recognizing the choices of the users of psychoactive substances (PAS) who require some sort of care, so reaching the boundaries of health protection and social citizenship and social rights. The empirical material consists of normative documents of the policy and its consequences. Cultural analysis, in combination with documentary research, was used for data analysis, considering the concepts of subject position, rule, power and gender. The policy documents and its consequences were taken as cultural and educational artifacts that (re)produce and convey biomedical, psychological, moral and juridical discourses involved in the production of subjects and care practices in the field of mental health addressed to the use of PAS. The analysis allowed to describe, debate and discuss the meanings of terms such as user, addicted, drug, substance, autonomy, among others used in a naturalized way in the policy, whose multiplicity, conflictuality and historicity was explored from this analytical movement. The undertaken analyses contribute to denaturalize certain notions usually used in the texts of the care proposals for those users. The (in)definition of discussed terms allowed to perceive the apparent meaning overlaps of some terms such as user/addicted to explore distinctions between them; it was also possible observe some linear relations, such as use/consumption = addiction, which can lead the individual to avoid looking for healthcare services, such as the Centers of Psychosocial Care (CAPS), even when he/she needs those services, fearing being named as addicted, since this nomination causes different effects in his/her life. From the gender point of view, there seem to be some clues in the (in)definition of these terms, showing that, to some extent, distinctions produced by the genre are not considered, perhaps because there are still some difficulties in associating the woman to the use/abuse of PAS, although some studies show increasing use among women. Thus, a sensitive reading to gender approaches in the policy allowed to go "finding" clues regarding the naturalization of the relationship between the use of PAS and masculinity, and regarding a femininity that is not addicted. In this sense, this research intended denaturalize this relationship and show some silences regarding the female/male representations still active in the culture that contribute to hinder the design of a care demand.

The idea of \'management control\' regards stability within the organisational environment, in the sense of directing the behaviour of employees towards some set of \'organisational\' objectives. More than a collection of managerial artefacts, however, this signifier labels a specific set of objects and practices, which typify a regime of practices \'management control\' at the same time that they are driven, enabled and constrained by it. In this sense, diverse \'organisation\'-like social and political logics are materialised through these objects and practices and through the crystallised regime of practices, then being recognised as \'management control\'-like constitutive logics. Throughout the exercise of such logics - political institutions of social logics - a \'management control\'-like organisational discourse is constituted, hence constituting the \'management control\'-like \'organisation\', then being experienced as a typical \'management control\' organisation. The organisation - and the \'management control\'-like organisation - does not happen as a random phenomenon, but it happens out of the constitution of \'management control\'-like organisational discourse. The present thesis develops the arguments towards this essential description, working on post-structuralist discourse theory and following a retroductive circle of problematisation, theory construction and persuasion/intervention for research in social sciences, willing to answer the research question regarding the dynamic whereby \'management control\' logics are articulated and thus constitute contextually-specific organisational discourses. A case study has been developed at the Enterprise, a family-owned metallurgic business, and five theoretical contributions are then proposed, regarding the dynamic process of constituting the organisation, the conceptual difference between discourse theory and institutional theory, the powerful role of political actors for instituting, de-instituting and re-instituting social logics, the relevance of using management accounting artefacts as tools for materialising \'management control\' social logics, and the materialisation of \'management control\'-like hegemonic discourse through the feedforward process with the articulation of the regime of practices. / A ideia de \'controle gerencial\' refere-se a estabilidade no ambiente organizacional, no sentido de direcionar o comportamento dos empregados em direção a um conjunto de objetivos \'organizacionais\'. Mais do que uma coleção de artefatos gerenciais, entretanto, este significante rotula um conjunto específico de objetos e práticas, os quais tipificam um regime de práticas \'controle gerencial\' ao mesmo tempo em que são direcionados, habilitados e limitados por ele. Nesse sentido, diversas lógicas sociais e políticas tipo \'controle gerencial\' são materializadas por meio desses objetos e dessas práticas e por meio do regime de práticas cristalizado, então sendo reconhecidas como lógicas constitutivas tipo \'controle gerencial\'. Ao longo do exercício dessas lógicas - instituição política de lógicas sociais - um discurso organizacional tipo \'controle gerencial\' é constituído, então constituindo a \'organização\' tipo \'controle gerencial\', então sendo experienciada como uma típica organização de \'controle gerencial\'. A organização - e a organização tipo \'controle gerencial\' - não acontece como um fenômeno aleatório, mas acontece pela constituição de discurso organizacional tipo \'controle gerencial\'. A presente tese desenvolve os argumentos visando a essa descrição essencial, trabalhando sobre teoria pós-estruturalista do discurso e seguindo um círculo retrodutivo de problematização, construção teórica e persuasão/intervenção para pesquisa em ciências sociais. Um estudo de caso foi desenvolvido na Enterprise, uma empresa metalúrgica familiar, e cinco contribuições teóricas são então propostas, considerando o processo dinâmico de constituição da organização, a diferença conceitual entre teoria do discurso e teoria institucional, o papel poderoso dos atores políticos para instituição, deinstituição e reinstituição de lógicas sociais, a relevância de usar artefatos de contabilidade gerencial como ferramentas para materialização de lógicas sociais \'controle gerencial\', e a materialização de discurso hegemônico tipo \'controle gerencial\' por meio do processo de realimentação com a articulação do regime de práticas.

Esta dissertação, de cunho qualitativo, está situada no campo dos Estudos Culturais e de Gênero em Educação a partir das contribuições teóricas pós-estruturalistas de Michel Foucault. Proponho pensar as pedagogias de masculinidade que se instalam na prática do hip-hop, imprimindo no corpo modos hegemônicos de viver o masculino, no cenário das danças contemporâneas. Minhas indagações centrais estão centradas na forma como se estruturam as estratégias e negociações utilizadas pelos garotos dançarinos de hiphop na produção, constituição e manutenção de representações de masculinidades. Quais são as pedagogias que se instalam nesta prática e operam como produtoras de um corpo masculino no contexto da dança? Como questões de gênero e sexualidade se atravessam na produção dessas representações? Este estudo tematiza as questões de corpo, gênero e sexualidade dentro de um campo específico das culturas corporais: a dança hip-hop. Entendendo a dança como uma prática corporal produzida pela/na cultura, que marca os corpos e narra diferentes formas de constituição do sujeito, se constitui com as relações de gênero e sexualidade. Em nossa cultura ocidental contemporânea, a dança é marcada pelo universo feminino, ou seja, é significada como uma prática corporal feminina nos contextos sociais. A delicadeza/leveza do gesto e o andar suave e ereto são padrões de movimentos promovidos por discursos trazidos pela primazia da dança clássica e diluída nos diferentes espaços. O hip-hop, entendido como um espaço de trocas e aprendizagens múltiplas na produção de identidades juvenis, produz posições de sujeito ‘confortáveis’ e/ou ‘seguras’ para os meninos dançarinos, apresentando-se como um terreno masculino no universo das danças competitivas. Para isso, analisei as narrativas trazidas por dez jovens dançarinos de hip-hop que transitam em um terreno comum: o hip-hop espetacularizado na cidade de Canoas. As entrevistas foram gravadas e, posteriormente, transcritas, permitindo, assim, a recorrência de determinados relatos no qual procuro analisar ao longo dos capítulos dessa pesquisa. / This piece of work, using a qualitative approach, is situated in the field of Cultural and Gender Studies in Education based on the post-structuralism theoretical contributions of Michel Foucault. I propose to reflect the masculinity pedagogies that are set up within the practice of hip-hop, printing hegemonic ways of living the masculinity on the body, in the scenario of contemporary dances. My central questions are about how to structure the negotiations and strategies used by the male dancers on the production, creation and maintenance of masculinity representations. What are the pedagogies that are set up within this practice operating as a male body producer in the context of dance? How do gender and sexuality issues get through the production of these representations? This study addresses the body, gender and sexuality issues within a particular field of corporal culture: the hip-hop dance. Understanding dance as a body practice produced by/in the culture, which marks the bodies and tells different forms of the subject constitution, it is constituted by gender relations and sexuality. In our western culture, dance is marked by the feminine universe, that is, it is meant as a female body practice in social contexts. The gracefulness/smoothness of gesture, the upright and smooth walking are outline movements promoted by speeches brought from the primacy of classical dance and diluted in different spaces. The hip-hop, understood as an exchange and multiple-learning space in the production of juvenile identities, produces ‘comfortable’ and ‘secure’ subject positions for male dancers, being as a male environment in the world of competitive dances. To goal it, I analyzed the narratives brought by ten young dancers of hip-hop living in a common environment: the spectacled hip-hop in the city of Canoas. The interviews were recorded and later transcribed, allowing, thus, the return of certain accounts in which I try to analyze throughout the chapters of this research.

Esse trabalho se ocupa do processo de construção dos Estados letão e estoniano após o fim da URSS, tendo como pano de fundo a exclusão da minoria russa residente nesses países. O objetivo da presente dissertação é compreender as razões para a existência de pessoas em um limbo social, político e jurídico, definidas como “não-cidadãs” no Báltico. Sugere-se que essa situação decorre da contradição inerente ao processo de independência de Letônia e Estônia no pós-Guerra Fria: por um lado, marcado por características próprias da constituição do Estado moderno excludente e, por outro, permeado pelas condicionalidades para associação às instituições europeias. A partir de uma perspectiva teórica pós-estruturalista, entende-se a construção dos Estados como uma prática performática resultante de relações de poder. No caso em tela, essas relações podem ser identificadas em nível “interno” e “externo”. Internamente, demonstra-se que a construção dos Estados letão e estoniano ocorreu por meio do estabelecimento de leis de cidadania excludentes contra a minoria russa, alimentada por um cenário político de legitimação das elites nacionais no poder. Em nível “externo”, a adequação dessa construção estatal excludente foi modificada pelos critérios para adesão às instituições europeias. Porém, paradoxalmente, essa pressão externa não foi suficiente para que as minorias russas adquirissem os direitos defendidos pelas instituições europeias, exatamente em razão de a própria identidade europeia ser construída a partir da oposição à Rússia. Por isso, o lugar dos “não-cidadãos” na construção estatal do Báltico é a fronteira moral entre o “interno” e o “externo”, o nacional e o pós-nacional. / This study deals with the construction process of the modern Latvian and Estonian states after the end of the USSR, using as a backdrop the exclusion of the Russian minority residing in these countries. This dissertation’s aim is to understand the reasons for the existence of people in a social, political and legal limbo, defined as "non-citizens" in the Baltic countries. It is suggested that this situation arises from the inherent contradiction in Latvia and Estonia’s independence process in the post-Cold War: on the one hand, marked by the characteristics constitution of the modern exclusionary State, and, on the other hand, permeated by membership conditionalities of European institutions. From a post-structuralist theoretical perspective, this study understands the construction of states as a performative practice resulting from power relations. In this case, these relationships can be identified internally and externally. Internally, it is demonstrated that Latvian and Estonian states’ construction occurred through the exclusionary citizenship laws establishment against the Russian minority, fueled by a political scenario of legitimizing the national elites in power. At the external level, the adequacy of this exclusionary state construction was modified by the criteria for membership of the European institutions. However, paradoxically, this external pressure was not enough for the Russian minorities to acquire the rights defended by the European institutions, precisely because the European identity itself was built from the opposition to Russia. Therefore, the place of the "non-citizens" in the construction of the Baltic States is the moral boundary between the internal and the external, the national and post-national.

O objetivo é analisar as implicações da teorização pós-estruturalista para o pensamento educacional, especialmente no que se refere ao relativismo decorrente desta teorização, assunto que ganhou destaque nas discussões acadêmicas não só apenas de filosofia da educação como também nas relacionadas à filosofia da ciência e do pensamento social. Não se objetivou uma análise extensiva das possibilidades da filosofia pós-moderna para a educação, uma vez que a multiplicidade dos discursos, autores e idéias tornaria esta tarefa irrealizável e inadequada no que se refere ao escopo deste trabalho. Antes, o foco é estabelecido sobre a idéia da deposição das fundamentações realistas, racionalistas e naturalistas do discurso educacional, e sobre as críticas mais representativas que este movimento suscita na comunidade de pensadores da educação.

La thèse porte sur la construction de soi, le sujet masculin dans le livre d’Ezéchiel. Il s’agit de comprendre et d’analyser les différentes stratégies de pouvoir qui manipulent le sujet et canalisent son sentiment d'identité. Le livre d'Ezéchiel est analysé à travers l’articulation pouvoir/savoir, princeps fondateur de la pensée occidentale. L'hypothèse principale est que l'homme et ses représentations constituent le bloc fondamental des sociétés (y compris les sociétés bibliques). Un homme est un «Soi» qui est pris dans un processus d'identification par des mécanismes de construction et de déconstruction, dans un discours incessant qui façonne et refaçonne des mythes dans le but politique de déterminer ce qui va être «bon» ou «mauvais». L’homme existe comme une notion neutre, même s’il s’inscrit constamment dans un processus d'identification, auquel il importe d’intégrer le rôle de la femme dans la construction du sujet mâle, et l'utilisation du féminin comme une practice dans l'économie des hommes. Une autre hypothèse est que l'identité n’est jamais fixe, que toutes les identités sont fluides et à même de se transformer afin de répondre à des événements politiques ou pour viser un but politique. Ce qu’on désigne comme identité est en réalité un sujet pris au piège dans un processus d'identification constante. La question principale de cette recherche est ainsi : « quelle est la généalogie du processus théologique de subjectivation politique dans le livre d'Ézéchiel? » Une autre question traverse ce travail : « quelles sont les stratégies de pouvoir à l’oeuvre et comment manipulent-elles le lecteur afin de générer un sujet qui souscrit au texte? » / The dissertation focuses on the construction of the self, in this case the male self. It wishes to understand and analyze different technologies of power that manipulate the subject and render his a self to an ‘I’ with a strong sense of identity. The case study is the book of Ezekiel as a manifesto of power/knowledge process, and as a brick in the adobe of western thinking. The main assumption is that the fundamental building block of (also the biblical) societies is Man and his images. A Man is a ‘Self’ that is caught in an identification process through construction and deconstruction, in an ever-changing discourse that shapes and reshapes myths and produces the ‘correct’ and ‘wrong’ knowledge in order to fulfill a political end. The notion Man exists as something neutral even though it is constantly in the process of identification. Another assumption is that no identity is fixed, and all identities are fluid and are changing as response to political events or to fulfill a political end. In fact, there is no such thing as an identity but a subject trapped in a constant identification process. The main research question is: What is the genealogical theological process of the political subjectivization in the book of Ezekiel? Asked differently: What is the total sum of the technologies of power that are manipulated on the reader and generates the subject who subscribes to the text?

Interpersonal violence and abuse in New Zealand is so widespread it is considered a normative experience. Mental health nurses witnessing the inscribed effects of abuse on service users are lead to consider whether we are dealing with a breakdown of the mind or a breakdown in social or cultural connection (Stuhlmiller, 2003). The purpose of this research is to examine the cultural context which makes violence and abuse against women and children possible. In 2003, the public debate on prostitution law reform promised to open a space in which discourses on sexuality and violence, practices usually private or hidden, would publicly emerge. Everyday discourses relating to prostitution law reform reported in the New Zealand Herald newspaper in the year 2003 were analysed using Foucauldian and feminist post-structural methodological approaches. Foucauldian discourse analysis emphasises the ways in which power is enmeshed in discourse, enabling power relations and hegemonic practices to be made visible. The research aims were to develop a complex, comprehensive analysis of the media discourses, to examine the construction of harm in the media debate, to examine the ways in which the cultural hegemony of dominant groups was secured and contested and to consider the role of mental health nurses as agents of emancipatory political change. Mental health promotion is mainly a socio-political practice and the findings suggest that mental health nurses could reconsider their professional role, to participate politically as social activists, challenging the social order thereby reducing the human suffering which interpersonal violence and abuse carries in its wake.

This study explored the discursive subject positions that 18 parents, teachers and administrators involved with children identified as experiencing learning difficulties in a Queensland regional primary school between September 2003 and August 2004 drew upon to explain the causes of those children’s learning difficulties. The study used a post-structuralist adaptation of positioning theory and social constructionism and a discourse analytic method to analyse relevant policy documents and participants’ semi-structured interview transcripts to interrogate what models were being used to explain a student's inability to access the curriculum. Despite the existence of alternative explanatory frameworks that functioned as relatively undeveloped resistant counternarratives, the study demonstrated the medical model’s overwhelming dominance in both Education Queensland policy statements and the participants’ subject positions. This dominance shapes and informs the adult stakeholders’ subjectivities and renders the child docile and potentially irrational.

<p>The aim of this thesis is to investigate the discursive construction of school leadership in a gender perspective and the meanings attached to school leadership. Theoretically, I draw on discourse analysis, and feminist poststructuralist theories have been my source of inspiration. Discourse, subjectivity, subject positions and power are key concepts applied to the analysis of the data. Four male and four female school leaders representing eight primary and secondary schools were interviewed. Furthermore, interviews were carried out with two teachers at each of these schools: in total nine female and seven male teachers were interviewed.</p><p>The leaders and teachers talk about leadership in relation to four different arenas, which I have labelled the teachers’, the children’s, the parents’ and the societal arena respectively. Three main positions have been identified for the school leaders: (1) the supporter, (2) the manager and (3) the pedagogical leader. Most of the statements deal with the relation to the teachers, whereas the parents’ arena is not much talked about.</p><p>As for gender, both male and female school leaders construct themselves as leaders in rather similar ways. Both men and women activate the three positions in similar ways. Women do not repeat the supporter position more often than men, and men do not position themselves as managers more frequently than women. This indicates that traditional gender discourses do not govern the school leaders’ talk about school leadership. For the position of pedagogical leader, some gender differences have been distinguished. The men position themselves as pedagogical leaders, whose mission it is to take the lead in pedagogical issues, whilst the women talk about the importance of evaluating and reflecting on their pedagogical leadership. Gender discourses seem to affect the way teachers construct school leadership, as male leaders who act as supporters are sometimes positioned as deviant. Instead, especially female teachers expect their male leader to act as a manager. Furthermore, the female teachers construct female school leaders as supporters to a higher extent than the male teachers.</p>

The aim of this thesis is to investigate the discursive construction of school leadership in a gender perspective and the meanings attached to school leadership. Theoretically, I draw on discourse analysis, and feminist poststructuralist theories have been my source of inspiration. Discourse, subjectivity, subject positions and power are key concepts applied to the analysis of the data. Four male and four female school leaders representing eight primary and secondary schools were interviewed. Furthermore, interviews were carried out with two teachers at each of these schools: in total nine female and seven male teachers were interviewed. The leaders and teachers talk about leadership in relation to four different arenas, which I have labelled the teachers’, the children’s, the parents’ and the societal arena respectively. Three main positions have been identified for the school leaders: (1) the supporter, (2) the manager and (3) the pedagogical leader. Most of the statements deal with the relation to the teachers, whereas the parents’ arena is not much talked about. As for gender, both male and female school leaders construct themselves as leaders in rather similar ways. Both men and women activate the three positions in similar ways. Women do not repeat the supporter position more often than men, and men do not position themselves as managers more frequently than women. This indicates that traditional gender discourses do not govern the school leaders’ talk about school leadership. For the position of pedagogical leader, some gender differences have been distinguished. The men position themselves as pedagogical leaders, whose mission it is to take the lead in pedagogical issues, whilst the women talk about the importance of evaluating and reflecting on their pedagogical leadership. Gender discourses seem to affect the way teachers construct school leadership, as male leaders who act as supporters are sometimes positioned as deviant. Instead, especially female teachers expect their male leader to act as a manager. Furthermore, the female teachers construct female school leaders as supporters to a higher extent than the male teachers.