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Thermo-mechanically Coupled Numerical And Experimental Study On 7075 Aluminum Forging Process And DiesOzcan, Mehmet Cihat 01 September 2008 (has links) (PDF)
Combination of high strength with light weight which is the prominent property of aluminum alloy forgings has led aluminum forgings used in rapidly expanding range of applications.
In this study, to produce a particular 7075 aluminum alloy part, the forging process has been designed and analyzed. The forging process sequence has been designed by using Finite Volume Method. Then, the designed process has been analyzed by using Finite Element Method and the stress, strain and temperature distributions within the dies have been determined. Five different initial temperatures of the billet / 438, 400, 350, 300 and 250 degree Celsius have been considered in the thermo-mechanically coupled simulations. The initial temperatures of the dies have been taken as 200 degree Celsius for all these analyses. Finite volume analysis and finite element analysis results of the preform and finish part have been compared for the initial billet temperature of 400 oC. Close results have been observed by these analyses. The experimental study has been carried out for the range of the initial billet temperatures of 251& / #8211 / 442 degree Celsius in METU-BILTIR Center Forging Research and Application Laboratory. It has been observed that the numerical and the experimental results are in good agreement and a successful forging process design has been achieved. For the initial die temperature of 200 degree Celsius, to avoid the plastic deformation of the dies and the incipient melting of the workpiece, 350 degree Celsius is determined to be the appropriate initial billet temperature for the forging of the particular part.
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Supporting customer focused design in the assistive technology industryBamforth, Sarah E. January 2003 (has links)
Assistive technologies (AT) are the products provided to elderly and disabled people to enable them to live more independently. Despite their ability to help maintain independence and prevent injury, the literature discussed within this thesis indicates that assistive technologies are not meeting the needs of the end-user. In response, research has been undertaken with the following objectives: 1. To identify how and why assistive technology products are failing to satisfy the customer. 2. To establish if a design tool can be created that overcomes the issues identified in the inductive research and which enables companies to design customer-satisfying assistive technology products. In progressing these objectives, two phases of research were planned. The first comprised four parallel studies (focus groups, case studies, questionnaires and a literature study), which together examined the state of AT products and the product-development activities of AT manufacturers. The second phase of research examined four customer-focused product design methods for their suitability for utilisation by small companies within the AT sector. On finding that no method in its entirety was suitable, a customer-focused design tool for small AT companies was developed. The resulting tool comprises eight elements for application in the initial stages of the product development process. The tool was tested in four separate studies, which examined its usability and acceptability to AT companies and which gave further insights into the AT sector. The research both finds that AT products are failing the customer in five areas and that manufacturers are contributing to this failure through a lack of customer-focus in their design processes. In addition to identifying the market research and product development activities of small AT companies, a key contribution to knowledge resulting from the research is the concept of sectoral readiness for methods of design. In its conclusion the thesis finds that the two research objectives have been met.
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Regeneration Problem Of The Maltepe Gas And Electric Factory Landscape Within The Context Of Conserving The Industrial Archaeological HeritageSevercan, Yucel Can 01 January 2006 (has links) (PDF)
For long, industrial archaeological buildings were perceived as unaesthetic objects abandoned at the core of cities, inhibiting spatial and economic development. Much of the industrial heritage were demolished under the modernization discourses of the governments, and as the effects of urbanization and globalization movements. However, especially after the mid-20th century, the issue of conserving the industrial heritage, which was initiated as a disciplinary movement, caused to a change of the mentality in developed societies, which aimed the demolishment of these buildings. In these societies many developments occurred for conserving the industrial heritage. Today, many nations perceive this heritage as a tool of social, spatial and economic development of cities.
On the other hand, Maltepe Gas and Electric Factory, which was listed in 1991, still cannot be regenerated since this date. The main aim of this thesis is to clarify the problems that lie behind the conservation problem of Maltepe Gas and Electric
Factory landscape, and to propose solutions for the regeneration of the site. The thesis, also aims to put forth the industrial archaeological history of Ankara, to emphasize the significance of this industrial complex. In doing so, after designationg the industrialization history of the city, industrial-spatial evolution of the Maltepe Gas and Electric Factory had been discussed. Then, after clarifying the problems that threaten the regeneration of the landscape, solutions were seeked from the experiences of post-industrial countries. At the end of the thesis, based on the local context, a solution is proposed for the regeneration of the landscape in the framework of conserving the industrial archaeological heritage.
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A systematic approach for integrated product, materials, and design-process designMesser, Matthias 27 February 2008 (has links)
Designers are challenged to manage customer, technology, and socio-economic uncertainty causing dynamic, unquenchable demands on limited resources. In this context, increased concept flexibility, referring to a designer s ability to generate concepts, is crucial. Concept flexibility can be significantly increased through the integrated design of product and material concepts. Hence, the challenge is to leverage knowledge of material structure-property relations that significantly affect system concepts for function-based, systematic design of product and materials concepts in an integrated fashion. However, having selected an integrated product and material system concept, managing complexity in embodiment design-processes is important. Facing a complex network of decisions and evolving analysis models a designer needs the flexibility to systematically generate and evaluate embodiment design-process alternatives. In order to address these challenges and respond to the primary research question of how to increase a designer s concept and design-process flexibility to enhance product creation in the conceptual and early embodiment design phases, the primary hypothesis in this dissertation is embodied as a systematic approach for integrated product, materials and design-process design. The systematic approach consists of two components i) a function-based, systematic approach to the integrated design of product and material concepts from a systems perspective, and ii) a systematic strategy to design-process generation and selection based on a decision-centric perspective and a value-of-information-based Process Performance Indicator. The systematic approach is validated using the validation-square approach that consists of theoretical and empirical validation. Empirical validation of the framework is carried out using various examples including: i) design of a reactive material containment system, and ii) design of an optoelectronic communication system.
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Exergetic balances and analysis in a Process Simulator : A way to enhance Process Energy Integration / Approche combinant analyse pinch, analyse exergétique et optimisation pour la minimisation de la consommation énergétique dans des industries de procédésGhannadzadeh, Ali 26 November 2013 (has links)
Dans un contexte de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) et de forte volatilité du prix des énergies, les investissements en efficacité énergétique des sites industriels résultent souvent d'un processus de décision complexe. L'industriel doit pouvoir disposer d'outils lui permettant d'élaborer les solutions d'efficacité énergétique envisageables sur son site. Outre la recherche des sources d'énergie alternatives, que sont les énergies renouvelables, qui n'atteindront leur maturité technologique que sur le long terme, une solution à court terme consiste plutôt à favoriser une utilisation plus rationnelle de l'énergie. Pour relever ce défi, l'analyse exergétique apparaît comme un outil très efficace, car elle permet d'identifier précisément les sources d'inefficacité d'un procédé donné et de proposer des solutions technologiques visant à y remédier. Malheureusement, contrairement au concept d'enthalpie traditionnellement utilisé pour réaliser des bilans énergétiques sur un procédé, ce concept demeure assez difficile à appréhender et n'est que très rarement implémenté dans les simulateurs de procédés. Les travaux présentés dans ce document visent d'abordà rendre l'analyse exergétique plus accessible en l'intégrant dans un simulateur de procédés, puis à démontrer la pertinence d'une telle analyse pour l'amélioration de l'efficacité des procédés et des utilités associées. Dans un premier temps, une formulation générique et indépendante du choix du modèle thermodynamique pour l'évaluation de l'exergie des flux de matière est introduite. Une méthode de calcul des différentes contributions de l'exergie (contributions thermique, mécanique et chimique) est développée et un nouveau concept visant à évaluer les potentiels de récupérations thermique et mécanique maximales est introduit. Par la suite, la notion de bilan exergétique sur un système donné (opération unitaire ou procédé complet) est introduite. Pour l'évaluation des exergies des flux de travail et de chaleur, deux cas de figure sont étudiés : le cas de l'amélioration de procédés existants (« retrofitting ») et le cas de la conception de nouveaux procédés (« design»). Dans le cas de l'amélioration de procédés existants et afin d'aider au diagnostic énergétique de ces systèmes, des tableaux synthétiques proposant des solutions technologiques visant à réduire les irréversibilités ou les pertes exergétiques externes du procédé sont proposés. Par ailleurs, après une analyse comparative des différentes formulations d'efficacité exergétiques existant dans la littérature, la notion d'efficacité intrinsèque est retenue comme le critère le plus adapté pour une optimisation de l'efficacité exergétique d'un procédé complexe. Enfin, une nouvelle méthodologie structurée dédiée à l'analyse exergétique et permettant de pallier les lacunes des méthodologies existantes est présentée. L'ensemble de ces concepts est implémenté dans un premier prototype logiciel écrit en langage VBScript et intégré au simulateur de procédés ProSimPlus. Enfin, l'efficacité de la procédure est démontrée à travers une étude de cas portant sur la production de gaz naturel. / Energy issue is becoming increasingly crucial for industrial sector that consumes large quantities of utilities. Although the scientific world should continue to look for alternate sources of energy, a short-term solution would rather rely on a more rational use of energy. To face this challenge, exergy analysis appears a very efficient tool as it would enable to increase efficiency and reduce environmental impact of industrial processes. Unfortunately, contrary to enthalpy, this concept is rather difficult to handle and exergy analysis is rarely implemented in process simulators. In this context, the major objective of the study presented in this dissertation is to make exergy analysis more understandable by coupling it with the use of a process simulator and also to demonstrate the value of this approach for analysis of energy efficiency of processes and utilities. This dissertation presents a generic formulation for exergy of material streams that does not depend on the thermodynamic model, so that it could be easily implemented in a process simulator. The different contributions of exergy (thermal, mechanical and chemical) have been developed and new concept such as the maximal thermal and mechanical recovery potential has been introduced in order to pave the way for exergy analysis. The formulations of exergy balances on a real process are presented. For that purpose, the formulation of exergy for heat and work flux is developed. The formulation of exergy balances has been introduced for both design and retrofit situations and then a set of hints for the interpretation of this exergy balance has been given. Synthetic tables providing solutions to reduce irreversibilities and external losses have been introduced. Moreover, different kinds of exergy efficiency have been defined to provide a new criterion for the optimization of the process. A new structured methodology for exergy analysis is developed to overcome the limitations of existing methodologies. To make exergy analysis easier for any engineer, a first prototype has been developed to implement the calculation of exergy for the material streams in a process flowsheet modeled in ProSimPlus. Thanks to this prototype, exergy of each material stream appears in a synthesis table next to the traditional thermodynamic values such as the enthalpy. Finally, a case study on Natural Gas Liquids recovery process is presented to demonstrate the benefit of the exergy analysis for the improvement of existing processes. First, the exergy analysis permits to make an energy diagnosis of the process: it pinpoints the inefficiencies of the process which relies not only on irreversibilities but also on external exergy losses. Then, based upon respective values of internal and external losses and also thanks to the breaking down of exergy into it thermal, mechanical and chemical contributions, some technological solutions are suggested to propose a retrofit process. Finally, the exergy efficiency criteria enable to optimize the operating parameters of the process in order to improve its energy efficiency.
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Remo??o de hidrocarbonetos do g?s natural visando o ajuste do ?ndice de metanoGomes, C?cero Sena Moreira 28 November 2007 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2007-11-28 / Petr?leo Brasileiro SA - PETROBRAS / The use of the natural gas is growing year after year in the whole world and also in Brazil. It is verified that in the last five years the profile of natural gas consumption reached a great advance and investments had been carried through in this area. In the oil industry, the use of the natural gas for fuel in the drive of engines is usual for a long date. It is also used to put into motion equipment, or still, to generate electric power. Such engines are based on the motor cycle of combustion Otto, who requires a natural gas with well definite specification, conferring characteristic anti-detonating necessary to the equipment performance for projects based on this cycle. In this work, process routes and thermodynamic conditions had been selected and evaluated. Based on simulation assays carried out in commercial simulators the content of the methane index of the effluent gas were evaluated at various ranges of pressure, temperature, flowrate, molecular weight and chemical nature and composition of the absorbent. As final result, it was established a route based on process efficiency, optimized consumption of energy and absorbent. Thereby, it serves as base for the compact equipment conception to be used in locu into the industry for the removal of hydrocarbon from the natural gas produced / A utiliza??o do g?s natural vem crescendo ano ap?s ano em todo o mundo e tamb?m no Brasil. Verifica-se que nos ?ltimos cinco anos o perfil de consumo de g?s natural veicular ganhou um grande alcance e v?rios investimentos foram realizados nesta ?rea. Na ind?stria do petr?leo a utiliza??o do g?s natural para combust?vel no acionamento de motores j? vem de longa data, e o mesmo ? utilizado tamb?m para movimentar equipamentos, ou ainda, para gerar energia el?trica. Tais motores baseiam-se no ciclo motor de combust?o Otto, que requer um g?s natural com especifica??o bem definida, conferindo caracter?sticas anti-detonantes necess?rias ao desempenho de equipamentos com projetos baseados neste ciclo. Neste trabalho foram analisadas rotas de processo enfocando caracter?sticas necess?rias ? montagem de um equipamento compacto e simples que permitisse remover com efici?ncia compostos pesados do g?s natural conseguindo-se desta forma um ajuste adequado do ?ndice de Metano, caracter?stica principal na aplica??o do g?s natural em motores a combust?o interna. Foram inicialmente selecionados compostos e condi??es termodin?micas que serviram como base para as rotas estudadas. A partir de simula??es realizadas em aplicativos comerciais foram analisadas os efeitos no ?ndice de metano do g?s efluente decorrentes de varia??es na press?o, temperatura, vaz?o, peso molecular e natureza qu?mica do absorvente. Como produto final foi estabelecida uma rota baseada na efici?ncia de processo, consumo otimizado de energia e absorvente, que se prop?e a servir como base para a concep??o de equipamentos compactos a serem utilizados na ind?stria do petr?leo
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O croqui do arquiteto e o ensino do desenho / The sketch of the architect and the teaching of designAnna Paula Silva Gouveia 09 June 1998 (has links)
Esta Tese está dividida em três volumes: I - Croqui: representação e simulação II - O desenho e o processo de projeto III - O ensino do desenho para arquitetos Os três volumes tratam do mesmo objeto de estudo: o desenho do arquiteto e para a arquitetura, mas sob um enfoque diverso. No Volume I, além de uma abordagem teórica sobre as premissas metodológicas, o desenho é visto sob três outros enfoques: enquanto conceito relativo à problemática inerente à arquitetura, ou seja, representação e simulação do espaço; enquanto instrumento de projeto adaptado a cada momento da arquitetura; e também enquanto objeto artístico. No Volume II, estreita-se a relação entre desenho e projeto de arquitetura, tentando estabelecer relações entre um e outro método. São apresentados os resultados do acompanhamento e análise do trabalho de vários arquitetos, bem como entrevistas, na íntegra, com os arquitetos Paulo Mendes da Rocha, Joaquim Guedes e Abrahão Sanovicz. No Volume III, o ensino do desenho tem destaque com base nas teorias da escola ativa, os métodos de ensino-aprendizagem e sua adaptação ao universo da arquitetura. Nos três volumes, a intenção principal é sempre verificar os pressupostos básicos para o ensino de desenho para futuros arquitetos. Os três volumes são permeados por conclusões inerentes ao enfoque sobre o qual se referem. No final do terceiro volume, apresenta-se uma conclusão sobre o enfoque geral, tratado nos três volumes, relacionando imagem, desenho e projeto para fins didáticos. / This Thesis is divided in three volumes: I - Croquis: representation and simulation II - Design and process of the project III - Teaching of the design to architects The three volumes deal with the same object to study: the design of architect and to architecture, but under a different focus. In the first volume, besides a theoretical aproach about the metodological premisses, the design is seen under three other focuses: as a concept conected to the problematic inherente to the architecture, I mean, representation and simulation of the space; whereas instrument of the project adapted to each moment of the architecture; and even as artistic object. In the volume II, narrows the conection between design and project of architecture, trying to stablish conexions between one and other method. Here are presented the results of the attendance and analyse of the work of various architects, as well as briefinga, as a whole, with the architects Paulo Mendes da Rocha, Joaquim Guedes and Abrahão Sanovicz. In the volume III, the teaching of the design has a prominence based in the theories of the active school, the methods of teaching-apprenticeship and its adaptation to the architecture universe. In the three volumes, the main target is always verify the basic pressuposed to the teaching to the future architects. The three volumes are interposed by conclusions inherents to the focus on which they refer. At the end of the third volume, we present a conclusion about the general focused, treated in the three volumes, linking image, drawing and project to didacts aims.
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Desinfecção de efluentes de ETE com ozonio para uso agricola / Disinfection of municipal wastewater with ozone for agriultural useAssirati, Doralice Meloni 25 February 2005 (has links)
Orientadores: Bruno Coraucci Filho, Jose Roberto Guimarães / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T08:33:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: A desinfecção de águas residuárias prioritariamente ao seu uso agrícola é um processo de tratamento indispensável à proteção da saúde pública. Neste contexto, o ozônio apresenta-se como desinfetante alternativo ao cloro, já que é muito efetivo contra grande variedade de organismos patogênicos e permite minimizar a formação de subprodutos organoclorados. Neste trabalho avalia-se a efetividade do ozônio contra bactérias, protozoários e helmintos, bem como a interferência das características de qualidade do efluente sobre o processo de desinfecção. Efluentes de lagoa anaeróbia e de lagoa anaeróbia mais filtro de areia, provenientes de estação de tratamento de esgotos situada em Limeira, São Paulo, foram desinfetados em reator tubular, em escala piloto. Doses de ozônio entre 8 e 21 mg L-1 foram necessárias para adequar os efluentes de lagoa anaeróbia, de elevada carga orgânica, aos padrões estabelecidos pela OMS para reuso agrícola. Para os efluentes de filtros de areia, aeróbios e mais estabilizados, foram necessários até 4 mg L-1. Compostos que conferiram cor aos efluentes da lagoa consumiram ozônio de forma mais ou menos prioritária ao início da inativação de coliformes. Foi encontrada correlação exponencial entre este consumo e a cor verdadeira dos efluentes, com índices de correlação superiores a 90 %. A eficiência de desinfecção de coliformes totais e E.coli não foi influenciada pelo tempo de contato entre o ozônio e os efluentes tratados. Os resultados sobre a inativação de protozoários e helmintos foram considerados não conclusivos, devido à inadequação dos métodos de análise empregados. À exceção da cor e de forma geral, as características de qualidade dos efluentes não foram significativamente alteradas com a aplicação de ozônio em doses de até 34 mg L-1 para os efluentes da lagoa e 21 mg L-1 para os efluentes dos filtros de areia / Abstract: Disinfection of wastewater, prior to its use in agriculture, is a treatment process indispensable to the protection of public health. In this context, ozone constitutes an alternative disinfectant to chlorine since it is very effective against a wide variety of pathogenic organisms and minimizes the formation of trihalomethanes. In this hesis, the effectiveness of ozone against bacteria, protozoa and helminths was evaluated as well as the interference of the quality of the wastewater in the disinfection process. Effluents from an anaerobic pond and from an anaerobic pond plus an aerobic sand filter from a sewage treatment facility located in the city of Limeira in the state of São Paulo were disinfected in a plug flow pilot reactor. Ozone doses from 8 to 21 mg L-1 were needed to disinfect the anaerobic pond effluent to meet standards set by the World Health Organization for agricultural use. The sand filter effluents, aerobic and more stabilized, required up to 4 mg L-1. Colored compounds present in the anaerobic pond effluent consumed ozone more or less prior to the beginning of the inactivation of coliforms. An exponential correlation was found between the consumption of ozone and the true color of the effluents with correlation indexes higher than 90%. Contact time was found not to be a factor affecting the disinfection efficiency of ozone against total coliforms and E. coli since the mass transfer conditions were met. The results concerning the inactivation of protozoa and helminths were found to be inconclusive due to the inadequacy of the analytical methods employed. Regardless of the color, the characteristics of the effluents were not altered significantly by the doses of ozone used during the experiments, up to 34 mg L-1 for the anaerobic pond effluents and up to 21 mg L-1 for the sand filter effluents / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil
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Integrating Participatory Processes in Planning for Strategic Sustainable DevelopmentCretney, Alison, Cretney, Steven, Meisterheim, Tracy January 2011 (has links)
This thesis examines how dialogue-based methodologies can be integrated into a participatory planning process for strategic sustainable development. Evidence of the complex nature of the sustainability challenge is cited as necessitating tools and methodologies suited for dealing with complexity. The methodologies in this study were designed to use dialogue to address complex problems in which outcomes are unpredictable. Within the sustainability practitioner community, we identified a need for research on systematic guidance for pairing engagement processes with use of the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development (FSSD). This research focuses on how a specific set of dialogue-based methodologies within the Art of Hosting network can be integrated with the FSSD to strengthen the linkage between content and process. As the culmination of our research, we have developed The Weave: Participatory Process Design Guide for Strategic Sustainable Development (www.theweave.info). It includes a Template for process design, suggestions and examples for use, and guiding principles. It is the first prototype of participatory process design guidance to be offered for pilot testing in the field of strategic sustainable development.
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Utilization of phenomena-based modeling in unit operation designKulju, T. (Timo) 09 December 2014 (has links)
Abstract
In the design and development of unit operations in chemical engineering, experimental testing is often very expensive or even impossible to perform. In these kinds of situations, numerical simulations offer a good approach to study process characteristics. Typically in chemical engineering, data-based modeling is applied to study the process. This requires many experiments for tuning the model parameters and validating the model. In a phenomenology-based approach, the evolution of the system is dictated by fluid and particle transport equations. These equations are independent of the process, and can therefore be applied in various systems. However, depending on the system, there are several aspects that have to be taken into account in order to choose the correct model for the problem in hand.
In this work, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and discrete element method (DEM) modeling have been applied in different unit operations in the field of chemical engineering. CFD was applied in preventing sedimentation in a tube heat exchanger, estimating the cooling efficiency of a vertical water jet onto a hot metal plate, and studying the formation of the slag free open-eye area on the steel ladle. For comparison, DEM was applied in the continuous high-shear granulation of pharmaceutical powder. The different models used in this work are reviewed, and the results are presented from the point of view of model and process development. The grid aspects in CFD simulations and the termination criteria for DEM and CFD simulations are also studied.
Based on the results of this work, phenomenological modeling can be considered to be an efficient tool for unit operation design. Together with experimental work, different modeling strategies offer a powerful tool for the design and development of unit operations. / Tiivistelmä
Kemiantekniikan yksikköprosessien suunnittelussa kokeellinen tutkimus on usein erittäin kallista ja joskus jopa mahdotonta toteuttaa. Tällöin mallinnus tarjoaa hyvän lähestymistavan yksikköprosessin ominaisuuksien tutkimiselle. Tyypillisesti kemianteollisuudessa, datapohjaista mallinnusmenetelmiä on käytetty systeemin ominaisuuksien tutkimiseksi. Tämä menetelmä vaatii kuitenkin paljon koetoistoja mallin parametrien virittämiseksi ja mallin validoimiseksi. Ilmiöpohjaisessa mallinnuksessa, systeemin aikakehitys määräytyy fluidi- ja partikkelivirtauksia määräävien kuljetusyhtälöiden perusteella. Nämä yhtälöt ovat prosessista riippumattomia, jolloin niitä voidaan soveltaa yleisesti mihin tahansa systeemiin. Riippuen kuitenkin tutkittavasta yksikköprosessista, eri asioita on otettava huomioon, jotta oikea malli voidaan valita kuvaamaan systeemiä.
Tässä työssä virtauslaskentaa (computational fluid dynamics, CFD) ja partikkelimenetelmää (discrete element method, DEM) on käytetty erilaisten kemiantekniikan yksikköprosessien tutkimuksessa. CFD:n avulla on tutkittu putkilämmönvaihtimen sedimentaation ehkäisyä, laminaarisen suorasuihkujäähdytyksen tehokkuutta teräslevyn jäähdytyksessä, sekä senkkaprosessissa teräksen pinnalle ilmestyvän kuonasilmäkkeen muodostumista. DEM mallinnusta käytettiin lääkejauheen jatkuvatoimisen rakeistuksen tutkimuksessa. Mallinnuksessa käytetyt mallit esitellään ja niiden tulokset esitellään malli- ja prosessikehityksen näkökulmasta. Työssä on otettu myös esille mallinnustekniset asiat CFD:n vaatiman laskentahilan ja laskennan lopetuskriteerien näkökulmasta.
Työssä esitettyjen tulosten perusteella voidaan todeta, että ilmiöpohjainen mallinnus on tehokas työkalu yksikköprosessien suunnittelussa. Yhdessä kokeellisen tutkimuksen kanssa, eri mallinnusmenetelmät tehostavat yksikköprosessien suunnittelua ja kehitystä.
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