Disclosure of salaries of public authority employee - abstract This thesis is concerned with the issues of legal interpretation of key provision of Act No. 106/1999 Coll. on free access to information relating to disclosure of salaries of public authority employee. The thesis introduction is focused on the constitutional aspects of the right to information and the right to privacy. It is also focused on the collision of these two fundamental rights. The following chapter examines the disclosure of salaries of public authority employee regulation and discovers and expounds the intended meaning of this regulation by the principles and rules of standard methods of interpretation, especially lingual interpretation, systematical interpretation, historical interpretation and teleological interpretation. This chapter provides the lingual meaning of key provision of Act No. 106/1999 Coll. on free access to information, presents brief look at relationship between the disclosure of salaries of public authority employee regulation and other norms and legal acts of the European Union and finally finds the content, sense and purpose of the regulation from both subjective (historical) and objective (teleological) point of view. This chapter also deals with case law analysis. The focal discussion point of this thesis is...

Le commerce des substances chimiques constitue l’une des principales activités économiques mise en cause dans les pollutions environnementales, et dans l’augmentation de certaines maladies mortelles ou invalidantes, qu’elles soient d’origine professionnelle ou non. Le règlement REACH, acronyme de « registration evaluation authorisation of chemicals » définitivement adopté le 18 décembre 2006, et entré en vigueur le 1er juin 2007, vise à encadrer le secteur des substances chimiques, pour élever le niveau de protection de la santé humaine et de l’environnement tout en améliorant la compétitivité de l’industrie chimique européenne. Le recours à un règlement d’applicabilité directe et immédiate permet l’harmonisation des ordres juridiques des États membres en vue d’une part, de contribuer au processus d’intégration du marché intérieur, et d’autre part, afin de permettre une application uniforme des prescriptions à visée environnementale et sanitaire. Fondé sur le principe de précaution et le développement durable, le règlement REACH constitue un instrument de régulation sectorielle, renvoyant à une vision systémique, dont l’objectif est d’établir un dialogue entre des enjeux a priori antinomiques. Aussi, cette norme met-elle en exergue l’émergence et la construction d’un équilibre de ces trois enjeux en présence. La question qui se pose est de savoir si, confronté à la réalité économique, sociale et environnementale, cet équilibre peut se maintenir dans la pratique, ou s’il ne tend pas à se fragiliser, faisant potentiellement ressurgir le conflit originel existant entre les exigences marchandes et non-marchandes. / The trade of chemicals is one of the one of the main economics activities involved in the environmental pollutions and in the increase of certain fatal or invalidating diseases, professionals or not. The REACH regulation, acronym of « registration, evaluation, authorization of chemicals », of 18 December 2006, came into force the July 1st, 2007, to improve the protection of human health and the environment from the risks that can be posed by chemicals, while enhancing the competitiveness of the european chemical industry. The use of a regulation of direct and immediate applicability allows the harmonization of laws of each member states in order to on one hand, contribute in the process of market integration and on the other hand, allow a uniform sanitary and environmental prescriptions application. Based on the precautionary principle and the sustainable development, the REACH regulation instrument gives rise to a systemic approach with the objective to establish a dialogue between imperatives a priori divergent. This norm highlights the emergence and the construction of a balance of these three imperatives present. The question is if, confronted with the economic, environmental and sanitary reality, this balance can persist in practice, or if it becomes uncertain, to lead potentially, the reappearance of the original conflict between economics and non-economics imperatives.

Title of the Thesis: Freedom of information rights to obtaining information on salaries and bonuses of employees in public administration bodies This thesis aims to analyse the theoretical framework of the freedom of information laws in the Czech republic, with a particular focus on obtaining information about salaries, wages, and benefits of public administration employees, and its subsequent comparison with the practice. The goal of this thesis is not only to summarise the development of jurisprudence concerning the freedom of information laws up to this day, which will be dealt with in chapter II, as well as in the relevant parts of chapter III.1 and 2 respectively, dealing with the right to privacy and information self-determination. More importantly, this thesis aims to offer a possible solution to the conflict between, on the one hand, the right to obtain relevant information pursuant to the freedom of information laws, and, on the other hand, the right to privacy and information self-determination, using the proportionality test described in chapter III.4. In doing so, this thesis offers a framework that has not yet been used in the relevant literature. Following a short summary, the thesis introduces the sources of the freedom of information laws relevant to the Czech legal system in order...

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The Impacts of Mass Surveillance on Fundamental Human Rights Abstract In this thesis I mainly deal with instruments of mass surveillance, which were recently revealed to the public by American IT specialist Edward Snowden. A considerable part is also devoted to Directive 2006/24 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, which at the time obliged Member States to adopt legislation providing for the retention of data generated or processed in connection with the provision of publicly available electronic communications services or of public communications networks. I also deal with the current form of its transposition into the Czech legal order. The purpose of this thesis is to assess if these instruments of mass surveillance meet the conditions of admissibility of measures limiting fundamental human rights, especially the right to privacy. I have understood the content of these conditions on the basis of the interpretation of relevant laws and international treaties on human rights, or their commentaries and relevant case law. This has led to the assessment of the accordance of these instruments with the principle of proportionality or the application of the proportionality test in its various forms. The concept of my thesis is therefore to be understood as a conflict of two interests, namely the...

O reconhecimento da presunção de inocência não se mostra incompatível com a admissão da prisão e de outras medidas de caráter pessoal no curso da persecução penal. Assim como os demais direitos fundamentais, a presunção de inocência não se mostra absoluta ou insuscetível de restrições. O ordenamento jurídico brasileiro admite intervenções legítimas no âmbito de proteção da presunção de inocência, submetendo-as ao controle da proporcionalidade e do conteúdo essencial dos direitos fundamentais. A proporcionalidade serve como limite das intervenções e desdobra-se nos pressupostos, requisitos extrínsecos e requisitos intrínsecos já explorados. O descumprimento de qualquer destes pontos revela a desobediência à regra da proporcionalidade e, com isto, o caráter ilegítimo da intervenção no âmbito de proteção da presunção de inocência. Esta análise pode ocorrer tanto da perspectiva abstrata, examinando-se a previsão normativa, como da perspectiva concreta, analisando a aplicação e a execução da norma / The recognition of the presumption of innocence is inconsistent with the admission of the prison and other measures of personal character in the course of criminal prosecution. Like other fundamental rights, the presumption of innocence does not show absolute and subject to no restrictions. The Brazilian legal system admits intervention legitimate in the context of protection of the presumption of innocence, places them under the control of proportionality and the essential content of fundamental rights. Proportionality serves as a limit of interventions and unfolds in the assumptions, requirements extrinsic and intrinsic requirements already explored. The breach of any of these seven elements reveals the disobedience to the rule of proportionality and, thus, the illegitimate nature of the intervention under protection of the presumption of innocence. This analysis can occur from both the abstract perspective, examining the legislative provision, as the concrete perspective, examining the implementation and enforcement of the standard.

O ponto de partida desta dissertação são os aspectos metodológicos, quais sejam: (i) contextualização do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro; (ii) emersão da problemática do conflito entre princípios (positivismo versus pós-positivismo ou neoconstitucionalismo); e (iii) relevância da análise do método de sopesamento de princípios proposto por Robert Alexy. Em seguida, o estudo apresenta a discussão sobre teorias do conhecimento travada entre os filósofos Henri Poincaré e Pierre Duhem, demonstrando que a mesma discussão pode ser aplicada ao direito, e, nesse sentido, faz um paralelo com Herbert Hart, Ronald Dworkin e Robert Alexy. Passando pelo determinante Período Iluminista (incluindo os filósofos Jean-Jacques Rousseau e Cesare di Beccaria), a pesquisa evidencia sua influência nos princípios e nos direitos fundamentais consagrados atualmente pelo direito penal brasileiro. Em seguida, a pesquisa expõe os direitos fundamentais, apresenta a teoria do sopesamento ou balanceamento de princípios proposta por Robert Alexy e analisa, na jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal, como os ministros recorrem a esse método para solução de casos nos quais existe conflito entre os direitos fundamentais. A finalidade é evidenciar que o recurso, pelos juristas brasileiros, não introduziu uma nova maneira de interpretação ou um novo método de tomada de decisões, já que os ministros do STF recorrem à doutrina de Robert Alexy somente para demonstrar erudição; sem de fato aplicar o método proposto por ele, o mencionam para justificar qualquer decisão que já tenha sido tomada com base na subjetividade. Por fim, este estudo apresenta exercícios de aplicação do que a autora entende ser o método do sopesamento aos casos sob análise, e a conclusão foi que há distorções nos resultados em cerca de 30% deles, porcentagem relevante, considerando a importância dos casos analisados pelo STF. A aplicação do método do sopesamento consiste em três sub-regras subsequentes e ordenadas: adequação, necessidade e proporcionalidade em sentido estrito. A proporcionalidade apenas é analisada se a questão não puder ser solucionada pela necessidade e, por sua vez, a necessidade só é analisada se a adequação não for suficiente para solucionar a questão. O estudo demonstra que, quando a análise atinge a sub-regra necessidade, ocorrem os resultados divergentes. / This dissertation starts by the methodological aspects, which are: (i) contextualization of the Brazilian legal system; (ii) emergence of the conflict between principles (positivism versus postpositivism or neoconstitutionalism); and (iii) relevance of the analysis of the balancing of principles proposed by Robert Alexy. Subsequently, we presented the discussion of knowledge theories between the philosophers Henri Poincaré and Pierre Duhem, showing that the same discussion can be applied to law, in this sense we drew a parallel with Herbert Hart, Ronald Dworkin and Robert Alexy. Passing through the determinant Enlightenment Period (including the philosophers Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Cesare di Beccaria), we demonstrate its influence to principles and rights currently consecrated on the Brazilian criminal law. We analyzed on the jurisprudence of the Brazilian Supreme Court (Supremo Tribunal Federal) the application of Robert Alexys theory, known as sopesamento or balancing of principles, to case laws on which are conflict of fundamental rights (including the rights previously presented). The purpose is highlight that the recourse, by Brazilian jurists, did not insert a new interpretation technique or method of decision-making, since the ministers of STF invoke Robert Alexy doctrine solely to show erudition, without in fact apply the method proposed by him and mention him to justify whatsoever decision already taken based on subjectivity. Finally, we made an exercise of apply our understanding of the balancing method to cases under study and the conclusion was for 30% of distortions in the results, percentage relevant considering the importance of the cases analyzed by STF. The application of the balancing method consist on three sub-rules subsequent and ordered: adequacy, need and proportionality in strict sense. The proportionality is only analyzed if the case cannot be solved by need, and, in turn, need is only analyzed if adequacy is insufficient to solved the question. We ascertain that when the analysis achieves the sub-rule of need occurs the divergent results.

A pesquisa aborda os aspectos positivos e as debilidades das teorias da proporcionalidade, analisando o diálogo entre as interpretações doutrinárias constitucionalista e penalista quanto ao tema. Tendo como base um contexto social marcado pelo recrudescimento do poder punitivo, por distorções na tensão liberdade-segurança e pela abertura do sistema jurídico a influxos de seu entorno, o trabalho busca identificar o papel da proporcionalidade em sentido amplo na estabilização normativa envolvendo as relações jurídicas conflituosas em direito penal. Tendo como hipótese de investigação a ideia de que a proporcionalidade é utilizada frequentemente como artifício retórico nominalista, servindo nas argumentações jurídicas tanto à limitação quanto à justificação das intervenções punitivas, a pesquisa se dedica a testar tal afirmação preliminar por meio de dois estágios de análise: (i) primeiramente, é desenvolvido um arcabouço teórico que possibilita que discute o conteúdo dogmático das regras de proporcionalidade e sua funcionalidade na interpretação penal, buscando com isso viabilizar a (ii) verificação empírica e crítica do sentido normativo atribuído pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal à proporcionalidade no direito penal nos anos de 2011 e 2012. / The research addresses the strengths and weaknesses of the proportionality theories through a dialogue between constitutional and criminal legal studies. The investigation aims at identifying the proportionality role in the stabilization of normative standards related to conflicting relations concerning criminal law, within the context of the increasing of the punitive power, of distortions regarding the tension between liberty-security and of the legal systems opening to the expansive flows deriving from laws environment. The research hypothesis is that proportionality is frequently used within legal discussions as a nominalist and rhetorical resource, contributing to both the limitation and the justification of state penal measures. Therefore, the investigation tests such fundamental preliminary statement through two analytical stages: (i) first, the research develops a theoretical framework, which allows the discussion of the dogmatic contents of the proportionality rules and its functionality concerning criminal law interpretation. As a result of the first stage, the research performs (ii) an empirical verification and critical evaluation of the normative sense assigned by the Brazils Supreme Court to the proportionality within criminal law cases among 2011 and 2012.

O presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar o regime brasileiro de controle dos preços de transferência a partir do confronto dos princípios arms length e da praticabilidade. Inicialmente, são relatadas as principais características históricas e metodológicas do desenvolvimento da disciplina nos âmbitos internacional e brasileiro. Em seguida, é apresentada uma teoria dos conflitos normativos, amparada nas doutrinas de Dworkin e Alexy, para sustentar que a colisão de princípios deflagrada pela variedade de mecanismos que mitigam a realização do arms length em favor da praticabilidade na legislação brasileira deve ser avaliada pelo exame da proporcionalidade conduzido por uma correta fundamentação argumentativa. Defende-se, depois, que o arms length e a praticabilidade estão inseridos no ordenamento constitucional-tributário brasileiro com a natureza de princípios jurídicos respectivamente justificados pelas ideias de igualdade particular e igualdade geral. Configurado o cenário da colisão, é analisada a proporcionalidade dos seguintes mecanismos: definição do aspecto subjetivo, exclusão dos royalties e da transferência de tecnologia, restrições da comparabilidade, margens de lucro predeterminadas, liberdade de escolha de métodos, vedação de outros métodos e utilização de safe harbours. A partir dos resultados da análise, conclui-se que o regime brasileiro não é eficaz no controle dos preços de transferência. Sugere-se, então, um conjunto de medidas alternativas que constitua um meio termo entre a desproporcional praticabilidade obtida com os mecanismos do atual regime e a diminuta praticabilidade da disciplina internacional. / This study examines the Brazilian transfer pricing regime by facing arms length and practicability principles. Initially, historical and methodological characteristics of the discipline development are reported both from international and Brazilian perspectives. Then, based on Dworkin and Alexy doctrines, a normative conflicts theory supports that the collision between principles produced by a variety of mechanisms, which mitigate arms length results by promoting practicability, should be evaluated through a proportionality exam conducted under a correct argumentative discourse. Thereafter it advocates that arms length and practicability are inserted in the Brazilian constitutional tax system as legal principles justified by particular and general equality ideas respectively. Once the collision scenario is configured, proportionality of the following mechanisms is analysed: subjective aspect definition, royalties and technology transfers exclusion, comparability restrictions, predetermined gross margins, choice of methods freedom, other methods prohibition and safe harbours usage. The analysis concludes that there is no efficacy in Brazilian transfer pricing regime. Therefore it suggests a number of alternative measures which constitutes a midterm between the disproportional practicability of the current regime mechanisms and the diminished practicability of the international discipline.

A introdução de novas medidas cautelares de caráter pessoal em nosso sistema processual penal, diversas da prisão, traz a necessidade da exegese do princípio da proporcionalidade em cotejo com nosso sistema de garantias. Somente a fixação adequada de medidas assecuratórias, em detrimento da liberdade face ao princípio da presunção de inocência, pode tornar harmônico o ordenamento jurídico que equilibra, na balança, direitos e garantias individuais versus poder punitivo estatal, quando ainda na jornada processual. O estudo da legislação, doutrina, direito estrangeiro e jurisprudência complementam uns aos outros, possibilitando uma visão ampla e eclética do assunto. / The introduction of new precautionary measures of personal character in our criminal justice system, different from prison, brings the need to analyze the proportionality principle in collation with our system of guarantees. Only the proper mounting of precautionary measures, at the expense of freedom and the presumption of innocence, can make the legal system harmonic, in balance individual rights and guarantees versus state punitive power, while still in procedural journey. The study of law,doctrine, foreign law and jurisprudence complement each other, enabling a wide and eclectic view of the subject .