M.Com. (Business Management) / Transport plays a pivotal role within the South African economy as it enables the country to achieve economic growth. The transport industry does not only facilitate the movement of freight and people, it also employs a great number of individuals and forms a major part of South Africa‟s GDP. The 8th Annual State of Logistics Survey for South Africa indicated that transport costs were accountable for 6.8 per cent of the country‟s GDP in 2010. The importance of the transport industry necessitates that the industry is operated efficiently and effectively. Transport mode choices are not only made based on transportation costs but various other factors are affecting how companies choose the mode of transport for their freight movement requirements. Other factors that are considered include transit time, reliability, accessibility, capability and security/safety. Opportunity costs should also be considered when choosing a mode of transport. There are various different types of opportunity costs that exist within the supply chain, these include the opportunity cost associated with poor service levels, the opportunity cost of returning a vehicle without a backhaul, opportunity costs due to delays, the opportunity cost of holding inventory and lost sales opportunity costs. As transportation costs are not the only factor that companies consider when making a modal choice decision, many companies within South Africa have been moving their goods off rail and onto road. This study highlights the importance of determining the impact that an inefficient mode of transport has on a company‟s transportation model and costs. The main focus of this study is to determine the logistics opportunity cost of using road transport within a mining company. A case study approach is followed as the study aims to present a complex problem experienced by one company to be analysed and presented in an easily understandable format. All the data and company information used within this study was supplied by company DKVL. Data was collected through unstructured personal interviews and specific questions were developed for each person interviewed. The data was triangulated and verified through the use of company DKVL‟s financial statements. From the results of this study, the logistics opportunity cost associated with the mode of transport is substantial. This necessitates the need for companies to revise their transport mode choice on a regular basis as it has a major impact not only on their transportation costs, but also on their inventory holding and carbon emissions. Based on the findings of this study, Transnet Freight Rail (TFR) should not only focus on expanding its existing capacity, it should also focus on improving its customer service delivery. By providing poor service delivery, companies will not shift their freight back onto rail and will rather choose to use road transport to receive the benefit of reliability and flexibility, even if it is a more expensive mode of transport. The knock-on effect of companies choosing to use road transport as opposed to rail transport is significant. The quality of South African roads will continue to deteriorate, companies will continue to pay more to maintain and repair their vehicles and the transport industry will continue to increasingly damage the environment through increased carbon emissions. The impact of not having reliable rail transport is increased logistics costs which have a significant impact on the South African economy.

Orientador: Armen Mamigonian / Resumo: A geografia tem, nas últmimas décadas, agrupado ao seu conhecimento uma série de novos temas e abandonado outros. Os estudos referentes aos transportes, muito valorizados no passado, são um exemplo dos que vêm perdendo importância. / Abstract: In the last decades, geography a great deal of knowledge in some areas and, at the ame time, discarded others. Studies about transportation used to be highly appraised in the past, but now, they seem to be disregarded. / Doutor

Orientador: Vagner Cavenaghi / Banca: Roberto Antônio Martins / Banca: Renato de Campos / Resumo: O transporte ferroviário no Brasil vem obtendo um crescimento constante em termos de sua produção nos últimos anos, principalmente após o início das concessões das malhas para a iniciativa privada. No entanto, ao se comparar a participação do modal ferroviário brasileiro, perante outros países, dentro da matriz de transporte, o Brasil ainda possui uma baixa participação neste tipo de modal. O aumento desta participação, por meio da continuidade do crescimento, será relevante para o desenvolvimento do país, devido à necessidade de uma maior competitividade externa dos nossos produtos, que pode ser alcançada pela redução de seus custos logísticos globais. Com isso, os operadores de transporte ferroviário poderão necessitar efetuar mudanças nas formas de gerir o desempenho de suas operações, buscando-se atingir os objetivos estratégicos de médio e longo prazo e também promover a melhoria contínua de seus resultados, tendo em vista outras perspectivas, além da financeira, tradicional medida de desempenho no ambiente organizacional. Diante deste cenário, este trabalho tem por objetivo propor um modelo de sistema de medição de desempenho para aplicação nos operadores de transporte ferroviário, o qual foi construído por meio de um estudo de caso realizado em uma empresa deste setor, visando estabelecer uma estrutura típica de análise, e também, pelo alinhamento de seus objetivos estratégicos comuns. Assim, buscou-se o Balanced Scorecard - BSC como uma opção de modelo de sistema de medição de desempenho a ser utilizado por essas organizações, devido a sua função estratégica e de instrumento de melhoria, possuindo quatro perspectivas de medição do desempenho (financeira, clientes, processos internos e aprendizado e crescimento), além de possuir uma relação de causa-e-efeito entre elas, conforme a orientação de um mapa estratégico. / Abstract: The Brazilian railroad transport has been achieving a continuous growth, in terms of its production in the last years, mainly after the beginning of the network concessions to private initiative. However, when comparing the participation of the Brazilian railroad modal, towards other countries, in the transports matrix, Brazil still has a low level of participation in this kind of modal. The increase this participation, through of the continued growth will be relevant for the development of the country, due to the necessity of a bigger external competitiveness of our products, which can be achieved by the reduction of its overall logistics costs. Thus, the railroad transport operators may need to make changes in the ways of managing the performance of its operations, searching up achieving the strategical objectives of medium and long term and also to promote the continuous improvement of its outcomes in view other perspectives, beyond financial, traditional measure of performance in the organizational environment. From this scenery, this work has for objective to propose a model of the system of performance measurement for application in the railroad transport operators, which was built through of a case study made in a company of this sector, seeking to establish a typical structure of analysis, and also, by alignment of its common strategical objectives. Thus, searched up the Balanced Scorecard - BSC like option of performance measurement system to be used by these organizations, due to its strategical function and also of improvement instrument, having four perspectives of performance measurement (financial, customer, internal processes and learning and growth), besides having a relation of cause and effect between them, as the guidance of a strategical map. / Mestre

[pt] Esta dissertação aborda a evolução da malha ferroviária brasileira e o impacto deste modal de transporte nos estoques de Diesel e Gasolina das Bases de Distribuição localizadas no Sul do Brasil, pertencentes a uma importante distribuidora de derivados de petróleo. A relevância do estudo realizado deve-se à aprovação da Lei 9.478 - Lei do Petróleo - que quebrou o monopólio da Petrobras neste setor, transferindo para as distribuidoras o gerenciamento espacial e volumétrico de seus estoques. Por outro lado, o estudo contribui para o conhecimento da incipiente malha ferroviária brasileira, a partir da privatização ocorrida em 1996, e tornada importante diante da crescente necessidade de se agregar valor, eficiência e segurança ao transporte de combustíveis. O objetivo deste estudo é abordar a evolução da malha ferroviária brasileira e o impacto deste modal de transporte nos estoques de segurança de Diesel e Gasolina de uma grande Distribuidora de derivados de petróleo e o relacionamento dos custos de transporte atrelados aos riscos e impontualidade ainda prevalecentes no sistema ferroviário. / [en] This thesis approaches the evolution of the Brazilian railroad mesh and the impact of this modal of transportation to an important company in the supplies of Diesel and Gasoline to the Bases of Distribution located in the South of Brazil. The relevance of this study is justified due to the approval of Law 9.478 - Law of the Oil - that broke the monopoly of Petrobras in this sector, transferring to oil companies the spatial and volumetric management of their oil inventories. On the other hand, the study contributes for the knowledge of the incipient Brazilian railroad mesh, privatized in 1996, and becoming increasingly important giving the necessity of adding value, efficiency and security to the fuel transportation. The objective of the present study is the evolution of railroad mesh and the impact of this transportation modal on Gasoline and Diesel safety stocks handled by an important oil company and its relationship to the costs of transportation related to the risks and unpunctuality still prevailing in the railroad system.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-01T17:54:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-01-30. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-04-01T18:00:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000547286.pdf: 1899260 bytes, checksum: 8dbe422e22fb77520866d76618b378db (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O transporte ferroviário no Brasil vem obtendo um crescimento constante em termos de sua produção nos últimos anos, principalmente após o início das concessões das malhas para a iniciativa privada. No entanto, ao se comparar a participação do modal ferroviário brasileiro, perante outros países, dentro da matriz de transporte, o Brasil ainda possui uma baixa participação neste tipo de modal. O aumento desta participação, por meio da continuidade do crescimento, será relevante para o desenvolvimento do país, devido à necessidade de uma maior competitividade externa dos nossos produtos, que pode ser alcançada pela redução de seus custos logísticos globais. Com isso, os operadores de transporte ferroviário poderão necessitar efetuar mudanças nas formas de gerir o desempenho de suas operações, buscando-se atingir os objetivos estratégicos de médio e longo prazo e também promover a melhoria contínua de seus resultados, tendo em vista outras perspectivas, além da financeira, tradicional medida de desempenho no ambiente organizacional. Diante deste cenário, este trabalho tem por objetivo propor um modelo de sistema de medição de desempenho para aplicação nos operadores de transporte ferroviário, o qual foi construído por meio de um estudo de caso realizado em uma empresa deste setor, visando estabelecer uma estrutura típica de análise, e também, pelo alinhamento de seus objetivos estratégicos comuns. Assim, buscou-se o Balanced Scorecard - BSC como uma opção de modelo de sistema de medição de desempenho a ser utilizado por essas organizações, devido a sua função estratégica e de instrumento de melhoria, possuindo quatro perspectivas de medição do desempenho (financeira, clientes, processos internos e aprendizado e crescimento), além de possuir uma relação de causa-e-efeito entre elas, conforme a orientação de um mapa estratégico. / The Brazilian railroad transport has been achieving a continuous growth, in terms of its production in the last years, mainly after the beginning of the network concessions to private initiative. However, when comparing the participation of the Brazilian railroad modal, towards other countries, in the transports matrix, Brazil still has a low level of participation in this kind of modal. The increase this participation, through of the continued growth will be relevant for the development of the country, due to the necessity of a bigger external competitiveness of our products, which can be achieved by the reduction of its overall logistics costs. Thus, the railroad transport operators may need to make changes in the ways of managing the performance of its operations, searching up achieving the strategical objectives of medium and long term and also to promote the continuous improvement of its outcomes in view other perspectives, beyond financial, traditional measure of performance in the organizational environment. From this scenery, this work has for objective to propose a model of the system of performance measurement for application in the railroad transport operators, which was built through of a case study made in a company of this sector, seeking to establish a typical structure of analysis, and also, by alignment of its common strategical objectives. Thus, searched up the Balanced Scorecard - BSC like option of performance measurement system to be used by these organizations, due to its strategical function and also of improvement instrument, having four perspectives of performance measurement (financial, customer, internal processes and learning and growth), besides having a relation of cause and effect between them, as the guidance of a strategical map.

Railroad transportation of hazardous materials (hazmat) has grown significantly in recent years in Canada. Although rail is one of the safest modes for hazmat transport, the risk of catastrophic events such as the Lac Mégantic train disaster, does exist. In this thesis, we study a number of measures to manage and mitigate the risk associated with rail hazmat shipments. First, we propose a methodology that makes use of analytics to dis-aggregate national freight data to estimate hazmat traffic on rail-links and at rail-yards in Canada. Further, a focused analysis is conducted on crude oil rail shipments to develop long-term forecasts and evaluate the impact of proposed pipeline projects. Second, we present an emergency response planning problem, aimed at the effective and efficient response to rail hazmat incidents. A two-stage stochastic programming problem is solved over part of the Canadian railroad network, which provides recommendations on where to locate response facilities, and which equipment packages to stockpile at each facility. Finally, we study infrastructure investment as a strategy to mitigate the risk associated with rail hazmat shipments. This strategy is based on building new railway tracks to provide alternative routes to the riskiest parts of the network. Given the hierarchical relationship between the decisions made by regulatory agencies and railroad companies, a bilevel programming approach is used to identify the optimal set of infrastructure investment options given an allocated budget. Our computational experiments show that significant network-wide risk reduction is possible if hazardous shipments are routed using some of the proposed alternative rail tracks. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

[pt] O transporte é geralmente o elemento mais importante nos custos logísticos, para a maioria das empresas. A movimentação de fretes absorve, segundo Ballou (1993), entre um e dois terços do total de custos logísticos. Dentro desse panorama desenvolveu-se este estudo sobre multimodalidade. O foco está nas instalações e serviços que compõem o sistema de transporte multimodal, com especial destaque para a infra-estrutura portuária, nas taxas (custos) e no desempenho dos vários serviços envolvidos. O principal objetivo do trabalho é compreender como o processo de privatização das estruturas de transporte, portos, ferrovias e rodovias, viabilizou a evolução da Multimodalidade como alternativa ao transporte nacional. Um assunto relativamente novo, ainda pouco explorado academicamente e com escassas referencias bibliográficas. Para que se tenha um entendimento de como o processo de privatização transformou as estruturas de transporte, especialmente a atividade portuária brasileira, viabilizando o transporte multimodal e obviamente as vantagens dele decorrentes, fez- se necessária a abordagem de temas congruentes, como a logística e também os cenários dos modos de transporte rodoviário, ferroviário e o marítimo (cabotagem). Nesta fase também se analisam os modos de transporte e os respectivos processos de privatização e cenário atual, de suas estruturas e os operadores logísticos, assuntos que contribuem para um melhor entendimento das questões relativas ao Operador de Transporte Multimodal. / [en] Inside of this panorama this study was developed on multimodality. The focus is in the installations and services that compose the system of multimodal transport, with special prominence for the port infrastructure, in the taxes (costs) and the performance of the some involved services. The main objective of the work is to understand as the process of privatization of the transport structures, ports, railroads and highways, it made possible the evolution of Multimodalidade as alternative to the national transport. A relatively new subject, still little explored academically and with scarce bibliographical references. For a well understanding as the privatization process transformed the transport structures, especially the Brazilian port activity, making possible the multimodal transport and obviously the decurrently advantages of the boarding of congruence´s subjects became necessary, as logistic and also the scenes in the ways of road transport, railroad worker and the marine (cabotage). In this phase also the ways of transport and the respective processes of privatization and current scene are analyzed, of its structures and the logistic operators, subjects that contribute for one better agreement of the relative questions the Operator of Multimodal Transport.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:22:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silveira_mr_dr_prud.pdf: 2694499 bytes, checksum: 2899722e20f49cced29f7743e9a15030 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A geografia tem, nas últmimas décadas, agrupado ao seu conhecimento uma série de novos temas e abandonado outros. Os estudos referentes aos transportes, muito valorizados no passado, são um exemplo dos que vêm perdendo importância. / In the last decades, geography a great deal of knowledge in some areas and, at the ame time, discarded others. Studies about transportation used to be highly appraised in the past, but now, they seem to be disregarded.

[pt] A pesquisa sobre os vendedores ambulantes se insere em um contexto mais amplo, em uma sociedade determinada: a sociedade capitalista, onde o cotidiano de trabalho desses sujeitos pode nos revelar as facetas mais obscuras do processo de precarização e informalização do trabalho, cada vez mais presente no mundo contemporâneo. Por entendermos, através de diversas leituras, que a exploração capitalista e a dominação patriarcal caminham de forma conjugada e não podem ser vistas de maneira cindida, a análise do processo de precarização do trabalho se relacionou a uma perspectiva de gênero. Com este propósito, resolvemos focar no trabalho das mulheres em um mercado tão competitivo como o dos ambulantes no transporte ferroviário de circulação de pessoas da Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Também utilizamos a categoria território para apreender as relações de poder, e com isso as de gênero, produzidas e reproduzidas pelos ambulantes nesse transporte. Visando alcançar os objetivos da pesquisa foi realizado um trabalho de campo, que teve início em janeiro de 2022 e foi concluído em maio deste mesmo ano. O trabalho de campo consistiu em observação participante e em entrevistas com trabalhadores ambulantes nos cinco principais ramais dos trens urbanos da RMRJ. Foram realizadas 6 (seis) entrevistas semiestruturadas de forma completa, além do depoimento de outros ambulantes dentro e fora do transporte ferroviário. Também foram acessados dados secundários de institutos de pesquisa e realizada revisão bibliográfica. Tudo isso nos possibilitou ferramentas teóricas e metodológicas para analisar as experiências de mulheres trabalhadoras que vivenciam a precariedade em territórios de maioria masculina. / [en] Research on hawkers is inserted in a wide context determined by the capitalist society in which their daily work can reveal to us the most obscure facet of the process of informalization and precarization of labor that is increasingly present in the contemporary world. By means of several readings, we understand that capitalist exploitation and patriarchal domination are tightly connected and cannot be separated, thus, the analysis process of precarization of labor is related to a gender perspective. To this end, we focused on women working in the extremely competitive hawker’s market of rail transport in the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area. We use the category called territory to seize the power relations and also gender relations produced and reproduced by hawkers in this means of transport. Aiming to achieve the purpose of the research, fieldwork started in January 2022 and ended in May 2022. The fieldwork consisted in observing and participating and interviewing the hawkers in the five principal RMRJ branches of train lines. We did six completed and semi-structured interviews in addition to other hawkers brief inside and outside railroad transportation. We also accessed secondary data from research institutes and we did literature review. All of it gave us theoretical tools and methodology to analyze the experience of women who experience precarity in male majority places.