Esta dissertação versa sobre a comunicação. Para tanto, partimos da consideração do fenômeno da comunicação no campo da linguística, através dos aportes de Ferdinand de Saussure, Émile Benveniste e Roman Jakobson. No entanto, como tal fenômeno extrapola o terreno da linguística, buscou-se as contribuições de Bronislaw Malinowski, no campo da antropologia, e de Dany-Robert Dufour, de Adriana Cavarero e de Giorgio Agamben, no campo da filosofia. Esse percurso, que parte da pergunta sobre o lugar da comunicação nos estudos sobre a língua, acaba por colocar foco no lugar da comunicação na vida do homem, homem enquanto produtor e efeito de sentidos. / This dissertation aims at talking about communication. In order to do this, we started by considering the communication phenomenon within the field of linguistics, reading Ferdinand de Saussure, Émile Benveniste and Roman Jakobson. Nevertheless, as this phenomenon surpasses the field of linguistics, we have searched for the contributions of Bronislaw Malinowski, in the anthropological field, and Dany-Robert Dufour, Adriana Cavarero, and Giorgio Agamben, in the field of philosophy. This course, which originates from the question about the place communication has in the studies of language, ends up focusing on the place communication has in our lives, the lives of men as producer and effect of senses.

O Ecodesign visa desenvolver produtos inovadores e competitivos que causem menos impactos ambientais (produtos ecoeficientes) e implica na introdução sistemática de requisitos ambientais ao Processo de Desenvolvimento de Produtos (PDP). O objetivo geral desse trabalho é propor um modelo genérico para a gestão do processo de desenvolvimento de produtos que contemple o Ecodesign. Esse modelo, por hipótese, poderia auxiliar empresas tanto na construção de um modelo padrão de PDP como também para a realização de benchmarking em modelos existentes. Exceção feita à definição de estratégias de produtos e geração de ideias de novos produtos, para o que foi adotado o modelo proposto por Crawford e Benedetto (2006), esse trabalho foi construído tendo-se como base o Modelo Unificado proposto por Rozenfeld et al. (2006). A introdução do Ecodesign ao modelo unificado foi suportada por práticas de Ecodesign e promoveu, principalmente, alterações em tarefas já existentes no modelo original. Somente a hipótese de que o modelo proposto pode ser utilizado como benchmarking foi testada por meio da realização de um estudo de caso, cujos resultados comprovaram essa hipótese. Também como resultado do estudo de caso, pode-se comprovar a necessidade de orientação estratégia em Ecodesign em complemento à sua dimensão operacional de projeto de produto. Esse trabalho espera ter contribuído também com a sistematização de práticas de Ecodesign existentes bem como com o estabelecimento de diretrizes estratégicas para que empresas se iniciem junto ao tema do Ecodesign. Dessa forma, espera-se auxiliar a adoção do Ecodesign por um número maior de empresas, o que aumentaria a oferta de produtos ecoeficientes, auxiliando, assim, na redução dos impactos ambientais causados pelos produtos. / Ecodesign aims to develop innovative and competitive products that cause less environmental impacts (eco-efficient products) and involves the systematic introduction of environmental requirements to the Product Development Process (PDP). The aim of this study is to propose a generic model for managing the product development process that addresses the Ecodesign. In theory this model could help companies both in the construction of a standard model of PDP as well as for benchmarking the existing ones. Except for the definition of product strategy and generating ideas for new products, for which the model proposed by Crawford and Benedetto (2006) was adopted this study was built based on the Unified Model proposed by Rozenfeld et al. (2006). The introduction of Ecodesign to the unified model was supported by Ecodesign practices and promoted mainly changes in the original´s model existing tasks. Only the hypothesis that the proposed model can be used as a benchmark was tested by conducting a case study, whose results confirmed this hypothesis. Also as a result of the case study, one can prove the need for strategic guidance in Ecodesign to complement their technical dimension of product design. This study also hopes to have contributed to the systematization of existing eco-design practices as well as the establishment of strategic guidelines for companies to begin with the theme of Ecodesign. Thus, it is expected facilitate adoption of Ecodesign for a larger number of companies, which would increase the supply of eco-efficient products, helping thus to reduce the environmental impacts caused by products.

Com o objetivo de estudar o processo de referência de pacientes que procuram um Hospital Universitário, pela primeira vez e analisar algumas características destes pacientes e as inter relações entre a localização do domicílio, a utilização de outros serviços, as dificuldades e facilidades apresentadas pelos pacientes, para procurar o Hospital, foram investigados todos os pacientes que procuraram um Hospital Universitário. O trabalho foi realizado no período de cinco semanas de outubro e novembro de 1983, a saber: de 3 a 7, 17 a 21 e 24 a 27 de outubro e de 7 a 11 e 21 a 25 de novembro. Através de entrevistas foi preenchido um formulário com questões sobre características do paciente tais como: sexo, idade, nível de instrução; ocupação, local de residência, gravidade dos sinais e sintomas que os levaram a procurar o Hospital, motivo da demanda, distância do domicílio ao Hospital, utilização de outros serviços, tipos de encaminhamento. A hipótese diagnóstica foi obtida do prontuário do paciente, após a consulta. Foram estudados 1.601 pacientes, sendo 59,53 por cento do sexo feminino e 40,47 por cento do sexo masculino. A maior concentração de pacientes pertence ao grupo etário de 15 a 24 anos (24,49 por cento ), seguido pelo de 25 a 34 anos (17,86 por cento ). O nível de instrução mostrou-se bastante baixo, uma vez que, 54,63 por cento tinha o primeiro grau incompleto e 30 por cento analfabetos. A ocupação que apareceu com maior freqüência foi as donas de casa (43,94 por cento ), seguida pelos agricultores (15,51 por cento ), trabalhadores dos serviços dos desportos e das diversões (13, 64 por cento ). Como Hospital Regional 46,34 por cento dos pacientes procedem da região de Ribeirão Preto e 37,48 por cento do próprio município, onde está localizado. A procedência de pacientes na zona rural aumenta proporcionalmente, em relação à urbana a medida que se afasta do município de Ribeirão Preto. De maneira geral, os pacientes da zona urbana procuram mais precocemente o Hospital, quando residem mais próximo dele. A maioria dos pacientes que residem próximo e procuram o Hospital é portador de sinais e sintomas considerado leve, aumentando a proporção de sinais e sintomas graves entre os pacientes que residem mais distantes do Hospital. 32,57 por cento dos pacientes portadores de sinais e sintomas leves e 25,12 por cento dos portadores de sinais e sintomas graves não procuraram outro serviço, antes de demandarem ao Hospital e informaram não ter procurado outro serviço, por falta de recursos para pagar assistência médica e não confiar no Centro de Saúde. Dentre os pacientes que procuram outros serviços antes, apenas 54,4 O por cento foram referidos para o Hospital e 87,36 por cento destes não receberam orientação para, após o atendimento no Hospital, retornarem a seu serviço de origem. O fluxo de pacientes ao Hospital diminuiu paulatinamente, no decorrer da semana. As doenças do sistema nervoso e dos órgãos dos sentidos ocupam o primeiro lugar entre as hipóteses diagnósticas dos pacientes que procuram o Hospital, pela primeira vez. Dos 1601 pacientes atendidos, 14,74 por cento não foram registrados, conforme rotina estabelecida pelo Hospital, podendo gerar estatísticas imperfeitas. O estudo do processo de referência ao Hospital mostrou-se importante para o conhecimento das características dos pacientes, das inter relações com os outros serviços e das peculiaridades própria do Hospital, como subsídio para organização da assistência à saúde. / With the objective to study the process of referral of patients who look for a University Hospital for the first time and to analyze some characteristics of these patients and the interrelationships between the location of their homes, the use of other services and the difficulties or the facilitation met by the patient to contact the hospital, all the patients who looked for a University Hospital were investigated. The study was conducted over a period of five weeks from October 3 to 7, 17 to 21 and 24 to 27 and from November 7 to 11 and 21 to 25, 1983. Each patient was interviewed and a form was filled out with answers to questions of the characteristics of the patient such as sex, age, level of education, occupation, place of residence, seriousness of the signs and symptoms that led him to look for the Hospital, reason for the demand, distance of the residence from the Hospital, type of referrals. The diagnostic hypothesis was taken from the patient\'s medical record after his medical visit. A total of 1601 patients were studied; 59.53 per cent were women and 40.43 per cent were males. Most patient were concentrated in the 15 to 24 year age range (24.49 per cent ), followed by the 25 to 34 year age range (17.86 per cent ). The level of education was quite low, since 54.63 per cent had not completed elementary school and 30 per cent were illiterate. The most frequent types of occupation were: housewife (43.94 per cent ), followed by rural workers (15.51 per cent ) and by workers in suports and amusement services (13.64 per cent ). Since this is a Regional Hospital, 46.34 per cent of the patients were from the Ribeirão Preto region and 37.48 per cent from the town itself in which the Hospital is located. The origin of patients from the rural zone increased proportionally in relation to the urban zone with the distance from Ribeirão Preto. In general, the patients from the urban zone look earlier for the Hospital when they live closer to it. Most of the patients living close to the Hospital had signs and symptoms considered mild, with an increase in the proportion of serious signs and symptans anong the patients who live farther away from the Hospital. 32.57 per cent of the patients with mild signs and symptoms and 25.12 per cent of the patients with serious signs and symptoms did not look for any other service before contacting the Hospital and informed that they had not lookes for other services because of lack of money to pay for medical assistance and because they did not trust the health center. Among the patients who had previously looked for other services, 54.40 per cent were referred to the Hospital and 87.36 per cent of these did not receive guidance to return to the original service after being attended at the Hospital. The flow of patients to the Hospital decreased little by little with each passing week. Diseases of the nervous system and of the sensory organs occupied first place among the diagnostic hypotheses for the patients who looked for the Hospital for the first time. Of 1601 patients attended, l4.74 per cent were not registered according to the routine established by the Hospital, a fact that may give rise to imperfet statistics. The study of the process of referral to the Hospital proved to be important in terms of learning about the characteristics of the patients, the interrelationships with the other services and the peculiarities of the Hospital, as an aid in organizing health assistance.

Esta dissertação versa sobre a comunicação. Para tanto, partimos da consideração do fenômeno da comunicação no campo da linguística, através dos aportes de Ferdinand de Saussure, Émile Benveniste e Roman Jakobson. No entanto, como tal fenômeno extrapola o terreno da linguística, buscou-se as contribuições de Bronislaw Malinowski, no campo da antropologia, e de Dany-Robert Dufour, de Adriana Cavarero e de Giorgio Agamben, no campo da filosofia. Esse percurso, que parte da pergunta sobre o lugar da comunicação nos estudos sobre a língua, acaba por colocar foco no lugar da comunicação na vida do homem, homem enquanto produtor e efeito de sentidos. / This dissertation aims at talking about communication. In order to do this, we started by considering the communication phenomenon within the field of linguistics, reading Ferdinand de Saussure, Émile Benveniste and Roman Jakobson. Nevertheless, as this phenomenon surpasses the field of linguistics, we have searched for the contributions of Bronislaw Malinowski, in the anthropological field, and Dany-Robert Dufour, Adriana Cavarero, and Giorgio Agamben, in the field of philosophy. This course, which originates from the question about the place communication has in the studies of language, ends up focusing on the place communication has in our lives, the lives of men as producer and effect of senses.

Orientador: Ingedore Grunfeld Villaça Koch / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T13:03:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_MariaAngelicaFreirede_D.pdf: 1018685 bytes, checksum: 6c7e008519bc833dd909093e24238279 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Résumé: Cette thèse a pour sujet le phénomène d¿étiquetage discursive dans des textes d¿opinion. Sous une perspective socio-cognitive et textuelle-interactive, on procède à l¿ observation des etiquettes dans son fonctionnement discursif, comme ressources d¿agencement et d¿organisation de contenus précédents ou subséquents, propres à doter le texte d¿une orientation argumentative. La recherche démontre qu¿il s¿agit d¿une importante stratégie pas seulement de référentiaton mais aussi d¿enchaînement, dans la mesure où elle met en évidence le fonctionnement des étiquettes comme: opérateurs d¿argumentation et d¿organisation textuelle; ressources d¿ordre textuelle-discursive pour orienter le lecteur dans le procès de construction d¿un sens; opérateurs qui rendrent explicite les sens (caractère méta). Le corpus de la recherche est constitué de matières d¿opinion publiées dans le magasine « Caros Amigos » (Chers Amis), et sélectionnées dans les numéros publiés entre 1998 et 2005. Après le détachement des étiquettes présentes en chaque texte, on vérifie leur nombre d¿occurrences, si plus ou moins fréquentes, dans le corpus en analyse, et on fait sa classification suivant des critères préétablis, pour proceder, ensuite à la discussion des résultats obtenus. Pour concluire, on constate l¿importance du phénomène étudié pour l¿organisation du texte et pour l¿acheminement du sens à être construit par le lecteur / Resumo: Esta tese toma como tema o fenômeno da rotulação discursiva em textos opinativos. À luz de uma perspectiva sociocognitiva e textual-interativa, procede-se à observação dos rótulos em seu funcionamento discursivo, como recurso sumarizador (encapsulador) e organizador de conteúdos precedentes ou subseqüentes, apto a dotar o texto de uma orientação argumentativa. A pesquisa realizada demonstra que se trata de importante estratégia não só de referenciação, como também de encadeamento, na medida em que evidencia o funcionamento dos rótulos como: operadores de argumentação e de organização textual; recursos de ordem textual-discursiva orientadores do leitor na construção do sentido; operadores de explicitude de sentidos (caráter meta). Constituem corpus da pesquisa matérias opinativas da revista Caros Amigos, selecionadas em números publicados entre os anos de 1998 e 2005. Após o levantamento dos rótulos presentes em cada texto, verifica-se sua maior ou menor freqüência no corpus em análise e procede-se à sua classificação, de acordo com critérios previamente estabelecidos, passando-se, então, à discussão dos resultados obtidos. Conclui-se pela relevância do fenômeno estudado para a organização do texto e para o encaminhamento do sentido a ser construído pelo leitor / Doutorado / Linguistica / Doutor em Linguística

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A proposta deste trabalho à identificar e descrever as funÃÃes metadiscursivas exercidas por expressÃes referenciais. Identificadas estas expressÃes objetivamos ainda apresentar uma proposta de anÃlise para o conteÃdo avaliativo destas tendo em vista a influÃncia da observaÃÃo do posicionamento do autor/co-enunciador para a construÃÃo de sentido do texto. Consideramos as expressÃes referenciais como objetos-de-discurso tal como os referente sÃo concebidos na teoria da referenciaÃÃo, conforme a definem ApothÃloz e Reichler-Beguelin (1995); Mondada e Dubois (2003); Marcuschi e Koch (1998). O segundo constructo teÃrico, referente ao metadiscurso, toma como principal pressuposto teÃrico a noÃÃo retÃrica elaborada por Hyland (1998). A elaboraÃÃo da metodologia da pesquisa se deu mediante a classificaÃÃo de Cavalcante (2004 b e c) para as expressÃes referenciais; a classificaÃÃo de Hyland(1998, 2005) para o metadiscurso. Como base para a anÃlise do conteÃdo axiolÃgico das expressÃes referenciais com funÃÃo metadiscursiva, utilizamos algumas categorias da AnÃlise CrÃtica do Discurso / The proposal of this work is to identify and to describe the metadiscourse functions exercised by referential expressions. Identified these expressions still aimed at to present an analysis proposal for the evaluative content of these tends in view the influence of the writer positioning observation for the text sense construction. We considered the referential expressions object-of-speech just as the referring is conceived in the theory of the referenciation, as define it ApothÃloz and Reichler-Beguelin (1995); Mondada and Dubois (2003); Marcuschi and Koch (1998). The second theory, regarding the metadiscourse, takes as principal theoretical presupposition the rhetorical notion elaborated by Hyland (1998). The elaboration of the methodology of the research felt by the classification of Cavalcante (2004 b and c) for the referential expressions; the classification of Hyland(1998, 2005) for the metadiscurso. As base for the analysis of the content axiolÃgico of the referencial expressions with metadiscourse function, we used some categories of the Critical Discourse Analysis.

Orientador: Ingedore G. Villaça Koch / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-24T08:56:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francischini_Rosangela_D.pdf: 8912362 bytes, checksum: 197144387c566dce9100d223eb482458 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1998 / Resumo: Tendo por referenciais teóricos o Interacionismo Social e a Lingüística Textual, este trabalho procura investigar os problemas que emergem quando da construção de cadeias anafóricas em narrativas produzidas por crianças em processo formal de escolarização séries iniciais. O corpus é composto por 15 (quinze) narrativas - 8 (oito) primeiras versões e 7 (sete) segundas versões -, produzidas a partir de um livro de estórias somente com gravuras. O procedimento adotado, inspirado no conceito de Zona de Desenvolvimento Proximal, de Vygotsky, permitiu a construção de uma segunda versão das narrativas, refacção esta possibilitada por uma necessidade que se impôs à criança de refletir sobre o emprego de determinados recursos expressivos presentes na primeira versão (no nosso caso, os recursos empregados para introdução e manutenção dos personagens. Em outras palavras, na constituição de cadeias anafóricas). A análise proposta mostrou-nos que: 1.) a estratégia que consiste em empregar pronomes como formas referenciais (pessoal e possessivo, principalmente) mostrou-se a mais problemática, no sentido de que, em um número significativo de ocorrências desses pronomes, houve ou ambigüidade de referência ou impossibilidade de determinar o referente; 2.) a situação interativa mediada pela linguagem propiciou a mobilização de operações de linguagem que se materializaram em recursos expressivos mais adequados para a construção das cadeias anafóricas. Sendo assim, do ponto de vista da estruturação textual, as segundas versões das narrativas, por terem sido produzidas a partir da intervenção de um adulto mais hábil, são, indiscutivelmente, qualitativamente superiores; 3.) as crianças buscaram soluções próprias para a resolução dos problemas acima apontados. Desta forma, observamos, principalmente, as seguintes estratégias para caracterização I diferenciação dos personagens: a.) atribuição de nomes aos personagens, b.) emprego de adjetivos indicativos de cor ou gênero (masculino; feminino); c.) acréscimo de informações não constantes nas primeiras versões / Abstract: With the Social Interactionism and the Text Linguistics as theoretical references, this paper tries to investigate the problems related to the construction of anaphoric sequences in narratives produced by children in their formal process of schooling (initial grades). The corpus is composed by fifteen narratives: eight first versions and seven second versions - produced from a storybook made up with illustrations only. The procedure adopted, inspired by the concept of Zone of Proximal Development, by Vigotsky, allowed the construction of a second version of the narratives, which was made possible because the child had to look into the employment of certain expression devices present in the first version (in this case, the resources used to introduce and make reference to the characters, in other words, the devices used in the constitution of anaphoric sequences. The analysis demonstrated that: 1.) the strategy which consists of employing pronouns as reference forms (especially personal and possessive pronouns) seems to be the most troublesonie, in the sense that, when they were used, there was either ambiguity of reference or impossibility to determine the referent; 2.) the interactive situation made it possible the use of language operations, which resulted in expression devices more suitable to the construction of anaphoric sequences. Thus, from the point of view of the text structure, the second versions are undoubtedly superior in terms of quality, since they were produced from the interventions of a more experienced adult; e, 3.) the children tried, by themselves, to find solutions for the problems mentioned above. They made use of the following strategies to characterise / differentiate the characters: a) they named the characters; b) they used adjectives indicating colour or genre(masculine or feminine); c) they added information not present in the first versions / Doutorado / Doutor em Linguística

A framework for information services strategy using the application of strategic planning processes to library information services is described in this study. A survey was carried out in Thailand in order to examine the internal and external environments of the Thai library and information society. From the survey findings, it was found that misunderstanding of the full implication of information services by library and information professionals is the major obstacle to service provision in Thailand. The lack of relationship between user surveys and service provision create the missing link in effective information service provision and use. Improved interpersonal communication skills and the application of strategic thinking are needed in the information services process. A proper understanding of the communication chain relating to service elements is essential for future planning of information services. The development of an information society in Thailand depends on library and information professionals understanding their role better and appreciating the full potential for access to infonnation. The study of the application of strategic planning processes to one function of the library / information system, information services, is an early attempt to reflect its potential to improve the whole system.

The main goal of this study was to further explore the hypothesis that experience-dependent neural network activity and neurotransmission can modulate adult OPC proliferation and differentiation. More specifically, we used stereology to establish whether extensive reference memory training and system-wide administration of GABAergic agonists and antagonists could influence the proliferation and differentiation of adult OPCs, as well as the prevalence of OPC-neuron pairs. Analysis of the effects of reference memory training on OPC proliferation and differentiation corresponds to experiment 2, analysis of the effects of GABAergic agents on OPC proliferation and differentiation corresponds to experiment 3, and analysis of the effects of both reference memory training and GABAergic agents on OPC-neuron pairs, as well as an histological analysis of these closely apposed cells, corresponds to experiment 4.

This thesis provides an examination of both the political and legal uses of reference cases to the Supreme Court of Canada by the Mackenzie King government. Attention is devoted to the five-year-period, 1935-1940, in which the King administration submitted several politically motivated references to the Supreme Court. This political use of reference cases to the Supreme Court began immediately after the Liberals returned to power in October 1935 when the government submitted the Bennett government's New Deal legislation for judicial scrutiny. Within the five-year-period the government forwarded two other references to the Supreme Court, again where highly controversial legislation was involved: the Alberta Social Credit statutes passed in 1937 and the private member's bill sponsored by CH. Cahan in 1939 to abolish overseas appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, then the final court of appeal for Canada. The underlying premise of this thesis is that in each of the above instances the King government found it politically expedient to involve the Supreme Court in issues where questions of law were clearly subordinate to the political concerns of the federal government. Furthermore, in each instance, avenues of action, other than a reference case to the Supreme Court, were available to the federal government but were rejected by cabinet. Only in one instance, when Quebec's controversial 1937 Padlock Act was under close scrutiny, did the federal government avoid submitting a patently political issue to the Supreme Court, apprehensive of the consequences of such action. The federal government's reluctance to forward a reference to the Supreme Court in the case of Quebec's Padlock Act thus provides a revealing contrast to both the New Deal and the situation in Alberta where reference cases were initiated almost immediately. The federal government's marked reluctance to deal with Quebec in a comparable manner therefore merits close attention and as such is an important element of this thesis. The background to each reference case, its political origins, the reasons for the federal government's insistence on a reference--or in the case of Quebec, the reasons for avoidance of a reference—are the central issues addressed in this thesis. The cases are examined from another viewpoint as well. Once before the Court, the political issues gave way as the Court focused primarily upon the legal issues involved. The Court's decisions thereby provide another important vantage point from which to view the implications of the federal government's actions. For example, an assessment of the legal argument and judicial reasoning in the New Deal cases helps one answer these questions: First, did King's lawyers really try to win? Second, did the courts (both the Supreme Court of Canada and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council) simply bow to King's obvious desire that the legislation be declared ultra vires? Third, did the courts, as some have alleged, decide that the depression was not an emergency? Although the King government may have found it preferable for short-term considerations to submit contentious political issues involving questions of law to the Supreme Court for its legal opinion, in the long-term it found itself dealing with unexpected complications arising from the very decisions it sought. Even if the government successfully predicts the legal outcome of a court case, it may find itself dealing with a political outcome it had not anticipated. Certainly if the actions of the King government are any indication in the five-year-period under discussion, this is a complication a government seldom expects, although one as I argue, that it should prepare itself for. This thesis also demonstrates that when reference cases are employed by the federal government, politicians, constitutional scholars, political journalists and other concerned citizens should ask two important questions: First, is the reference being initiated to avoid or delay assuming political responsibility in a given situation? Second, are like situations indeed receiving like treatment? As indicated throughout this thesis, such questions are of great importance. Indeed, this thesis demonstrates that in the period between 1935 and 1940 the King administration initiated not only the New Deal reference, but forwarded C.H. Cahan's private member's bill to the courts as well, in order to avoid dealing with a controversial political issue. So, too, the period provides a telling example of an in-stance where like situations were not treated alike as the striking similarities between the situation in Alberta and Quebec indicates. Clearly, a failure to ask questions such as the ones posed above leads to the possibility that the full meaning of the reference cases themselves, their origins and their implications, will not be realized by the interested onlooker. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate