MSc (Med), Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Witwatersrand / Introduction This secondary data analysis of a prospective cohort study set out to describe the association between the use of hormonal contraception and sexually transmitted infection (STI) acquisition in a cohort of 752 HIV negative women who were followed up for a year. Methods Outcome variables were measured by standard laboratory tests (PCR for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neiserria gonorrhoea (NG), culture for Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) and gram stain with Nugent score for Bacterial Vaginosis (BV). Exposure variable information was collected by structured interview. Basic descriptive statistics were applied to describe the characteristics of the cohort, including a comparison of women who used contraception and those who did not. A time series analysis including incidence rates for the outcomes (CT, NG, TV and BV), Kaplan Meier curves for time to event measurement and Cox regression models (univariate and multivariate), for the estimation of risk were applied. Results The analysis found no significant difference between women who use hormonal contraception and those who did not with respect to baseline demographic characteristics. Incidence rates per 100 women years to follow up with 95% confidence intervals were: CT 13 (7 to 17), NG 2 (1 to 4), TV 6 (4 to10), BV 72 (63 to 83). Kaplan Meier curves showed no significant difference in time to event between women who used contraception and those who did not. Adjusted hazard ratios for women who used contraception was 1.12 (0.69 to1.82) for CT, 0.47 (0.17 to 1.30) for NG, 1.06 (0.48 to 2.34) for TV and 0.27 (0.05 to 1.52) for BV. Conclusion This analysis did not reveal any significant associations between the use of hormonal contraception and the acquisition of STIs, however the trends in risks follow those reported in the literature.

Rapid migration of people to the urban areas of developing countries resulted in a shortage of housing and the location of people in poor housing and unhealthy environments. Studies have shown that people who live in poor housing are at increased risk of exposure to the determinants of respiratory diseases. Objective: This study investigated the influence of housing conditions on respiratory disease in selected low cost housing settlements in Johannesburg, South Africa. Methodology: Secondary data analysis based on the Health, Environment and Development (HEAD) cross-sectional study were used to explore housing conditions in relation to respiratory health. Results: Black African households comprised (77%) the major population group in the study. The overall mean number of people per household was five with household size ranging from 1 to 22 people permanently living in the household. Most of the households (48%) had an average monthly income of R1001 to R2000. The self reported household prevalence of asthma was highest among households in Riverlea (21%). Households in Riverlea had reported higher levels of asthma 33% relative to households in Bertrams. Hairdressing activities within dwellings increased the risk of asthma (OR: 2.89, 95% CI 1.46-5.73). Tuberculosis was associated with household size (OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.79 – 0.99) and smoking (OR 0.4 CI 0.12 - 0.96) in the univariate analysis. However in the multivariate analysis there was no significant association between tuberculosis with household size (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.80 - 1.05) or smoking (OR 0.03, 95% CI 0.12 – 1.00). Conclusion: In this study housing quality was an important determinant of respiratory health. More intervention strategies need to be employed to improve the living environment. These include increasing awareness and education to the public and other sectors, source reduction and more guidelines for healthy housing. Finally, more research on housing and health is needed to determine the effect of housing on health.

Introdução: A varicela é uma doença exantemática benigna da infância, causada por uma infecção primária pelo vírus Varicela-zoster. No Estado de São Paulo, no ano de 2003, foram notificados 58.972 casos de varicela mediante ocorrências de surtos, configurando um ano hiperendêmico para a doença. De um total de 60 óbitos em todo o Estado, 47 ocorreram em menores de 4 anos. Mais da metade dos óbitos incidiu em moradores da Região Metropolitana da Grande São Paulo. Objetivos: Descrever e caracterizar os indivíduos residentes na Região Metropolitana da Grande São Paulo que evoluíram para gravidade ou óbito por varicela em 2003 e estudar os fatores preditores desses eventos. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo descritivo das variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas, antecedentes pessoais e epidemiológicos dos casos de varicela, além de uma análise exploratória dos fatores preditores de gravidade e óbito pela doença. A existência de associação entre as exposições de interesse e gravidade ou óbito por varicela foi investigada pelas estimativas não ajustadas e ajustadas do odds ratio, com os respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%, utilizando-se a regressão logística não condicional. Resultados: As seguintes variáveis demonstraram associação independente com gravidade e óbito por varicela: complicações raras, pulmonares, hemorrágicas e neurológicas. Cirurgia realizada durante a internação por varicela também foi um fator preditor de gravidade. A taxa de mortalidade foi 36 vezes maior na faixa etária de menores de 15 anos em relação à faixa etária de adultos, e 5 vezes maior na faixa de menores de um ano em comparação à faixa de 1 a 14 anos. Conclusão: O amplo conhecimento da epidemiologia da varicela, suas complicações e fatores de risco para gravidade e óbito, é de extrema importância para fundamentar a implementação de estratégias de prevenção e controle deste agravo nos grupos de maior risco. / Introduction: Chickenpox is a benign exanthematous disease of childhood, whose primary infection is caused by the Varicella-zoster virus. In the State of São Paulo, in 2003, 58,972 chickenpox cases were notified following outbreaks, configuring a hyperendemic year for the disease. From a total of 60 deaths in the whole State, 47 happened in children up to 4 years old. More than half of the deaths occurred in residents of the Greater São Paulo Metropolitan Area. Objectives: To describe and characterize those individuals residents in the Greater São Paulo Metropolitan Area who developed chickenpox severity or death during the year 2003, and to study the predictive factors of these events. Method: A descriptive study was performed, analyzing clinical and social-demographic variables, personal and epidemiological records of the chickenpox cases. Besides, an exploratory analysis of the redictive factors of severity and death by the disease was made. Association between exposures of interest and chickenpox severity or death was investigated by unadjusted and adjusted odds ratio estimation, with 95% confidence intervals, using unconditional logistic regression. Results: The following variables keep an independent association with severity and death for chickenpox: development of rare, pulmonary, hemorrhagic and neurological complications. The need of surgery during the chickenpox hospitalization was an independent predictive factor for severity only. The mortality rate was 36 times greater in the age group from 0 to 14 years old than in the adult age group, and 5 times greater in children up to 1 year old than in the age group ranging from 0 to 14 years old. Conclusion: The comprehensive knowledge of the chickenpox epidemiology, its complications and risk factors for severity and death is extremely important to base the implementation of prevention and control strategies for groups at greater risk of infection.

Introdução: O diabetes é considerado um problema crescente de saúde pública, devido o aumento da sua incidência e prevalência, principalmente na infância e na adolescência, além da sua inclusão entre as dez principais causas de mortalidade no Brasil e no mundo. Objetivos: Conhecer aspectos da saúde relacionados aos fatores de risco para o DM2 em adolescentes do ensino público do Município de Rio Branco Acre e a percepção dos pais dos adolescentes sobre a doença diabetes, assim como sinais e sintomas, medidas preventivas e suas aspirações sobre o tema. Procedimentos Metodológicos: O estudo quanti-qualitativo foi do tipo transversal com amostragem probabilística e representativa de 720 adolescentes, de ambos os sexos e com idades entre 10 e 18 anos, matriculados nas escolas públicas do ensino fundamental, da área urbana do Município de Rio Branco Acre. A análise estatística foi do tipo descritiva: distribuição de frequência, medidas de tendência central e medidas de dispersão. Os testes de Qui-quadrado de Pearson e Fischer foram utilizados para verificar possíveis associações entre as variáveis categóricas e, para verificar a diferença de médias, o teste t de Student. Para o estudo qualitativo utilizou-se a técnica de grupo focal e a análise de conteúdo na amostra constituída por seis pais de adolescentes com glicemias de jejum alteradas/limítrofes. Para a coleta de dados foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos: questionário socioeconômico e demográfico, o Rec24h, para avaliação do consumo alimentar e o IPAQ para avaliação do nível da atividade física, além do roteiro semi-estruturado para a condução do grupo focal. Resultados: Dos 720 adolescentes, 51,8por cento eram do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 12,73 anos, (dp ± 1,57), variando entre 10 e 18 anos; a etnia autorreferida predominante foi a branca 576 (80por cento ). Foi possível observar que 153 (21,3por cento ) estavam com sobrepeso, 273 (37,9por cento ) sedentários, além de 244 relatos de história familiar de diabetes. O sexo masculino apresentou maior média de consumo de energia, macronutrientes e fibras. A média glicêmica foi de 55,18mg/dl, com 10 (1,4por cento ) adolescentes apresentando glicemia plasmática de jejum alterada/limítrofe. As frequências entre a associação de fatores de risco para o diabetes foi maior entre 2 (87,8por cento ) que 3 (12,2por cento ) fatores. O grupo de pais demonstrou ter conhecimento de alguém diabético com relacionamento familiar ou social, dificuldade em entender o processo de manifestação da doença e interesse em conhecer os fatores de risco da mesma. Conclusão: Os fatores de risco para o diabetes estão presentes entre os adolescentes do Município de Rio Branco Acre / Introduction: Diabetes is considered a growing public health problem because of its increased incidence and prevalence, especially during childhood and adolescence in addition to its inclusion among the ten leading causes of death in Brazil and all over the world. Objectives: To find out what are the health aspects related to risk factors for type 2 diabetes in adolescents from the public school system in the city of Rio Branco - Acre and to find out what is the perception of the parents of teenagers about diabetes, as well as what are the signs and symptoms, the preventive measures and their expectancies regarding this issue. Methodological Procedures: This quantitative and qualitative study was cross-sectional study with probability sampling representing 720 adolescents of both sexes and aged between 10 and 18 years, who were enrolled in public primary schools in the urban area of the municipality of Rio Branco - Acre. The statistical analysis was descriptive: frequency distribution, central tendency measures and dispersion measures. The Chi-square tests of Pearson and Fischer were used to investigate possible association among the categorical variables and to detect averages differences we used the \"t\" Student test. For the qualitative study we used the focus group technique and the content analysis on a sample of six parents of adolescents with impaired / borderline fasting glucose. To collect data we used the following instruments: socioeconomic and demographic questionnaire and anthropometric data, Rec24h to assess dietary intake and the IPAQ to evaluate the level of physical activity, besides the semi-structured guidelines to conduct the focus group. Results: Of 720 adolescents, 51.8per cent were female, mean age of 12.73 years (SD ± 1.57), ranging between 10 and 18 years, the predominant self-reported ethnicity was Caucasian 576 (80 per cent ). It was observed that 153 (21.3per cent ) were overweight, 273 (37.9per cent ) sedentary, besides the 244 reports of a family history of diabetes. Males had higher mean intake of energy, macronutrients and fiber. Mean blood glucose was 55.18 mg / dl, with 10 (1.4per cent ) adolescents with fasting plasma glucose impaired / borderline. The frequency among factor associat ion of risk factors for diabetes was higher between 2 (87,8per cent ) than 3 (12,2per cent ) factors.The group of parents demonstrated, through their statements that they knew someone with diabetes in their family or social relationships; they had difficulties to understanding the disease manifestation process and they were interested in getting to know which were the risk factors. Conclusion: The risk factors for diabetes are present among the adolescents in the city of Rio Branco Acre.

No Brasil, as doenças cardiovasculares constituem-se nas principais causas de mortalidade, sendo o infarto agudo do miocárdio a entidade nosológica mais freqüente dentre as doenças isquêmicas do coração. Os fatores de risco que predispõem as pessoas a essa doença estão relacionados a hábitos do estilo de vida e história familiar. Assim, esta investigação, de natureza descritiva, pretende identificar os fatores de risco relacionados ao meio ambiente, à biologia humana, estilo de vida, e sistema de saúde de pacientes internados em um hospital privado, até 48 horas após a ocorrência de infarto agudo do miocárdio, identificar o conhecimento quanto aos fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de novos problemas de saúde e verificar se algumas variáveis, relacionadas aos fatores de risco de pacientes infartados em hospital público e privado, são semelhantes. O referencial teórico foi o Modelo de Campo de Saúde que compõe elementos relacionados ao meio ambiente, biologia humana, estilo de vida e sistema de saúde. Foram entrevistados 31 pacientes internados, em um hospital privado de uma cidade do interior do Estado de São Paulo, no período de janeiro a julho de 2003, após assinatura do termo de consentimento informado. Os resultados revelam que, quanto ao meio ambiente, a maioria dos pacientes era alfabetizada, 11 (35,5%) tinha o primeiro grau completo, 10 (32,2%) eram aposentados e donas-de-casa, 24 (77,4%) trabalhavam em torno de 8 a 10 horas por dia e tinham somente um emprego, e a renda familiar mensal, para 19 (61,3%), encontrava-se na faixa de 5 a 15 ou mais salários-mínimos, 22 (70,9%) eram casados e 15 (48,3%) tinham três ou mais filhos, 21 (67,7%) eram procedentes de Ribeirão Preto e região e todos residiam em zona urbana. Em relação à biologia humana, 19 (61,3%) eram do sexo masculino, aproximadamente metade 17 (54,8%) encontrava-se na faixa etária de 40 a 59 anos, 18 (58,1%) encontravam-se com sobrepeso ou obesidade classes I e II. Quanto aos antecedentes familiares, os dados mais expressivos apontam que 23 (74,2%) apresentavam hipertensão arterial sistêmica, 15 (48,3%) diabetes melittus, 17 (54,8%) infarto agudo do miocárdio e 6 (19,3%) acidente vascular cerebral. Das mulheres entrevistadas, 7 (22,6%) faziam uso algum tipo de terapia de reposição hormonal. No tocante ao estilo de vida relacionado aos hábitos alimentares, 29 (93,6%) utilizavam frituras nas refeições, 14 (45,2%) ingeriam doces e refrigerantes diariamente e 13 (41,9%) tomavam três xícaras ou mais de café ao dia, 18 (58,1%) faziam uso de bebidas alcoólicas, 10 (32,2%) eram fumantes, 9 (29,0%) ex-fumantes e 18 (58,1%) sedentários. Quanto ao estresse, 12 (38,7%) sentiam-se estressados no local de trabalho e 19 (61,3%) dormiam menos que oito horas por noite. Em relação ao sistema de saúde, 16 (51,6%) conheciam o diagnóstico, 12 (38,7%) apresentaram dúvidas acerca da doença, 21 (67,7%) utilizavam os serviços de saúde oferecidos pelo plano de saúde e 17 (54,8%) realizavam tratamento de hipertensão arterial sistêmica e diabetes melittus. Os dados revelam que os pacientes infartados estão expostos a hábitos autocriados que são passiveis de modificação havendo a necessidade de iniciar este processo educativo inclusive no período de internação hospitalar. / The cardiovascular diseases in Brazil, constitute nowadays death’s first cause and myocardial infarction is the most frequent nosological entity amonmg heart isquemical diseases. Among risk factors which predispose people committed by this disease are their life style’s and familiar history’s habits. This descriptive investigation intended to identify the risk factors related to the environment, human biology, life style and health systems of patients admitted in a private hospital, until 48 hours after the myocardial infarction; identify the knowledge’s blanket concerning to the risk factors related to new health problems’ development and verify if some variables are related to the risk factors which are similar to those of admitted patients in private and public hospitals. The theoretical referential used was the Health Model Field which constitutes the elements linked to the environment, human biology, life style an health system. We interviewed 31 internee patients in a private hospital in São Paulo’s interior, from January through July, 2003. Concerning to the environment 93,5% of the patients were literate; among them 11 (35,5%) had completed high school; related to their occupation 10 (32,2%) were retired and housewives; concerning to their working hours and job numbers, 24 (77,4%) work around 8 or 10 hours a day and have only one job; when referring to their familiar monthly income, 19 (61,3%) obtained from 5 to or more minimum salaries; 22 (70,9%) were married and 15 (48,3%) had three or more children; 21 (67,7%) were from Ribeirão Preto and its region and all of them lived in urban areas. When referring to the human biology, 19 (61,3%) were masculine and their ages varied between 40 and 59 years old; 18 (58,1%) were over weighted or fat, belonging to classes I and II; concerned to the familiar preceding, the most expressive data showed that 23 (74,2%) presented systemic arterial hypertension; 15 (48,3%) mellitus diabetes; 17 (54,8%) myocardial infarction and 6 (19,3%) cerebral vascular accident; 7 (22,6%) were feminine and were using hormones. Concerned to their life style, related to the feeding habits, 29 (93,6%) were accustomed to eat fried food; 14 (45,2%) used to eat sweeties and drink soft drinks daily; 13 (41,9%) used to drink 3 or more cups of coffee a day. When referring to the use of alcoholic drinks, 18 (58,1%) used to drink it; 10 (32,2%) were smokers and 9 (29,0%) were ex-smokers; 18 (58,1%) were sedentary. When referring to the stressing environment and sleeping patterns, 12 (38,7%) mention the work place and 19 (61,3%) sleep less than 8 hours a day. Concerning to the health system, 16 (51,6%) knew their diagnosis; 12 (38,7%) presented doubts about their diseases; 21 (67,7%) used the health services offered by their health insurance and 17 (54,8%) were under arterial hypertension and mellitus diabetes treatment. The data showed the patients who suffered by myocardial infarction are exposed to “selfcreated" habits, which may be modified and it is important to mention the necessity of raising educative programs including the patient’s permanence at the hospital.

A introdução da dengue no município de São Paulo ocorreu de forma tardia em relação às demais grandes cidades do Brasil. Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever a ocorrência de dengue no município, desde a sua introdução, em 2002, até 2014, ano da primeira epidemia de maiores dimensões no território paulistano, bem como verificar possíveis associações entre a ocorrência de dengue e variáveis socioambientais. Foi realizado um estudo epidemiológico descritivo dos casos prováveis de dengue, autóctones, residentes no município, no período de 2007 a 2014. O estudo incluiu componente ecológico, de modo que se buscou verificar as possíveis associações entre a incidência de dengue nos distritos administrativos em que se divide o município e variáveis socioambientais. A incidência variou entre 2,04 em 2008, a 256,67 em 2014, no período analisado, por 100.000 habitantes. Não houve diferença na distribuição entre os gêneros. A doença foi mais frequente entre os adultos jovens. Observou-se uma distribuição espacial heterogênea entre as regiões e os distritos, com a maior incidência observada nos distritos da região Oeste da cidade, e a menor, nos distritos centrais. A proporção de casos graves foi baixa, assim como a letalidade. No período inicial, a incidência foi maior nos distritos cortados por rodovias e pelas vias marginais. Em 2014, com o aumento da incidência, essa associação desapareceu. A ocorrência de dengue no município de São Paulo apresenta características semelhantes às das primeiras décadas da ocorrência da doença no restante do país. / The emergence of dengue in the municipality of São Paulo occurred late, in relation to the other large cities of Brazil. This study aimed to describe the occurrence of dengue in the municipality, since its emergence, in 2002, until 2014, year of the first large epidemic in the municipality, and verify possible associations between dengue occurrence and social and environmental variables. A descriptive epidemiologic study was carried out, using the reported autochthonous dengue probable cases among residents in the municipality, from 2007 to 2014. It was not possible to analyze the period from 2002 to 2007, because the official data system for mandatory disease reporting (SINAN) had not been used in that period. The study also included an ecologic component. It was attempted to verify possible associations between dengue incidence in the administrative districts in which the municipality is divided with social and environmental variables. The incidence varied between 2.04 per 100,000, in 2008, and 256.67 in 2014, during the studied period. No difference in the distribution according to gender was observed. The disease was more frequent among young adults. Its spatial distribution was heterogeneous among the regions and districts, with higher incidence observed in the districts of the Western region, and lower in the Central districts. The proportion of severe cases was low, as was the case-fatality rate. In the initial phase the incidence was higher in the districts crossed by highways and by the \"marginal\" avenues. In 2014, with increasing incidence rates, this association disappeared. The occurrence of dengue in the municipality of São Paulo presents similar characteristics to those observed during the first decades of the disease occurrence elsewhere in Brazil.

Thesis advisor: Mary E. Walsh / Childhood obesity is a pervasive health issue in the United States. Research has demonstrated that various correlates are associated with the onset and maintenance of overweight status, including physical health conditions, psychological well-being, interpersonal relationships, family functioning, and educational attainment. Policymakers and educators have agreed that elementary and secondary schools are crucial settings for the promotion of healthy development and ameliorating obesity. Therefore, comprehensive school-based interventions that collaborate with community agencies are being implemented to improve the achievement and well-being of at-risk students. The present study focused on City Connects, an optimized student support intervention grounded in relational developmental systems theory that functions in predominantly high-poverty urban locations. City Connects recognizes students as possessing unique constellations of protective and risk factors (i.e., strengths and needs), and an integral aspect of the intervention is that it connects students to tailored services to enhance strengths and address needs. The endeavor of the present study was to examine K-5 students that City Connects identified as manifesting with overweight issues via a holistic, collaborative assessment process, and how these students differed from peers not designated as overweight. Findings indicated statistically significant differences across the groups, in terms of demographic characteristics, overall level of perceived risk, strengths and needs recognized, school-related academic and thriving outcomes, and the influence of specific psychosocial and familial strengths and needs on those school outcomes. Specifically, students presenting with overweight concerns were more likely to be from lower socioeconomic backgrounds; have a high association with special education service needs; represent a more intensive overall risk level; manifest a diverse array of strengths and needs across academic, social-emotional/behavioral, family, and health/medical domains; and mostly exhibit poorer school performance. The effects of certain strengths and needs moderated school performance differences in several instances. Implications for theory, policy, and practice are discussed, with recommendations for future research. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2016. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Counseling, Developmental and Educational Psychology.

Este trabalho teve por finalidade identificar aspectos da regulação pela família da conduta delituosa na adolescência, comparando um grupo judiciarizado com um não judiciarizado no contexto sociocultural brasileiro. Utilizou-se, como referência, além dos apontamentos da produção científica atual, o Modelo da Regulação Familiar, atrelado à Teoria da Regulação Social e Pessoal da Conduta Delituosa, que explica esta conduta de forma sistêmica e dinâmica, preconizando a interação de diferentes variáveis em diferentes sistemas de regulação. Na Regulação Familiar, especificamente, seis domínios principais de fatores familiares são destacados: status socioeconômico e estrutura familiar, atinentes a condições estruturais da família, conjugalidade (relações conjugais) e modelos parentais (se antissociais), atinentes a variáveis de contexto; vínculos familiares (formados pelo apego e investimento de tempo na vida familiar) e os constrangimentos (relativos às regras, supervisão e disciplina) constituindo os mecanismos principais de regulação na e pela família. Assim, empregou-se o Questionário da Regulação Familiar, que compõe o instrumento MASPAQ (Measuring Adolescent Social and Personal Adaptation Quebec), baseado na referida teoria. Este questionário permite uma avaliação compreensiva do funcionamento desse sistema, focalizando a experiência familiar do adolescente. É composto de 131 questões, que cobrem os diversos componentes do modelo de regulação familiar da conduta. Outro questionário foi aplicado para estabelecer o perfil sociodemográfico da amostra. Participaram do estudo, 68 adolescentes do sexo masculino (36 infratores e 32 não infratores) com idades entre 13 e 18 anos. Os dados foram analisados por métodos estatísticos, descritivos e inferenciais. Os principais resultados indicaram diferenças significativas entre os grupos em três dimensões (status socioeconômico, vínculo familiar e constrangimentos). Os resultados, em conjunto, permitem afirmar que o grupo de adolescentes judiciarizados se diferencia do não judiciarizados: por viverem em famílias marcadas por desvantagens sociais e econômicas; por experienciarem relações familiares mais frágeis nos aspectos atinentes à vinculação familiar, uma vez que, mantêm, em geral, um relacionamento com os responsáveis caracterizado por maior distanciamento afetivo, havendo pouca identificação do adolescente com os seus responsáveis; e, nessa esteira, eles se sentiriam menos constrangidos em seus comportamentos antissociais, na família, especialmente devido a falhas na supervisão e à falta de reação dos pais/responsáveis aos seus comportamentos. Ademais, vale frisar, no grupo dos judiciarizados, há mais modelos divergentes. Todavia, não se encontrou diferenças entre os grupos em algumas outras variáveis preconizadas no modelo, atinentes à estrutura familiar (como divórcios/separações, trabalho da mãe, número de irmãos) e ao contexto familiar, especialmente no plano da qualidade da relação entre cônjuges. Estudos complementares com amostras maiores e mais diversificadas devem ser implementados, com vistas a confirmar e aprofundar esses achados. / This paper aims to identify juvenile criminal behavior family regulation aspects, comparing offenders and non-offenders group in Brazilian social and cultural context. It was used as a reference in addition to the notes of current scientific production, the Family Regulation Model, tied to the Social and Personal Control (Regulation) Theory of the Conduct in Adolescence explaining it in a systemic and dynamic way, prior the interaction of different variables in different regulation systems. Specifically in Family Regulation, six main areas of family factors are highlighted: socioeconomic status and family structure, structural conditions pertaining to family, marital relations and parental models (if antisocial) attached to context variables; family bonds (formed by attachment and investment time on family interaction) and constraints (regulations edicted by parents, the degree of supervision, and the nature of punishments use by parents) constituting the main mechanisms of regulation in and thru the family. Thus, we used the Family Adjustment Survey, which is part of the MASPAQ instrument (Measuring Adolescent Social and Personal Adaptation - Quebec), based on that theory. This questionnaire allows a comprehensive assessment of this system functioning, focusing on the juvenile family experience. It consists in 131 questions that cover the various components of the family regulation model. Another questionnaire was used to establish the sample demographic profile. The study included 68 male adolescents (36 offenders and 32 non-offenders) aged between 13 and 18 years. Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Results indicated significant differences between groups in three dimensions (socioeconomic status, family bonds and constraints). The results, taken together, allow us to say that the group of offender teenagers differs from non-offenders because: they live in families marked by social and economic disadvantage; they experienced more fragile family relations when it comes to family bond, they maintain, in general, a relationship with those responsible characterized by greater emotional distance, there is little identification of adolescents with respect to their charge, and, in this path, would feel less constrained in their antisocial and family behavior, especially due to failures in supervision and lack of reaction of parents / guardians. Moreover, it is worth stressing that in the group of offenders, there would be more deviance models. However, there are no differences between groups in some other variables in the model proposed, relating to family structure (such as divorces / separations, working mother, number of siblings) and familiar context, especially in terms of relationship quality between spouses. Additional studies with larger samples and more diverse should be implemented, in order to confirm and extend these findings.

A pesquisa, desenvolvida entre universitários da cidade de Lubango - Angola, teve o objetivo de identificar a prevalência da hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) e os fatores de risco associados naquela população. Adotou-se como referencial teórico o Modelo de “Campo de Saúde" de Lalonde, composto pelos elementos de biologia humana, meio ambiente, estilo de vida e organização dos serviços de saúde. A população estudada foi composta de 667 universitários, entre 18 e 55 anos de idade, média 29 anos e desvio padrão de 8. Obtiveram-se os dados por meio de entrevista individual, realizada na própria escola onde estudavam. Ao término de cada entrevista, procedeu-se à aferição do peso, altura, valores da pressão arterial (PA), circunferência abdominal e do quadril. Para avaliação do peso, utilizou-se balança portátil; para mensuração da estatura utilizou-se fita métrica inelástica, afixada em parede plana a 50 centímetros do chão. Aferiu-se a PA usando o método auscultatório, com esfigmomanometros do tipo aneróides testados e devidamente calibrados e manguitos de bolsa de borracha compatíveis com a circunferência braquial do indivíduo. Os dados relativos à biologia humana indicaram que 17,1% dos indivíduos apresentavam sobrepeso; 3,2%, obesidade. Identificou-se uma prevalência de HAS de 23,5%. Ao se analisarem os antecedentes familiares, 40,3% relataram que tinham pelo menos um dos pais hipertenso e 22,0% possuíam, no mínimo, um parente do 1º grau com a doença. Quanto ao meio ambiente; 36,1% tinham dedicação exclusiva aos estudos; 55,5% trabalhavam no setor público; 28,9% não possuíam renda individual; 51,3% tinham renda individual de até 250 dólares. Quanto à renda familiar, 27,0% não souberam informar; 33,1% indicaram renda de até 250 dólares; 51,9% indicaram que somente uma pessoa da família contribuía com a renda familiar. Em relação ao estilo de vida, 86,2% realizavam atividade física, 61,2% a praticavam três ou mais vezes por semana; 60,6% indicaram preferência à ingestão de alimentos salgados; 4,0% eram fumantes; 47,6% dos fumantes começaram com o hábito próximo aos 19 anos; 8,4% dos não-fumantes compartilhavam locais fechados com fumantes no dia-dia; 40,6% faziam uso de bebida alcoólica; 59,8% consideravam-se estressados; 15,3% das mulheres usavam contraceptivo hormonal. Quanto ao atendimento à saúde, 82,8% já haviam aferido a PA em alguma ocasião e 65,4% deles não se lembravam do valor encontrado; 12,7% não tinham conhecimento prévio da causa da HAS; 92,1% utilizavam algum tipo de serviço de saúde; 73,6% buscavam serviços de saúde somente em casos de necessidade, para tratamento médico. Conclui-se que estes dados revelam uma elevada prevalência de HAS, considerando que a maioria dos participantes eram jovens; falta de maiores informações sobre a HAS e presença de hábitos autocriados que se constituem em fatores de risco para as doenças hipertensiva e cardiovasculares em geral, que podem ser modificados mediante implementação de programas educativos com ações voltadas à promoção da saúde, visando ao controle dessas doenças. / This research, developed among college students Lugango city - Angola, aimed at identifying the prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and associated risk factors in this population. The theoretical reference adopted was the Lalonde model for “Population health", with elements from human biology, environment, life style and management of health services. The population studied was composed of 667 college students from 18 to 55 years old, mean 29 and standard deviation of 8. The data was obtained by means of individual interviews, performed in the college where they studied. At the end of each interview, the body weight, height, waist perimeter, arterial pressure (AP) values, abdominal and hip circumference were assessed. The body weight assessment was evaluated utilizing a portable balance; the height assessment with a non-elastic tape measure, fixed in a flat wall 50 centimeters from the floor. The arterial pressure was assessed by the auscultatory method, with aneroid sphygmomanometers tested and properly calibrated and rubber bladder compatible to the arm circumference of each individual. Data related to human biology indicated that 17.1% of the interviewed were over weight; 3.2% were obese. The prevalence of SAH was of 23.5%. When the familiar antecedents were analyzed, 40.3% declared that at least one of their parents presented hypertension and 22.0% had, at least, one first grade parent with the disease. With respect to environment; 36.1% had exclusive dedication to studies; 55.5% worked on the public service, 28.9% did not received individual income; 51.3% received an individual income of up to 250 dollars. With regard to familiar income, 27.0% did not know to inform; 33.1% indicated an income of up to 250 dollars; 51.9% related that only one person of the family contributed to the familiar income. With regard to life style, 86.2% used to practice some physical activity, 61.2% practice it three or more times a week; 60.6% indicated salty food preference; 4.0% were smokers; 47.6% of the smokers started with the addiction when they were around 19 years old; 8.4% of nonsmokers used to share closed places with smokers day by day; 40.6% use to drink alcoholic drinks; 59.8% considered themselves as stressed; 15.3% of the women utilized hormonal contraceptives. With regard to the management of health services, 82.8% had already assessed their AP in some occasion and 65.4% of them did not remember the obtained value; 12.7% did not have previous knowledge of the possible causes for SAH; 92.1% utilized some type of health service; 73.6% used to look for health services just in extremely need, in order to obtain medical care. The data show a high prevalence of SAH, considering that most of the subjects were young; a lack of information about arterial hypertension and the presence of auto-created habits that are considered as risk factors to hypertensive and cardiovascular diseases that can be modified by means of implementation of educative programs with actions directed to health promotion, in order to control these diseases.

O crescente aumento no número de idosos na população mundial aumenta a preocupação, pelos profissionais da saúde, com relação à prevenção e manejo de doenças associadas ao envelhecimento. A demência, uma das doenças mais comuns e mais devastadoras em idosos, incide em 4,6 milhões de casos em todo o mundo e manifesta-se em idosos acima de 65 anos e principalmente acima de 85 anos de idade. Os dois tipos mais comuns de demência é a doença de Alzheimer (DA), seguida da demência vascular (DV), as quais partilham muitas características comuns patológicas, sintomáticas e neuroquímicas. Entre os principais fatores de risco para demência estão a idade, baixa escolaridade, hipertensão (HAS), cardiopatias, dislipidemias (DLP), sobrepeso/obesidade, genética, tabagismo, etilismo, acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) e o diabetes. Diante da sobreposição de causas e fatores de risco para as demências mais comuns, a identificação das alterações cognitivas associada à identificação de doenças cardiovasculares, seria extremamente importante. A associação dos principais fatores de risco cardiovasculares (FRCV) com a idade e o tipo das demências foi avaliada neste estudo, em 2 grupos de idosos diabéticos com DA (n=47) e demência mista ou vascular (n=49). Os resultados foram obtidos pelo teste t-student, qui-quadrado e apresentados os valores de Odds Ratio Bruto e Ajustado. O controle glicêmico não apresentou diferença entre os indivíduos das duas demências nem relação com a idade do caso novo. A presença de hipertensão e dislipidemia foram os principais FRCV encontrados. Estes e outros fatores como obesidade, tabagismo e fibrilação atrial não demonstraram associação com a idade e o tipo da demência. O AVC e o gênero masculino tiveram associação com a demência vascular. A presença marcante de FRCV além do diabetes nos dois tipos principais de demência, reforça a hipótese de sobreposição de causas e das formas de manifestação das demências e a dificuldade em identificá-las. / The increase in the number of elderly in the world population increases concern by health professionals, regarding prevention and management of diseases associated with aging. Dementia , one of the most common and devastating diseases in the elderly, falls at 4.6 million cases worldwide and is manifested in the elderly over 65 and mostly above 85 years of age. The two most common types of dementia is Alzheimer\'s disease (AD), followed by vascular dementia ( VD), which share many common pathological features, symptomatic and neurochemical. Among the main risk factors for dementia are age, low education, hypertension( HBP) , heart disease , dyslipidemia( DLP ) , overweight / obesity, genetics, smoking, alcoholism, cerebral vascular accidents (CVA) and diabetes. Given the overlapping causes and risk factors for the most common dementia, identification of cognitive changes associated with identification of cardiovascular diseases would be extremely important. The association of major cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) with age and type of dementia was assessed in this study in two groups of elderly diabetic patients with AD ( n = 47 ) and mixed or vascular ( n = 49 ) dementia. The results were obtained by Student\'s t test , chi-square values and presented Adjusted Odds Ratio . Glycemic control did not differ between individuals of the two dementias or relationship with the age of the diagnosis. The presence of hypertension and dyslipidemia were the main CVRF found. These and other factors such as obesity, smoking and atrial fibrillation showed no association with age and type of dementia . The CVA and male gender were associated with vascular dementia. The striking presence of CVRF besides diabetes in the two main types of dementia reinforces the hypothesis of overlapping causes and manifestations of dementia and the difficulty in identifying them.