Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:32:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 619084 bytes, checksum: 33699c369d9fd3f595c40375c27f4c43 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-16 / One of the current objectives of molecular biology is to measure and assess the gene expression profiles in different types of biological tissues, to understand the mechanisms of molecular transformation under certain conditions. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies promote DNA sequencing in platforms capable of generating information about millions of base pairs in a single step. However these technologies still have high cost, making it difficult to obtain large number of repetitions of sample data. Therefore, it becomes necessary the discovery and the improvement of efficient statistical methodologies for optimizing analysis of data generated in genome sequencing platforms. The overall objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the number of repetitions in the identification of differentially expressed genes, in RNA-Seq experiments, contributing to the clarification of the statistic that researchers will assist in data analysis in RNA-Seq experiments. Specifically, we evaluate empirically the effect of the number of repetitions in the statistical analysis of gene expression in RNA-Seq experiments. To carry out the analyses we used a dataset defined in Li et al. (2008), which compared treated and non-treated cancer cells. That work had four biological replications for the control group (non-treated) and three replications for biological treatment group (cells that have received the treatment). The data was analyzed using the package DESeq from the statistical environment R. A total of 2566 genes were considered differentially expressed (DE) when we evaluate the original and complete dataset. When we analyzed three replications of the control and treatment, we found, on average, 2153 genes DE. From the moment in which only two reps for both treatments were used, were identified, on average, 1241 genes DE. The major change in the number of genes DE was observed when replications were not used. In this case we identified around 44 differentially expressed genes. According to the results generated in the analysis, it was possible to verify that the number of repetitions is an essential factor in order to obtain a significant number of differentially expressed genes. / Um dos objetivos atuais da biologia molecular é medir e avaliar os perfis de expressão gênica em diferentes tipos de tecidos biológicos, para entender os mecanismos de transformação molecular sob determinadas condições. Tecnologias de sequenciamento de Nova Geração (NGS) promovem o sequenciamento de DNA em plataformas capazes de gerar informações sobre milhões de pares de bases em uma única etapa. Porém essas tecnologias ainda apresentam custo elevado, dificultando a obtenção de elevado número de repetições de dados amostrais. Assim, torna-se necessária a descoberta e o aprimoramento de metodologias estatísticas eficientes para a otimização das análises de dados gerados em plataformas de sequenciamento de genomas. O objetivo geral desse trabalho consistiu em avaliar o efeito do número de repetições na identificação de genes diferencialmente expressos, em experimentos de RNA-Seq, contribuindo para o esclarecimento de pesquisadores que venham a auxiliar nas análises de dados em experimentos de RNA-Seq. De forma específica, avaliamos empiricamente o efeito do número de repetições na análise estatística da expressão gênica em experimentos de RNA-Seq. Para a realização das análises foi utilizado um conjunto de dados definido em Li et al. (2008), o qual comparou células cancerígenas tratadas e não tratadas. Naquele estudo havia quatro repetições biológicas para o grupo controle (células não tratadas) e três repetições biológicas para grupo de tratamento (células que receberam o tratamento). Os dados foram analisados utilizando o pacote DESeq do Programa computacional R. Um total de 2566 genes foram considerados diferencialmente expressos (DE) quando avaliamos o conjunto de dados original completo. Quando analisamos três repetições do controle e do tratamento, nós encontramos, em média, 2153 genes DE. A partir do momento em que apenas duas repetições para ambos os tratamentos foram utilizadas, foram identificadas, em média, 1241 genes DE. A grande alteração no número de genes DE foi observada quando repetições não foram utilizadas. Nesse caso identificamos em torno de 44 genes diferencialmente expressos. De acordo com os resultados gerados nas análises, foi possível verificar que o número de repetições é um fator essencial para se obter um número significativo de genes diferencialmente expressos.

Chez tout organisme, l’évolution et l’acclimatation aux changements du milieu de vie sont orchestrés par de nombreux acteurs moléculaires. Parmi eux, les facteurs de transcription (FTs) jouent un rôle clé en régulant l’expression des gènes. Identifier les FTs impliqués dans la production de composés d’intérêt est donc une étape importante dans un contexte biotechnologique. Le laboratoire dispose d’une souche mutante de la microalgue haptophyte Tisochrysis lutea produisant deux fois plus de lipides de réserve que la souche sauvage en condition de privation azotée. Compte tenu du rôle clé des FTs dans l’établissement du phénotype, cette thèse vise à identifier les FTs impliqués dans la mise en place de ce phénotype mutant.Un pipeline bio-informatique d’identification et classification des FTs présents dans le génome de T. lutea a été élaboré. Le manque de donnée chez les haptophytes constituant un vide dans l’étude de l’histoire évolutive des microalgues, une étude comparative des FTs présents dans le génome d’algues de différentes lignées a été réalisée. Celle-ci révèle que l’étude des FTs aide à comprendre et illustrer l’histoire évolutive des microalgues par la mise en évidence de présences/absences de familles de FTs spécifiques de lignée.Afin de comprendre l’établissement du phénotype de la souche mutante de T. lutea, des données transcriptomiques ont permis la construction de réseaux de co-expression et de régulation des gènes chez les deux souches. Leur analyse croisée a identifié sept FTs candidats potentiellement liés au phénotype mutant. Une approche de p-RT-PCR a confirmé l’implication de deux FTs dans la remobilisation de l’'azote en condition de stress azoté. / In every organism, evolution and acclimation to environmental changes are orchestrated by numerous molecular players. Among them, transcription factors (TFs) play a crucial role by regulating gene expression. Therefore, identify TFs involved in the production of high value products is a significant step in a biotechnological context. The laboratory has at its disposal a mutant strain of the haptophyte microalga Tisochrysis lutea producing twice more storage lipids than the wild type strain when exposed to nitrogen deprivation. Given the key role of TFs in phenotype establishment, this PhD aim at identify the TFs involved in that of the mutant phenotype of T. lutea.A TFs identification and classification pipeline was elaborated and applied to T. lutea’s genome. Since the lack of data in haptophytes constitutes a limit in studies on microalgae evolutionary history, a comparative study of TFs identified in the genome of microalgae belonging to different lineages was carried out. This study reveals that TFs could be used to understand and illustrate microalgae evolutionary history through the highlight of lineage specific presence/absence of TF families.Aiming at understanding T. lutea’s mutant strain phenotype establishment, transcriptomic data were used to build gene co-expression networks and gene regulatory networks for both strains. Their comparative analysis identified seven TFs potentially liked to the mutant phenotype. A q-RT-PCR approach confirmed the involvement of two TFs in nitrogen recycling under nitrogen deprivation.

Orientador: Ney Lemke / Resumo: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) são pequenas moléculas de RNA que regulam pós-transcricionalmente a expressão de genes, modelando o transcriptoma e a produção de proteínas. Em geral, os miRNAs são conservados no genoma de eucariotos, sendo considerados elementos vitais em diversos processos biológicos durante o desenvolvimento, tais como crescimento, diferenciação e morte celular. A grande diversidade de miRNAs identificados está restrita a poucas espécies e apenas uma parte do total de alvos de miRNAs preditos foi caracterizada funcionalmente. Nesse contexto, o uso da tecnologia de sequenciamento de alto rendimento (high throughput sequencing) atrelada à análise de nível transcricional por RT-qPCR possibilitam a identificação do microRNoma. A tilápia do Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus, é considerada um excelente modelo biológico para o estudo de miRNAs em vertebrados devido à sua importância econômica e evolutiva. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos: organizar os dados do sequenciamento dos miRNAs da tilapia do Nilo; disponibilizá-los em forma de uma base de dados para a comunidade científica; integrar as informações dos miRNAs identificados com outros bancos de dados de miRNAs; analisar os dados através de análises de bioinformática para determinação de agrupamentos definidos pelo nível de expressão de cada miRNA em seis tipos de tecido (músculo branco, músculo vermelho, testículo, ovário, fígado, olho, cérebro e coração) com distinção entre os gêneros e nas fases do desenvolvimento (2,... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

abstract: Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are an intriguing approach for neurological disease modeling, because neural lineage-specific cell types that retain the donors' complex genetics can be established in vitro. The statistical power of these iPSC-based models, however, is dependent on accurate diagnoses of the somatic cell donors; unfortunately, many neurodegenerative diseases are commonly misdiagnosed in live human subjects. Postmortem histopathological examination of a donor's brain, combined with premortem clinical criteria, is often the most robust approach to correctly classify an individual as a disease-specific case or unaffected control. We describe the establishment of primary dermal fibroblasts cells lines from 28 autopsy donors. These fibroblasts were used to examine the proliferative effects of establishment protocol, tissue amount, biopsy site, and donor age. As proof-of-principle, iPSCs were generated from fibroblasts from a 75-year-old male, whole body donor, defined as an unaffected neurological control by both clinical and histopathological criteria. To our knowledge, this is the first study describing autopsy donor-derived somatic cells being used for iPSC generation and subsequent neural differentiation. This unique approach also enables us to compare iPSC-derived cell cultures to endogenous tissues from the same donor. We utilized RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) to evaluate the transcriptional progression of in vitro-differentiated neural cells (over a timecourse of 0, 35, 70, 105 and 140 days), and compared this with donor-identical temporal lobe tissue. We observed in vitro progression towards the reference brain tissue, supported by (i) a significant increasing monotonic correlation between the days of our timecourse and the number of actively transcribed protein-coding genes and long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) (P < 0.05), consistent with the transcriptional complexity of the brain, (ii) an increase in CpG methylation after neural differentiation that resembled the epigenomic signature of the endogenous tissue, and (iii) a significant decreasing monotonic correlation between the days of our timecourse and the percent of in vitro to brain-tissue differences (P < 0.05) for tissue-specific protein-coding genes and all putative lincRNAs. These studies support the utility of autopsy donors' somatic cells for iPSC-based neurological disease models, and provide evidence that in vitro neural differentiation can result in physiologically progression. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Molecular and Cellular Biology 2013

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No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) analise_transcriptoma_arroz_estresse_frio.pdf: 1983607 bytes, checksum: 89744effdc48619cef6643fb7d1e353c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-06 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / O estresse por frio pode trazer prejuízos econômicos significativos em diversas fases do ciclo da cultura do arroz. Em arroz (Oryza sativa L.), há grande variabilidade genética para tolerância ao frio sendo a subespécie japonica considerada tolerante e a subespécie indica considerada sensível. Foi realizado sequenciamento de RNA (RNA-Seq) visando identificar genes diferencialmente expressos entre os genótipos BRS Atalanta (indica) (A), Nipponbare (japonica) (N) e bulks formados por RILs (Linhas endogâmicas recombinantes) provenientes do cruzamento entre elas. Bulks (B) com as 15 RILs mais próximas a cada genitor (BA e BN) foram formados com base em dados de genotipagem. As plântulas, tanto da condição tratamento quanto da condição controle, permaneceram por 7d a 28°C. Para análise do transcritoma, as plântulas da condição tratamento (T) foram expostas ao frio numa temperatura de 13°C por 24h e as plantas da condição controle (C) permaneceram mais 24h a 28°C. Após este período foi realizada a coleta das plântulas, extração de RNA total, síntese de cDNA e preparo das bibliotecas para sequenciamento (RNA-Seq). Este foi realizado em sequenciador HiSeq 2000, sendo as reads de 100b single-end. Diversas combinações foram analisadas para obter o número de genes diferencialmente expressos envolvendo as condições BRS Atalanta (controle e tratamento), Nipponbare (controle e tratamento), bulk de RILs mais próximos a cultivar BRS Atalanta (controle e tratamento) e bulk de RILs mais próximos ao genótipo Nipponbare (controle e tratamento). Um número significativo de genes mostra-se diferencialmente expressos em cada condição, sendo de modo geral mais genes estão subexpressos do que superexpressos, exceto para as condições AC x BAC, AT x BAT e NT x BNT. Um dendrograma usando as distâncias de Jensen-Shannon mostra a formação de dois ramos sendo que num deles está a cultivar BRS Atalanta e os bulks formados por sua semelhança genotípica com esta cultivar. No outro ramo estão o genótipo Nipponbare e os bulks formados pela semelhança com o genitor. Genes pertencentes a diversas famílias de fatores de transcrição estão diferencialmente expressos nas diferentes combinações, sendo que para grande parte destas famílias já foi demonstrada sua participação na resposta ao estresse por frio. As conclusões deste trabalho indicam que o número de genes diferencialmente expressos (log2-fold-change ≥ |1.5|) varia grandemente entre as combinações, apresentando como limite superior 1481 genes subexpressos na combinação BNC x BAC e 1017 genes superexpressos em NT x AT, e seis genes subexpressos na combinação NT x BNT e cinco genes superexpressos na combinação NC x BNC. As combinações analisadas mostram a expressão diferencial de um grande número de famílias de fatores de transcrição, muitas delas já descritas como responsivas ao estresse por frio, que apresentam um padrão difuso de expressão entre as subespécies indica e japonica. / Chilling stress can cause significant economic losses in different phases of the cycle of rice. There are a wide of genetic variability for cold tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.), japonica subspecies is considered tolerant and subspecies indica is considered sensitive. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was performed to identify differentially expressed genes among the cultivar BRS Atalanta (indica) (A), Nipponbare (japonica) (N) and bulks composed by RILs from crosses between them. Bulks (B) with the 15 closest RILs to each parent (BA and BN) RILs were composed based on SNPs-genotyping data. To analyze the transcriptome, plants of the treatment condition (T), 7d after imbibition were exposed to a chilling temperature of 13°C per 24h and plants of the control condition (C) remained 24h more at 28°C. After this time was performed the collection of seedlings, total RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis and preparation of libraries for sequencing (RNA-Seq) in a HiSeq 2000 sequencer, with 100bp single-end reads. Several combinations were analyzed to obtain the number of differentially expressed genes involving BRS Atalanta conditions (control and treatment), Nipponbare (control and treatment), bulk of RILs closest to BRS Atalanta – BA (control and treatment) and bulks of RILs closest to the cultivar Nipponbare - BN (control and treatment). A significant number of differentially expressed genes are shown in each condition, being generally founded more downregulated than up-regulated genes, except for the combinations AC x AT x NT x BAT and BAC x BNT. A dendrogram using the Jensen-Shannon distance shows the formation of two branches of which one is composed by BRS Atlanta cultivar and the bulks composed by the genotypic similarity with this cultivar. In the other branch is the cultivar Nipponbare and the bulks composed by similarity with the parent. Several differentially expressed genes from transcription factors families are present in different combinations, and for many of these families has been demonstrated its involvement in the response to chilling stress. The conclusions of this study indicate that the number of differentially expressed genes (log2 fold-change ≥ |1.5|) greatly changed between combinations, with an upper limit of 1481 down-regulated genes in the combination BAC x BNC and 1017 up-regulated genes in the combination NT x AT, six genes are up-regulate in the combination NT x BNT and five genes are upregulated in NC x BNC combination. The combinations analyzed showed differential expression of a large number of families of transcription factors, many of which have been described as responsive to cold stress, showing a diffuse pattern of expression between indica and japonica groups.

Les ARN sont des molécules aux propriétés diverses interagissant les uns avec les autres dans le but de médier des fonctions spécifiques. L’évaluation de l’abondance relative des ARN est une étape cruciale à la compréhension de la stoechiométrie nécessaire à ces fonctions. Cependant, plusieurs biais et limitations s’imposent avec l’utilisation de différentes techniques d’évaluation, dont le séquençage d’ARN (RNA-Seq), qui sont problématiques dans l’estimation de l’abondance de différents types d’ARN. De récentes études ont exposé les avantages d’un protocole novateur de RNA-Seq qui utilise une rétrotranscriptase thermostable d’intron de groupe II (TGIRT) d’origine bactérienne afin de réduire ces biais. Ce mémoire fait la comparaison entre différentes techniques de RNA-Seq afin d’élucider si l’utilisation de TGIRT en RNA-Seq offre une représentation plus juste du transcriptome. Les comparaisons avec les valeurs d’abondance de différents types d’ARN décrites dans la littérature ainsi qu’obtenues expérimentalement par notre groupe pointent au fait que TGIRT donne une meilleure estimation de l’abondance relative des ARN, et plus particulièrement des ARN hautement structurés. Cette meilleure estimation de l’ensemble de la composition du transcriptome permet de faire des observations sur les rapports d’abondance entre des ARN codants et non-codants fonctionnellement apparentés. Notamment, des ratios d’expression constants entre les ARN non-codants associés à des RNP et les ARNm codants pour leur facteurs protéiques ont été observés. Ceci suggère la présence d’une régulation transcriptionnelle commune nécessaire à la stoechiométrie de ces complexes. Une forte disparité dans l’expression des snoRNA et de leurs gènes hôtes, dépendant du type de snoRNA et de gène hôte a par ailleurs été constatée, corroborant une régulation distincte de la stabilité de ces transcrits. Dans l’ensemble, nos données suggèrent que la méthode TGIRT-Seq est la plus appropriée dans l’évaluation du transcriptome entier et ouvre donc la voie à des analyses plus holistiques par RNA-Seq en donnant une estimation plus juste de l’abondance relative des transcrits d’ARN. / Abstract : RNA are molecules with a wide range of properties that can interact with one another to mediate specific function. The evaluation of RNA abundance is a crucial step in understanding the stoichiometry needed for these functions. However, many limitations and biases come with the use of different techniques, including RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), which affects the estimation of the abundance of different RNA types. Recent studies have exposed the advantages of a new RNA-Seq protocol using a thermostable group II intron reverse transcriptase (TGIRT) of bacterial origin to reduce these biases. This thesis makes the comparison between different RNA-Seq techniques to elucidate if the use of TGIRT in RNA-Seq offers a more representative depiction of the transcriptome. The comparisons with the abundance values given in literature and obtained experimentally by our group agree with the fact that TGIRT gives a better estimation of the relative abundance of RNA, especially highly structured RNA. This better estimation of the transcriptomic landscape allows many observations on the abundance relations between coding and non-coding RNA that are functionally related. Namely, constant expression ratios between RNP associated noncoding RNA and the mRNA that codes for their associated proteins have been observed. This suggests the presence of a common transcriptional regulation which is necessary for the stoichiometry of these complexes. A strong disparity in the expression of snoRNA and their host genes depending on snoRNA and host gene types has also been observed and corroborate a distinct regulation of these transcripts’ stability. In summary, our data suggest that the TGIRT-Seq method is the most appropriate to evaluate the transcriptome and thus opens the way to more holistic RNA-Seq analyses by giving a better estimation of RNA transcripts relative abundance.

Background: Transcriptome analytic tools are commonly used across patient cohorts to develop drugs and predict clinical outcomes. However, as precision medicine pursues more accurate and individualized treatment decisions, these methods are not designed to address single-patient transcriptome analyses. We previously developed and validated the N-of-1-pathways framework using two methods, Wilcoxon and Mahalanobis Distance (MD), for personal transcriptome analysis derived from a pair of samples of a single patient. Although, both methods uncover concordantly dysregulated pathways, they are not designed to detect dysregulated pathways with up- and down-regulated genes (bidirectional dysregulation) that are ubiquitous in biological systems. Results: We developed N-of-1-pathways MixEnrich, a mixture model followed by a gene set enrichment test, to uncover bidirectional and concordantly dysregulated pathways one patient at a time. We assess its accuracy in a comprehensive simulation study and in a RNA-Seq data analysis of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). In presence of bidirectionally dysregulated genes in the pathway or in presence of high background noise, MixEnrich substantially outperforms previous single-subject transcriptome analysis methods, both in the simulation study and the HNSCCs data analysis (ROC Curves; higher true positive rates; lower false positive rates). Bidirectional and concordant dysregulated pathways uncovered by MixEnrich in each patient largely overlapped with the quasi-gold standard compared to other single-subject and cohort-based transcriptome analyses. Conclusion: The greater performance of MixEnrich presents an advantage over previous methods to meet the promise of providing accurate personal transcriptome analysis to support precision medicine at point of care.

Observations of floral development indicate that floral organ initiation in pentapetalous flowers more commonly results in a medially positioned abaxial petal (MAB) than in a medially positioned adaxial petal (MAD), where the medial plane is defined by the stem and the bract during early floral development. It was proposed that the dominant MAB petal initiation might impose a developmental constraint that leads to the evolution of limited patterns of floral zygomorphy in Asteridae, a family in which the floral zygomorphy develops along the medial plane and results in a central ventral (CV) petal in mature flowers. Here, I investigate whether the pattern of floral organ initiation may limit patterns of floral zygomorphy to evolve in pentapetalous angiosperms. I analyzed floral diagrams representing 405 species in 330 genera of pentapetalous angiosperms to reconstruct the evolution of floral organ initiation and the evolution of developmental processes that give rise to floral zygomorphy on a phylogenetic framework. Results indicate that MAB petal initiation is the most common; it occupies 86.2% of diversity and represents the ancestral state of floral organ initiation in pentapetalous angiosperms. The MAD petal initiation evolved 28 times independently from the ancestral MAB petal initiation. Among the 34 independent originations of floral zygomorphy, 76.5% of these clades represent MAB petal initiation, among which only 47% of the clades result a CV petal in mature flowers. The discrepancy is explained by the existence of developmental processes that result in floral zygomorphy along oblique planes of floral symmetry in addition to along the medial plane. Findings suggest that although the early floral organ initiation plays a constraining role to the evolution of patterns of floral zygomorphy, the constraint diverges along phylogenetically distantly related groups that allow the independent originations of floral zygomorphy through distinct development processes in pentapetalous angiosperms. In additional study, the butterfly-like flowers of Schizanthus are adapted to pollination by bees, hummingbirds, and moths. I investigated the genetic basis of the zygomorphic corolla, for which development is key to the explosive pollen release mechanism found in the species of Schizanthus adapted to bee pollinators. I examined differential gene expression profiles across the zygomorphic corolla of Schizanthus pinnatus, a bee-pollinated species, by analyzing RNA transcriptome sequencing (RNA- seq). Data indicated that CYC2 is not expressed in the zygomorphic corolla of Sc. pinnatus, suggesting CYC2 is not involved in the development of floral zygomorphy in Schizanthus (Solanaceae). The data also indicated that a number of genes are differentially expressed across the corolla.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The growth and development of apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) fruit occurs over a period of about 150 days after anthesis to full ripeness. During this period morphological and physiological changes occur defining fruit quality. These changes are a result of spatial and temporal patterns of gene expression during fruit development as regulated by environmental, genetic and environmental-by-genetic factors. A number of previous studies partially characterised the transcriptomes of apple leaf, fruit pulp, whole fruit, and peel plus pulp tissues, using cDNA micro arrays and other PCR based technologies. These studies, however, remain limited in throughput and specificity for transcripts of low abundance. Hence, the aim of this project was to apply a high throughput technique to characterise the full mRNA transcriptome of the ‘Golden Delicious’ fruit peels and pulp tissues in order to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the morphophysiological changes that occur during fruit development.

Infectious diseases are the top leading cause of death worldwide. Identifying essential genes, genes indispensable for survival, has been proven indispensable in defining new therapeutic targets against pathogens, major elements of the minimal set genome to be harnessed in synthetic biology, and determinants of evolutionary relationships of phylogenetically distant species. Thus, essentiality studies promise valuable revenues that can decipher much of biological complexities. Taking advantage of the available microbial sequences and the essentiality studies conducted in various microbial models, we proposed a framework for the prediction of essential genes based on our experimentally verified knowledge of the pathways involved in three essential xiv functions: genetic information processing, cell wall biosynthesis, and energy metabolism. We investigated physiological pathways in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database and developed a bioinformatics approach to predict essential genes in 13 different microbial species. Our in silico findings matched to a high degree the experimental data derived from essentiality studies conducted on the same microbial models, providing insights about the microbial lifestyles, including energy resources, cell wall structure, and ecological preferences, but not virulence tools and mechanisms. Furthermore, we believe that essential genes have survived the evolutionary purifying selection due to their evolved capacity to re-wire genetic and protein networks in response to any emerging stress. In this sense, an environmental specificity (stress) provides a dominant determinant of an essential gene set. The new challenge was understanding the contribution of the essential genome in S. sanguinis to the coping mechanisms to different clinically relevant stress factors, namely temperature elevation (43oC) and sub-inhibitory concentration of ampicillin, an abundantly prescribed antibiotic for prophylaxis and treatment against S. sanguinis. The current project investigated the transcriptomic and proteomic profiles of essential genes and proteins, using RNA-seq and mass spectrometry respectively, under the impact of the two stressors separately, to elucidate the essential genome and proteome dynamics on a temporal basis and define “pathogenesis signatures” as potential therapeutic targets. We believe that the current findings will help characterize a bacterial model for studying the dynamics of essential genes and assist in designing evidence-based guidelines for drug prescription in clinical practice.