The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of psychographic (shopping orientation, lifestyle, social class), demographic (gender, ethnicity, age), and geographic (area of residence) variables on time-related shopping behaviors when shopping for clothing for the self. The concept of time-related shopping behaviors has not been the focus of any study of the American market. Data (N = 550) were collected via a questionnaire with an online survey company. Through analysis of chi square statistics, ANOVA, Pearson product-moment correlation, and factor analysis, it was found that psychographics and demographics affected time-related and other shopping behaviors. Geographics was found to affect shopping behavior, but not specifically the time-related shopping behaviors studied.

Orientador: Li Li Min / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T12:09:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kanashiro_AnaLuciaAndradeNoronha_D.pdf: 935986 bytes, checksum: 55183e9915a14ff06c6eb8c9c0e16df0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A prevalência de epilepsia ao redor do mundo é estimada em 10/1.000 pessoas; no entanto, o acesso ao tratamento é muito variável. Muitas pessoas não são tratadas, principalmente nos países com desenvolvimento não equilibrado entre as diversas áreas. No Brasil, os estudos epidemiológicos realizados até o momento não haviam abordado o assunto da lacuna de tratamento farmacológico, sendo que este nunca houvera sido medido e suas causas não haviam ainda sido estudadas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo: 1) definir a prevalência da epilepsia em duas áreas urbanas do sudeste do Brasil; 2) definir a lacuna de tratamento farmacológico em pessoas com epilepsia ativa identificadas nessas regiões e 3) extrapolar os dados epidemiológicos encontrados para o Brasil. Foi realizada uma estimativa da lacuna de tratamento da epilepsia, de forma indireta, que nos motivou a investigar melhor a epidemiologia da condição. Posteriormente, nós realizamos um levantamento epidemiológico, utilizando um questionário de rastreamento (sensibilidade 95,8%, especificidade 97,8%) e um questionário validado para classificação sócio-econômica, para determinar a prevalência e a lacuna de tratamento da epilepsia e a influência do fator sócio-econômico sobre elas, em duas áreas urbanas do sudeste do Brasil. De acordo com as estimativas da primeira fase do estudo, a lacuna de tratamento farmacológico da epilepsia em Campinas foi de 56% e em São José do Rio Preto, 59%. Na segunda fase do estudo, em uma população de 96.300 pessoas, encontramos a prevalência acumulada da epilepsia de 9,2/1.000 pessoas [CI 95% 8,4-10,0] e a prevalência de epilepsia ativa, de 5,4/1.000 pessoas [CI 95% 4,8-6,0]. A lacuna de tratamento farmacológico encontrada foi 37,6%. Pudemos identificar influência das diferenças entre os extratos sociais na prevalência da epilepsia, pois nos extratos mais privilegiados (A e B) houve menor prevalência do que nos menos favorecidos (C e D+E): 1,6 e 3,1/1.000 pessoas e 6,3 e 7,5/1.000 pessoas, respectivamente, como prevalência da epilepsia ativa. Não houve interferência dos extratos sociais sobre a lacuna de tratamento. A prevalência de epilepsia em nossa área de estudo é semelhante à de outros países e a lacuna de tratamento farmacológico é alta. A epilepsia é mais prevalente entre os menos ricos. O compromisso do sistema de saúde brasileiro com a melhora da qualidade de manejo de saúde das pessoas com epilepsia e a educação continuada sobre a condição são urgentemente necessários / Abstract: The worldwide prevalence of epilepsy is estimated at 10/1,000; however, access to treatment is variable. Many people go untreated, particularly in resource-poor countries. In Brazil, the epidemiologic studies never have approached the pharmacological treatment gap of epilepsy. The objectives of this study are: 1) to determine the epilepsy prevalence in two urban areas in South-East of Brazil; 2) to determine the epilepsy pharmacological treatment gap in people with active epilepsy identified in those regions; and 3) extrapolate the epidemiological data to Brazil. The epilepsy treatment gap had been indirect estimated, and the results prompted us to further investigate this situation. Subsequently, we carried out an epidemiologic survey, using a validated screening questionnaire (sensitivity 95.8%, specificity 97.8%) and a validated instrument for socio-economic classification, to determine the epilepsy prevalence and treatment gap and the influence of socioeconomic factor in two urban areas in South-East of Brazil. According to estimative at the first step of the study, the epilepsy pharmacological treatment gap in Campinas was 56% and in São José do Rio Preto was 59%. At the second step of the study, a epidemiological survey in 96.300 people, we found the cumulative prevalence of 9.2/1,000 people [CI 95% 8.4-10.0] and the active epilepsy prevalence of 5.4/1,000 people [CI 95% 4.8-6.0]. The pharmacological treatment gap in the catchment area was 37.6%. We could identify the differences among social classes in epilepsy prevalence, as the wealthier ones (A and B) had smaller prevalence active prevalence than in poorer ones (C and D+E): 1.6 and 3.1/1,000 people for class A and B and 6.3 and 7.5/1,000 people for class C and D+E. There was not social class interference over treatment gap. Epilepsy prevalence in our studied area is similar to other countries, and the pharmacological treatment gap is high. Epilepsy is more prevalent among the less wealth people. Commitment of the Brazilian health system towards improvement of the quality of health management for people with epilepsy and the continue education about the condition are urgently needed. / Doutorado / Neurologia / Doutor em Ciências Médicas

Introdução: A Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (SIDA) é uma doença infecciosa causada por um retrovírus chamado Human Immunodeficiency Virus - HIV. Os principais alvos do HIV são as células que exibem a molécula CD4 e as células gliais do Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC) possuem estas moléculas. Uma das alterações possíveis de acontecer em virtude da infecção pelo HIV é a alteração de linguagem, pois o processamento desta ocorre no SNC. Dentre todas as dimensões da linguagem a semântica é a parte que compreende o significado das palavras tanto na compreensão quanto na produção. Esta dimensão pode influenciar o processo da leitura. Objetivo: Comparar o desempenho entre crianças portadoras de HIV por transmissão vertical e crianças com baixo risco para o HIV em atividades de vocabulário receptivo e na leitura de palavras e pseudopalavras e quanto aos Recursos do Ambiente Familiar (RAF) que podem estar envolvidos com o aprendizado, identificar: a relação entre a gravidade da doença com o vocabulário receptivo e com a leitura, considerando o nível de CD4 e da carga viral (CV), a classificação CDC (Centers for Disease Control), adesão ao tratamento e tempo de uso da medicação; a classificação econômica das crianças portadoras de HIV e sua relação com RAF e o desempenho em vocabulário receptivo e leitura. Método: A população estudada foi de 11 crianças com HIV e 20 crianças com baixo risco para HIV, com idades entre 8 anos e 10 anos. Para a avaliação foi utilizado o Teste de Vocabulário por Figuras USP (TVfusp-139o) e o Teste de Competência de Leitura de Palavras e Pseudopalavras (TCLPP). Foi realizada a classificação econômica das crianças e a avaliação do RAF através de dois questionários respondidos pelos responsáveis, considerando que estes fatores podem estar envolvidos com a aprendizagem escolar. Resultados: Houve diferença entre os grupos para as variáveis RAF e o vocabulário, sendo que o grupo com baixo risco para o HIV apresentou desempenho significativamente superior ao grupo com HIV. As perguntas relacionadas aos passeios que a criança realizou, presença de brinquedos, jornais, livros e revistas em casa foram as que diferiram. Não houve diferença para a variável leitura. Não teve correlação entre as variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais e o vocabulário. Embora não significativa, houve correlação positiva entre a classificação CDC e leitura. Conclusão: Crianças portadoras de HIV apresentam desempenho inferior em vocabulário e o RAF significativamente inferior; não foi encontrada diferença em leitura. Os recursos do ambiente familiar que possivelmente podem contribuir para o aprendizado escolar é a presença de objetos, brinquedos, livros e revistas em casa e passeios; todas as variáveis laboratoriais e clínicas não apresentaram correlação significativa com o desempenho em vocabulário; a maior parte nos portadores de HIV encontravam-se na classificação econômica C ou D (82,1%). Houve correlação positiva com a classificação econômica, RAF e leitura. / Introduction: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is an infectious disease caused by a retrovirus called Human Immunodeficiency Virus - HIV. The main targets of HIV are the cells that display the CD4 molecule and the glial cells of the Central Nervous System (CNS) possess these molecules. One of the possible changes to occur due to HIV infection is the language change, as the processing of this occurs in the CNS. Of all the dimensions of language, semantics is the part that understands the meaning of words in both comprehension and production. This dimension can influence the reading process. Objective: To compare the performance of HIV-infected children by vertical transmission and children with low HIV risk in activities of receptive vocabulary and reading of words and pseudowords and Family Environment Resources (RAF) that may be involved in learning , To identify: the relationship between the severity of the disease with the receptive vocabulary and reading, considering CD4 and viral load (CV), CDC (Centers for Disease Control) classification, adherence and time of medication use; The economic classification of children with HIV and their relationship with RAF and o, performance in receptive and reading vocabulary. Method: The study population was 11 children with HIV and 20 children with low HIV risk, aged 8 years and 10 years. For the evaluation we used the Vocabulary Test for Figures USP (TVfusp-139o) and the Test of Competence of Reading of Words and Pseudowords (TCLPP). The economic classification of the children and the RAF evaluation were performed through two questionnaires answered by those responsible, considering that these factors may be involved with school learning. Results: There was a difference between the groups for the RAF and vocabulary variables, and the group with low HIV risk presented a significantly superior performance to the HIV group. The questions related to the trips that the child performed, the presence of toys, newspapers, books and magazines at home were the ones that differed. There was no difference for the reading variable. There was no correlation between clinical and laboratory variables and vocabulary. Although not significant, there was a positive correlation between the CDC classification and reading. Conclusion: HIV-positive children have lower vocabulary performance and significantly lower RAF; no difference was found in reading; the resources of the family environment that can possibly contribute to the school learning are the presence of objects, toys, books and magazines at home and walks realized in the last 12 months; all laboratory and clinical variables did not show a significant correlation with vocabulary performance, ie there was no correlation between viral load, CD4 cell count, CDC score, adherence and medication with vocabulary performance; the majority of those with HIV were in the economic classification C or D (82.1%); there was a positive correlation for the economic classification and the RAF score and the economic classification and performance in reading and strong tendency between the economic classification and the vocabulary.

The aim of this study was to examine the relations between aspects of subjective social class, academic performance, and subjective wellbeing in first-generation and veteran students. In recent years, both student veterans and first-generation students have become topics of interest for universities, counselors, and researchers, as they are growing in numbers on university campuses. These groups face a variety of barriers to completing their academic degrees. One area with little investigation is the influence of subjective social class on these individuals. Therefore, various facets of subjective social class (Subjective Social Status, Beliefs in a Just World, Protestant Work Ethic, Materialism, Classism, and Financial Literacy) were examined to better understand their relationships with student subjective wellbeing and academic performance. Using several analyses, non-first generation student veterans, first-generation student veterans, and first-generation non-veteran students were compared based on their social class beliefs, attitudes, and priorities, as well as subjective wellbeing and academic performance. Results include several key findings. First, support was found for the Classism Attitudinal Profile’s position within the social class nomological network. Second, the subjective social class variables of materialism, financial literacy, and classism co-varied with participant’s college outcome expectations. Third, the three groups were found to differ in their subjective social class attitudes concerning status, materialism, classism, just world beliefs, financial ability, and social support. Fourth, subjective social class was confirmed to be a useful variable to consider when exploring academic performance and wellbeing. Overall, subjective social class and economic cultures appear to be useful constructs to consider when working with clients and conducting research.

This investigation is a response to the lack of research concerning the use of language in social service reports. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of language in childcare investigations. This is a qualitative study that looks at four Childcare investigation reports, recorded in the city of Malmö, with the purpose of examining the role of language in the investigation process. Furthermore, the study investigates what demands are placed on parents based on Bordieau´s notion of capital. This study also looks at how the language used in these reports can either be interpreted as accessible or inaccessible. According to the results, the language used in the investigations is characterized by difficult words and native concepts which places a certain requirement on the families involved to comprehend an academic language. Furthermore, the fact that the language in these reports is framed by an establishment separate from those affected by the investigation should be considered as a limitation to the families involved. It is of importance to consider how a Childcare investigation can often invoke emotional responses in those involved, as well as how the investigation process can mean personal exposure for the families in question. Consequently, for the social worker, this might entail a very complex work situation with tasks that can include high demands and difficulties fulfilling expectations. Another point to consider is that the investigator and the family are part of the investigation process under very different conditions, where one is there to assess whereas the other is the one being assessed. Therefore, it is of outmost importance to reflect on how their positions may vary based on their social class.

Thesis advisor: David L. Blustein / The U.S. has witnessed growing inequality, decreasing wages, and increasing instability in work over the past several decades (Krugman, 2012; Stiglitz, 2015). Moreover, evidence demonstrating work’s impact on well-being is expansive, as is its role in upward mobility and maintaining systemic oppression (Blustein, 2006; 2008; Swanson, 2012). Despite this breadth of research, studies rarely attend to community factors that shape opportunity for accessing work. As such, the present study sought to better understand relationships among individuals’ economic resources and work-related psychological constructs, in conjunction with community economic conditions and access to decent work. The present study utilized latent structural equation modeling to test several hypothesized tenets of the Psychology of Working Theory (Duffy et al., 2016) involving the latent constructs of social class, work volition, decent work and life satisfaction, in a sample of 816 working adults. Modeling contained both a composite decent work (DW) factor and its five discrete components of DW: safe working conditions, adequate compensation, access to healthcare, adequate rest and free time, and a match of organizational and social/family values (Duffy et al., 2017). Moderation analyses relied on matching individual participant data to their county-specific opportunity data, such as poverty, unemployment, and Preschool enrollment rates. Results indicated that social class indirectly predicted DW through work volition and that DW subsequently predicted life satisfaction. When examining distinct DW components in tandem with a global construct, social class predicted the healthcare and rest/time off components of DW, which further attests to the unique variance in these components. Findings underscore the powerful role economic resources play in securing DW and shaping people’s work conditions, in addition to the clear impact of DW on overall well-being. Analyses did not yield significant moderation effects for economic conditions and community opportunity in hypothesized pathways. Implications for research, practice and policy, as well as study limitations are presented. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2021. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Counseling, Developmental and Educational Psychology.

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This essay explores the theme of identity in Kiley Reid’s Such a Fun Age (2019). The study departs from intersectionality (Crenshaw 1989; McCall 2005) and focuses on the concepts of race (Barnshaw 2008; Keaton 2018), social class (Peckham 2010) and privilege (Bhopal 2018), which rest on a common ground of gender. Moreover, these are all elements of a person’s social identity (Eriksen 2014) and will be examined as such. Through the main characters of Emira and Alix, this essay analyzes and compares the construction of the self, how their social identities affect that process of construction, and how they relate to those social identities.

Are elementary public school teachers who have been upwardly mobile occupationally more helpful, as measured by Anderson-Brewer "Dominative-Socially Integrative" observation scheme, to children of lower and upper occupational status families than teachers who have not engaged in upward occupational mobility?

Studying how firms and individuals respond to tax policy changes is key to assess their trade-off between equity and efficiency. Among individuals, taxpayers at the top of the income distribution have received special attention in the Public Economics literature. Progressive tax systems disproportionately rely on high income individuals to raise revenues, making them susceptible to strategies adopted by these taxpayers to reduce their tax liability. In the first two chapters of this dissertation, I provide new empirical evidence on the characteristics of high income individuals that can inform the design of tax policies. Chapter 1, focusing on the UK, shows that migrants have become more prevalent among high income individuals, thus altering the composition of individuals in the top 1 percent. Chapter 2, focusing on Italy, provides evidence of long term persistence in economic status among present-day descendants of noble dynasties. These chapters shed light on the characteristics of high income taxpayers and their path to the top of the distribution in these two countries. Understanding the composition of individuals at the top of the income distribution is key for analyzing their response to tax policies and for informing the trade-off between equity and efficiency. Firms too are a central part of the tax system of developed countries. They remit payment of the vast majority of government revenues, either fulfilling their own tax liabilities or on behalf of third parties. As a result, governments implement enforcement strategies to reduce evasion while minimizing their costs. In Chapter 3, I analyze one of these government interventions aimed at curbing tax evasion of Value Added Tax (VAT) in Italy and I provide evidence on a new margin of response adopted by businesses. As the government shifted the responsibility to remit VAT from the seller to the buyer for a subset of transactions in the economy, it altered the distribution of costs between the two sides of the transaction. I show that smaller firms face the largest increase in costs and, thus, exhibit higher exit rates, leading to higher market concentration. Chapter 1, which is joint work with Arun Advani, Felix Koenig, and Andy Summers, studies the contribution of migrants to the rise in UK top incomes.Using administrative data on the universe of UK taxpayers we show that migrants are over-represented at the top of the income distribution, with migrants twice as prevalent in the top 0.1 percent as anywhere in the bottom 97 percent. These high incomes are predominantly from labor, rather than capital, and migrants are concentrated in only a handful of industries, predominantly finance. Finally, we calculate the contribution of migrants and natives to the observed growth in the UK top 1 percent income share over the past 20 years. We find that almost all (92 percent) of the observed growth can be attributed to migration. Chapter 2 documents that present-day descendants of aristocratic dynasties enjoy high economic status in Italy, several decades or centuries after their ancestors received a title. Over this period of time, Italy experienced wars, annexations, political reforms, and a structural transformation of the economy. Yet, the income distribution of noble taxpayers living in Milan in 2005 is shifted to the right relative to the one of all other taxpayers. On average, noble descendants obtain 41,125 Euros (or 1.77 times) more, controlling for observables. Moreover, aristocrats are three times more likely to be involved in firms, either as shareholders or company officials. Chapter 3 analyzes how firms and markets adapt to a reform of the collection of Value Added Tax (VAT), combining a new administrative dataset on firm-to-firm links from Italy and a quasi-experimental research design. The reform shifted the responsibility to remit payments of VAT from sellers to “trusted" buyers, such as government entities and large firms. I present three main findings. First, firm-to-firm links subject to the new rules are more likely to become inactive after the introduction of the new rules. Second, I find that the reform was costly for the average firm. Firms more exposed to the reform experienced lower sales and higher exit rates, relative to the counterfactual. Third, I document that the burden of the reform was not evenly distributed across firms. Small firms were hit hardest, while large firms did not appear to be negatively affected. As a result, I show that markets more exposed to the reform became more concentrated.