A questão da mortalidade Infantil continua sendo um dos mais graves problemas sociais. A demonstração do Interesse por esse tipo de estudo não se limita ao âmbito do debate acadêmico, está presente no cotidiano daqueles que atuam no Interior das intituições governamentais voltadas para o planejamento e para a avaliação de prioridades no conjunto das políticas públicas. Embora os progressos na área de stlúde tenham contribuído pera uma redução importante nos riscos de morte de crianças menores de um ano em São Paulo, sua incidência ainda continua elevada em relação aos países que alcançaram níveis mais favoráveis. Além disso, o processo desigual da redução da mortalidade, que determina um avanço mais rápido em alguns setores da sociedade e um maior atraso em outros, reproduz a existência de importantes diferenciais sócio-econômicos da mortalidade infantil. A inclusão de uma histórla de nascimentos na Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios de 1984 propiciou a análise das probabilidades de morte infantil definidas no tempo e detalhadas por idade, segundo um conjunto de variáveis sócio-econômicas e demográficas. Este trabalho tem por base empírica este conjunto de informações e representa um esforço no sentido de analisar e discutir aspectos significativos dos padrões e diferenciais de mortalidade infantil, estimados diretamente a partir da história de nascimentos. Com isto, avençamos na compreensão da influência de fatores sócio-econômicos e demográficos nos níveis e tendências da mortalidade Infantil no Estado de São Paulo. A análise foi dividida em três capítulos principais: a influência de fatores sócio-econômicos sobre a mortalidade infantil, a influência de fatores demográficos e os efeitos da queda da fecundidade sobre a mortalidade infanlil em São Paulo. Primeiramente, são analisados os efeitos da instrução materna e da renda familiar. Em seguida, são abordados os efeitos do saneamento básico através da análise do tipo de abastecimento de água, com ou sem cananalização interna e do tipo de esgotamento sanitário controlando-se o uso da instalação sanitária. A partir daí, desenvolve-se uma análise da innuência simultânea da instrução, renda e saneamento. A variável cor materna é analisada individualmente e em conjunto com as demais variáveis sócio-econômicas. Por último, exploram-se as informações sobre aleitamento materno, procurando-se analisar as mudanças de frequência e a influência sobre a mortalidade infantil. O tema seguinte aborda a influência das variáveis demográficas: idade materna, ordem de nascimento, intervalo intergenésico e sexo. As variáveis são analisadas isoladamente e, em seguida, reunidas em um modelo multivariado para a análise simultânea dos efeitos. Finalmente, são analisados os efeitos recentes da queda da fecundidade sobre a mortalidade infantil, discutindo-se as tendências temporais da estrutura dos nascimentos segundo a ordem de nascimento, idade da mãe e intervalo intergenésico e suas influências sobre a mortalidade infantil. Os resultados obtidos salientam os efeitos diferenciados de algumas destas variáveis sobre o fenômeno estudado. / Infant mortality has remained as one of the most dramatic social problems and, therefore, has emerged as a rising point of analysis not only in the ambit of intrinsec academia interest but also as a concern for the govemment\'s future development goals. In fact, mortality studies have been more and more demanded by govemmental institutions which deal with planning and evaluation of the priorities in terms of pubfic policies to be put into effect. Despite some improvement in health, which has lead to a reduction in the risk of infant deaths in São Paulo, the levet of infant mortallity is still considerably higher than that estimated for developed countries. Moreover, the inequality of the process of mortality decline, which determines a more dramatic pace of improvement in some sectors than in others; reflects the existence of important socioeconomic differentials in infant mortality. The inclusion of a birth history in the 1984 National Household Survey (PNAD-84) gives rise to a possibility of analysing probabilities of infant deaths defined in a time scale and detailed by age, according to a set of socioeconomic and demographic variables. This study is undertaken on the basis of these empirical information, and represents an effort to discuss some significant aspects of patterns and differentials of infant mortality directly estimated from birth histories. With this, we bring forward the comprehension of the influence of socioeconomic and demographic factors on the levels and trends of infanl mortality in the State of Sao Paulo. The analysis of the determinants of infant mortalily is divided in three chapters. The first is concerned with socio-economic factors. The efects of maternal education and family income are studied. Subsequently the analysis turns to a discussion of the effects of basic sanitation, considering the sources of water supply - houses with or without piped water - and the kind of sewerage disposal. Education, income and sanitation are incorporated next in the anlysis, in order to obtain a better understanding of their simultaneous effects on infant mortality. The effect of mother\'s color studied both in itself and in conjunction with the other socio-economic variables. Information on breastfeeding is also included with the aim of analysing the pattern of breastfeeding behavior and its influence on infant mortality. The second chapter deals with the following demographic variables: maternal age, birth order, birth interval and sex of infant. These variables are first considered separately and then included in a multivariate model in order to understand their simultaneous effects on infant mortality. Finally, the third chapter studies the effects of fertility decline on infant mortality. The trends in birth composition according to birth order, mother\'s age and birth interval and their influence on infant mortality are analysed. The results shows that some of the studied variables have a diferentiated effect on infant mortalily.

Η παρούσα μεταπτυχιακή διπλωματική εργασία με θέμα «Αντιλήψεις των εκπαιδευτικών Π.Ε. Αχαρνών Αττικής σχετικά με τον τρόπο αντιμετώπισης από τους ίδιους τους εκπαιδευτικούς, των παιδιών που προέρχονται από διαφορετικά κοινωνικά στρώματα γενικά και ειδικότερα στα σχολεία που υπηρετούν» διενεργήθηκε στο πλαίσιο του Π.Μ.Σ. «Λόγος, Τέχνη και Πολιτισμός στην Εκπαίδευση» του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Σκοπός ήταν να μελετηθεί η συμβολή των εκπαιδευτικών Π.Ε. στην αναπαραγωγή του φαινομένου των κοινωνικών ανισοτήτων μέσα στο σχολείο. Προς αυτή την κατεύθυνση διενεργήθηκε έρευνα με τη χρήση ερωτηματολογίου σε δείγμα το οποίο αποτελεί μικρογραφία του πληθυσμού των εκπαιδευτικών Π.Ε. του Δ. Αχαρνών. / This present postgraduate study is titled: ''Believes of kindergarten teachers in public schools of the Municipality of Acharnes in Attica, relatively to the ways that teachers themselves affront in general children from different social classes and in particular in the schools that they work'' and has been held in the limits of the Postgraduate Program Studies ''Utterance, Art and Culture'' of the University of Patras. The main aim was to be studied how and if infant school teachers contribute to the phenomenon of inequality reproduction in schools. For this reason, a research was carried out by questionnaire in a miniature sample of teacher population of Acharnes

Submitted by Tatiana Lima (tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2015-03-23T20:15:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Lima, Frederico Burgos.pdf: 3432592 bytes, checksum: 4a06c77009815fa92e2203656da2b5f5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Tatiana Lima (tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2015-03-23T21:46:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Lima, Frederico Burgos.pdf: 3432592 bytes, checksum: 4a06c77009815fa92e2203656da2b5f5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-23T21:46:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lima, Frederico Burgos.pdf: 3432592 bytes, checksum: 4a06c77009815fa92e2203656da2b5f5 (MD5) / As possibilidades de fragmentação de uma identidade territorial transitam pelos processos constitutivos das sociedades locais, geradores das suas diversas formas de inclusão e exclusão social. Em lugares marcados por extremas desigualdades, a intercomunicabilidade entre os seus diversos grupos sociais tende a ser impactada por um quadro de necessidades e desejos distintos e definidores de horizontes de ação, em muitos casos, diametralmente opostos entre si. Em tais circunstâncias, o amplo compartilhamento ou não das representações identitárias hegemônicas tende a transitar entre a sua não-efetividade ou uma efetividade dependente das formas de coesão social construídas ao longo de sua história. É a partir desse quadro teórico que desenvolvemos a nossa reflexão sobre as formas constitutivas da identidade baiana (baianidade), a sua apropriação na difusão do turismo e analisamos como se estabelecem as relações de identificação dos baianos de Salvador com alguns dos principais atributos creditados ao povo local. The possibility of territorial identity fragmentation transits through constitutive processes of local societies, generators of various forms of social inclusion and exclusion. In places marked by extreme inequality, intercommunication between various social groups tends to be impacted by a framework of distinct needs and desires that define action horizons that, in many cases, are diametrically opposed to each other. In such circumstances, the broad sharing, or not, of hegemonic identity representations tends to move between non-effectiveness and an effectiveness that depends on forms of social cohesion built throughout its history. With this theoretical framework in mind, we observed the constitutive forms of baiano identity (baianidade) as well as its ownership in the dissemination of tourism and we analyzed how identity relations of baiano´s from Salvador with key attributes credited to the locals are established.

A questão da mortalidade Infantil continua sendo um dos mais graves problemas sociais. A demonstração do Interesse por esse tipo de estudo não se limita ao âmbito do debate acadêmico, está presente no cotidiano daqueles que atuam no Interior das intituições governamentais voltadas para o planejamento e para a avaliação de prioridades no conjunto das políticas públicas. Embora os progressos na área de stlúde tenham contribuído pera uma redução importante nos riscos de morte de crianças menores de um ano em São Paulo, sua incidência ainda continua elevada em relação aos países que alcançaram níveis mais favoráveis. Além disso, o processo desigual da redução da mortalidade, que determina um avanço mais rápido em alguns setores da sociedade e um maior atraso em outros, reproduz a existência de importantes diferenciais sócio-econômicos da mortalidade infantil. A inclusão de uma histórla de nascimentos na Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios de 1984 propiciou a análise das probabilidades de morte infantil definidas no tempo e detalhadas por idade, segundo um conjunto de variáveis sócio-econômicas e demográficas. Este trabalho tem por base empírica este conjunto de informações e representa um esforço no sentido de analisar e discutir aspectos significativos dos padrões e diferenciais de mortalidade infantil, estimados diretamente a partir da história de nascimentos. Com isto, avençamos na compreensão da influência de fatores sócio-econômicos e demográficos nos níveis e tendências da mortalidade Infantil no Estado de São Paulo. A análise foi dividida em três capítulos principais: a influência de fatores sócio-econômicos sobre a mortalidade infantil, a influência de fatores demográficos e os efeitos da queda da fecundidade sobre a mortalidade infanlil em São Paulo. Primeiramente, são analisados os efeitos da instrução materna e da renda familiar. Em seguida, são abordados os efeitos do saneamento básico através da análise do tipo de abastecimento de água, com ou sem cananalização interna e do tipo de esgotamento sanitário controlando-se o uso da instalação sanitária. A partir daí, desenvolve-se uma análise da innuência simultânea da instrução, renda e saneamento. A variável cor materna é analisada individualmente e em conjunto com as demais variáveis sócio-econômicas. Por último, exploram-se as informações sobre aleitamento materno, procurando-se analisar as mudanças de frequência e a influência sobre a mortalidade infantil. O tema seguinte aborda a influência das variáveis demográficas: idade materna, ordem de nascimento, intervalo intergenésico e sexo. As variáveis são analisadas isoladamente e, em seguida, reunidas em um modelo multivariado para a análise simultânea dos efeitos. Finalmente, são analisados os efeitos recentes da queda da fecundidade sobre a mortalidade infantil, discutindo-se as tendências temporais da estrutura dos nascimentos segundo a ordem de nascimento, idade da mãe e intervalo intergenésico e suas influências sobre a mortalidade infantil. Os resultados obtidos salientam os efeitos diferenciados de algumas destas variáveis sobre o fenômeno estudado. / Infant mortality has remained as one of the most dramatic social problems and, therefore, has emerged as a rising point of analysis not only in the ambit of intrinsec academia interest but also as a concern for the govemment\'s future development goals. In fact, mortality studies have been more and more demanded by govemmental institutions which deal with planning and evaluation of the priorities in terms of pubfic policies to be put into effect. Despite some improvement in health, which has lead to a reduction in the risk of infant deaths in São Paulo, the levet of infant mortallity is still considerably higher than that estimated for developed countries. Moreover, the inequality of the process of mortality decline, which determines a more dramatic pace of improvement in some sectors than in others; reflects the existence of important socioeconomic differentials in infant mortality. The inclusion of a birth history in the 1984 National Household Survey (PNAD-84) gives rise to a possibility of analysing probabilities of infant deaths defined in a time scale and detailed by age, according to a set of socioeconomic and demographic variables. This study is undertaken on the basis of these empirical information, and represents an effort to discuss some significant aspects of patterns and differentials of infant mortality directly estimated from birth histories. With this, we bring forward the comprehension of the influence of socioeconomic and demographic factors on the levels and trends of infanl mortality in the State of Sao Paulo. The analysis of the determinants of infant mortalily is divided in three chapters. The first is concerned with socio-economic factors. The efects of maternal education and family income are studied. Subsequently the analysis turns to a discussion of the effects of basic sanitation, considering the sources of water supply - houses with or without piped water - and the kind of sewerage disposal. Education, income and sanitation are incorporated next in the anlysis, in order to obtain a better understanding of their simultaneous effects on infant mortality. The effect of mother\'s color studied both in itself and in conjunction with the other socio-economic variables. Information on breastfeeding is also included with the aim of analysing the pattern of breastfeeding behavior and its influence on infant mortality. The second chapter deals with the following demographic variables: maternal age, birth order, birth interval and sex of infant. These variables are first considered separately and then included in a multivariate model in order to understand their simultaneous effects on infant mortality. Finally, the third chapter studies the effects of fertility decline on infant mortality. The trends in birth composition according to birth order, mother\'s age and birth interval and their influence on infant mortality are analysed. The results shows that some of the studied variables have a diferentiated effect on infant mortalily.

Orientador: Claudio Salvadori Dedecca / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T15:01:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Covre_ArianedeAlmeidaCorrea_M.pdf: 3366999 bytes, checksum: d47e6096e0a0ce1daab205b34047a3d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O Brasil é um país profundamente marcado pela desigualdade de renda, mas durante a última década passou por um período de crescimento econômico acompanhado de uma melhora na estrutura social e de redução da desigualdade. Este trabalho pretende analisar a queda da desigualdade de renda disponível no Brasil no período de crescimento econômico compreendido entre os anos de 2003 e 2009. Pretende-se estudar a evolução da desigualdade de renda após a subtração dos impostos, tendo em vista a importância dessa informação como um aspecto importante de uma abordagem multidimensional da desigualdade, para compreender a atuação do Estado nesse processo de diminuição da desigualdade / Abstract: Brazil is a country deeply marked by income inequality, but over the last decade has experienced a period of economic growth accompanied by an improvement in the social structure and inequality reduction. This paper discusses the fall in inequality of disposable income in Brazil in the period of economic growth between the years 2003 and 2009. We intend to study the evolution of income inequality after subtracting taxes, considering the importance of this information as an important part of a multidimensional approach to inequality aspect to understand the role of the state in this process of reduction of inequality / Mestrado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Mestra em Desenvolvimento Econômico

No description available.

Yes / In England, social choice in education faces trade-offs between equity and efficiency. The scope of these trade-offs ranges from the introduction of choice to correcting 'market failures' to reduce inequalities and restrict social injustices. The article analyses the English school education system and its relationship with social preferences. The authors argue that the moral and legal need for non-discriminatory education supersedes perceptions of cost-effectiveness and utilitarianism. They consider that the current system has failed owing to inappropriate processes within social and public choice and that a reformed system based on a social democratic imperative will allow closer social integration on the basis of ability rather than privilege.

The effects of Gated Communities (GCs) were analysed. According to the literature, these urban artefacts are negative for society. They are blamed to provoking social segregation, social exclusion and undermining democracy. In a Latin American context the consequences could be worse. Latin America has the highest level of social inequality in the world and the rapid growth of GCs is making this inequality more visible. This study implemented the concept of Social Capital, in order to understand the urban problems in this urban geography. The study is based in Machala, a mid-sized city in Ecuador. It was found that GCs’ residents lack of trust of outsiders, residents are more distant from disadvantage groups, social networks are being homogenised and there is a stigmatisation of life outside the community’s walls. This study seeks to create awareness on the type of urban growth in Machala by exploring the consequences of fragmentation, privatisation and segregation via GCs.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / Reissued 5 May 2017 to correct misspelled Second Reader’s name on title page. / The number of disconnected youth, those ages 16 to 24 who are not in school and are not employed, has reached significant levels in the United States and Western Europe. This trend is coupled with the fact that more and more foreign fighters are joining Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) in Iraq and Syria. In particular, Western youth have been the target of radicalization by ISIS and other terrorist groups, and the appeal and lure of such groups seem unlikely to subside. A similar trend is also evident among youth in Muslim countries where the number of foreign fighters to terrorist groups seems unlikely to decrease. According to recent estimates, over 28,000 foreign fighters have joined ISIS in Syria and Iraq since 2011. The fact that so many youth have been radicalized to join terrorist groups is a cause for concern that requires closer scrutiny, understanding, and action by Western and other governments. The explanations and motivations as to why youth join terrorist groups abound; these include lack of education, poverty, religion discrimination, family background, and political and economic marginalization, among others. This research seeks to answer the question, are the youth in the United States, who are disconnected, more likely to become radicalized to terrorism? To answer this, various theoretical frameworks were researched and examined, such as relative deprivation, social movement theory, and psychological perspectives, to shed light on understanding this issue. / Director, Personnel Support Services and Benefits, Transportation Security Administration

This thesis is about social class and economic inequality, using the Goldthorpe class schema. It tests theories claiming that social class is increasingly irrelevant to inequality and people's life-chances with data on incomes and material living standards from the British Household Panel Survey. It covers the period over which the survey ran, i.e. 1991-2008. During this time many prominent social theories dismissed class analyses while others sought to retain the class concept but dismissed its economic foundations, seeking to ground it in culture instead. Economic inequality has not figured highly on the agenda of class analysts, at least not those working with the Goldthorpe class schema. There is a substantial body of work on mobility, voting behaviour, income poverty and material deprivation, but inequality in a broader sense has for the most part been neglected. This thesis is a step towards rectifying this situation. Thus it provides new information about within-career social mobility as well as income inequality within and between classes, on whether income mobility reduces class inequalities over time, and cast light on class inequalities in material living standards. The findings suggest that class is far from irrelevant to economic inequality. Class differences in incomes are persistent, between class inequalities contribute more to inequality overall than within-class inequalities, and while income mobility does reduce class inequalities over time it is not to the extent that supports the hypothesis that class is irrelevant to people's economic fortunes.