L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és obrir la caixa negra de la creativitat i millorar el coneixement de com s'ha de gestionar en les organitzacions. De fet, gestionar la creativitat a les organitzacions requereix no tan sols comprendre què és la creativitat i els mecanismes que permeten que la creativitat aflori i es transformi en productes comercialitzables, sinó també identificar les pràctiques que poden ajudar les empreses a atraure i a retenir els qui tenen més bon potencial creatiu. A aquest efecte, s'estructura en cinc capítols. El capítol 1 examina la metodologia de la tesi i descriu detalladament les preguntes, el procés i el disseny de la recerca així com la industria cultural com a camp de recerca. El capítol 2 és un estudi conceptual que revisa la bibliografia sobre la creativitat, cercant d'aclarir les definicions. L'estudi analitza 94 definicions seleccionades després de consultar 50 llibres i 462 articles publicats en journals de gestió entre 1990 i 2008, i hi aplica la metodologia d'anàlisi de continguts. Els resultats assenyalen que, en general, són d'acceptació general sis categories conceptuals de creativitat: la creació, la síntesi, el resultat, la modificació, les interaccions i la implicació (engagement). S'analitzen amb profunditat totes aquestes categories conceptuals i els seus elements definidors. El capítol 3 busca identificar els mecanismes socials que permeten disciplinar una passió creativa i convertir-la en productes culturals que arribin al mercat. Proposa un marc teòric multinivell, centrat en dos conjunts de mecanismes: (1) els rols que encenen la creativitat (creativity-igniting roles), que activen l'esforç creatiu, i (2) les relacions que optimitzen la creativitat (creativity-enhancing relationships), que posen en relació els creadors individuals amb les firmes creatives. L'estudi es basa en la teoria de rols i en una orientació a la coordinació basada en els rols (Bechky, 2006), i agrupa quatre rols essencials que engloben les activitats bàsiques del procés de convertir la passió creativa en productes culturals: creador, emprenedor, integrador i patrocinador. S'utilitza la perspectiva relacional de l'activitat creativa per manifestar la importància de les relacions que optimitzen la creativitat en posar en relació els creadors individuals amb les empreses dedicades a la producció de productes culturals. Els mecanismes socials s'il·lustren amb tres casos d'estudi d'empreses que pertanyen a sectors culturals que segueixen diferents orientacions a l'hora de convertir la passió en productes. El capítol 4 se centra bàsicament en les pràctiques de gestió dels recursos humans (HRM) que permeten a les empreses atraure i retenir els empleats creatius. En conseqüència, aquest estudi proposa un marc conceptual i analitza el rol que juguen dues variables, la identitat ("qui som com a organització" - Albert i Whetten, 1985) i la imatge ("com pensen els membres de l'organització que la veuen els de fora" - Dutton et al. 1994), a l'hora d'influir en la relació entre les pràctiques de gestió dels recursos humans i la rotació. En concret, mostra que tant la identitat com la imatge poden augmentar o reduir la incidència de les pràctiques de gestió dels recursos humans sobre la rotació interna i externa. El capítol 5 conclou la tesi resumint, connectant i interpretant categories conceptuals resultat empírics. Per a concloure, proposa un marc teòric multinivell sobre com la creativitat ocorre en les organitzacions incloent tant els mecanismes socials com les practiques de gestió de recursos humans. / El objetivo de esta tesis es abrir la caja negra de la creatividad y mejorar el conocimiento de cómo se debe gestionar en las organizaciones. Conseguir este objetivo requiere primero, aclarar qué es la creatividad y cuáles son los elementos que la constituyen; segundo, investigar los mecanismos específicos que permiten que la creatividad se desarrolle y sea disciplinada y transformada en un producto comercializable y tercero, identificar las prácticas que ayuden a las empresas a retener talentos creativos. A tal efecto, esta tesis se estructura en cinco capítulos. El capítulo 1 examina la metodología de la tesis y describe en detalle las preguntas, el proceso y el diseño de investigación, así como la industria cultural como campo de investigación. El capítulo 2 revisa la bibliografía sobre la creatividad e investiga distintas definiciones de este término para aclarar sus categorías conceptuales: de hecho, a pesar de los numerosos intentos de definir la creatividad, falta claridad sobre su definición. Por lo tanto, el estudio analiza 94 definiciones seleccionadas tras consultar 50 libros y 462 artículos publicados en journals de gestión entre 1990 y 2008, y les aplica la metodología de análisis de contenidos. Los resultados señalan que, en general, son de aceptación general seis categorías conceptuales de creatividad: la creación, la síntesis, el resultado, la modificación, las interacciones y el engagement. Se analizan en profundidad todas estas categorías conceptuales y sus elementos definidores. El capítulo 3 busca identificar los mecanismos sociales que permiten disciplinar una pasión creativa y convertirla en productos culturales que lleguen al mercado. Avanza un marco teórico multinivel, centrado en dos conjuntos de mecanismos: (1) los roles que encienden la creatividad (creativity-igniting roles), que activan el esfuerzo creativo, y (2) las relaciones que optimizan la creatividad (creativity-enhancing relationships), que ponen en relación a los creadores individuales con las firmas creativas. El estudio se basa en la teoría de roles y en una orientación a la coordinación basada en los roles (Bechky, 2006), y agrupa cuatro roles esenciales que engloban las actividades básicas del proceso de convertir la pasión creativa en productos culturales: creador, emprendedor, integrador y patrocinador. Se usa la perspectiva relacional de la actividad creativa para manifestar la importancia de las relaciones que optimizan la creatividad al poner en relación a los creadores individuales con las empresas dedicadas a la producción de productos culturales. Los mecanismos sociales se ilustran mediante tres casos de estudio de empresas pertenecientes a sectores culturales que siguen distintas orientaciones para convertir la pasión en productos. El capítulo 4 se centra básicamente en las prácticas de gestión de los recursos humanos (HRM) que permiten a las empresas atraer y retener a sus empleados creativos. El capítulo propone un marco conceptual y analiza el rol que juegan dos variables, la identidad ("quiénes somos como organización" - Albert y Whetten, 1985) y la imagen ("cómo piensan los miembros de la organización que la ven los de fuera" - Dutton et al. 1994), a la hora de influir en la relación entre las prácticas de gestión de los recursos humanos y la rotación. En concreto, muestra que tanto la identidad como la imagen pueden aumentar o reducir la incidencia de las prácticas de gestión de los recursos humanos sobre la rotación interna y externa. El capítulo 5 concluye la tesis resumiendo, conectando e interpretando categorías conceptuales y resultados empíricos. Para concluir, propone un marco teórico multinivel sobre cómo la creatividad ocurre en las organizaciones incluyendo tanto los mecanismos sociales como las prácticas de gestión de recursos humanos. / The objective of this dissertation is to open up the black box of creativity and improve the understanding on how it can be managed in organizations. Fulfilling this purpose requires first, clarifying what creativity is and the elements that constitute it; second, investigating the specific mechanisms that allow creativity to take place and be disciplined and transformed into marketable products and third, identifying the practices that can help companies retain creative employees. Accordingly, this research has been structured in five chapters. Chapter one overviews the dissertation's methodology and describes in detail the research questions, process, and design, as well as cultural industry as an empirical setting. Chapter two reviews the literature on creativity and examines different definitions of the term, in order to provide clarity: in fact, despite the numerous attempts to define creativity, an agreement on its definition is still to emerge. Therefore, it performs a content analysis on 94 definitions collected on 50 books and 462 articles published in selected management journals from 1990 to 2008. The results suggest that six conceptual categories on creativity enjoy general support: creation, synthesis, output, modification, interactions, and engagement. All these conceptual categories and their defining elements are analyzed in depth. Chapter three seeks to identify the social mechanisms that allow disciplining a creative passion and translating it into cultural products that reach the market. It develops theory, by advancing a multi-level theoretical framework, which focuses on two sets of mechanisms: (1) creativity-igniting roles that energize a creative endeavour, and (2) creativity-enhancing relationships that link individual creators with creative firms. The chapter builds on role theory and a role-based approach to coordination (Bechky, 2006), bringing together four essential roles that encompass core activities in the process of translating creative passion into cultural products: creator, entrepreneur, integrator, and sponsor. The relational perspective to the creative activity is used to articulate the importance of creativity-enhancing relationships that bind individual creators with companies dedicated to the production of cultural products. The social mechanisms are illustrated with insights from three case studies of companies from cultural sectors that offer distinct approaches to translating passion into products. Chapter four is a study of the human resource management practices related to creative employees' retention in a creativity-driven organization. Based on one in-depth case study pertaining to the fashion and design industry, it explores the link "HRM practices-turnover", providing evidence of the role that two variables, namely, identity ("who we are as an organization" - Albert & Whetten, 1985) and image ("how organization members think outsiders see the organization" - Dutton et al. 1994), play in affecting this relationship. Chapter five concludes the dissertation by summarizing, linking and interpreting conceptual categories and empirical results. Finally, it advances a multilevel theoretical framework on how creativity happens in organizations, including both social mechanisms and HRM practices.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This dissertation aims to analyze the architects and their spaces of professional activity, in particular, analyze the social, institutional and political circumstances of professional participation in labor market instances. The departure of the architects of the previous Federal Council of Engineering, Architecture and Agronomy (CONFEA) and the creation of the new Council of Architects and Urbanists (CAU) brought to the fore debates about the extra-professional confrontations and the possible strategies of market reserve. In this sense, the discussions about the installation of the new representative council of the architects made it possible to show the struggle for the definition of investments for professional insertion and career ascension. In this way, the agents use a set of accumulated resources related to the social origins and the insertion in diverse social spheres. However, the extra-professional confrontations for imposition of performance and attributions of distinct professions were not only revealing a struggle for space in the labor market, but also made it possible to show an internal division, among the architects, stimulated by diversification of opinions related to the forms and behavior in the labor market. In order to understand the conflicts in analysis, it was fundamental to assimilate the system of social relations that architects establish among themselves, among other actors and with the labor market. For this, it was necessary to research the corporate and informal actions, to apprehend the social dynamics and the professional culture of the group of architects and urban planner. Thus, the spaces of action were analyzed, revealing the professional relations from the entry of new actors in a market considered restricted by the architects and urban planner. On one hand, the empirical universe is composed by the architects established in Aracaju, which are considered protagonists in the local market, and on the other, by the Council of Architecture and Urbanism of Sergipe. During the work, we studied their biographical and professional trajectories. To fulfill the purposes presented here, we subdivided this research into three main stages. In the first moment, we made a historical study of the process of structuring the field of action of the architect, distinguishing the actors that compose this space and how the discussions of professional socialization happened. In the second moment, we investigated what the architect does in practice and what his main spaces of action, discerning the social, political and economic influences that reflected in the trajectory of the profession. Finally, we identified the contents and forms of sociability of the protagonist architects who invest in the main fields of professional activity, based on changes in the labor market after the new professional regulation. This dissertation made it possible to demonstrate how the spaces of action of the architects show the formulations about the labor market and its position as architect and urbanist in front of the other actors, among their peers and before society. The present research allowed to testify that the exercise of architecture and urbanism activity is associated to the competence of application in several areas and that this proactive condition is determinant for the success in the professional trajectory. The present research corroborated that the exercise of the architecture and urbanism activity is associated to the competence of application in several areas and that this proactive condition is determinant for the success in the professional trajectory. In addition, here, there is information that allowed the understanding of the collective history of the profession and, in this way, made possible to recognize the resources that describe the investments in the profession of architecture and urbanism. / Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar os arquitetos e os seus espaços de atuação profissional, em específico, analisar quais as circunstâncias sociais, institucionais e políticas de participação profissional em instâncias do mercado de trabalho. A saída dos arquitetos do pregresso Conselho Federal de Engenharia, Arquitetura e Agronomia (CONFEA) e a criação do novo conselho de Arquitetos e Urbanistas (CAU) trouxeram à tona debates sobre os confrontos extraprofissionais e as possíveis estratégias de reserva de mercado. Nesse sentido, as discussões em torno da instalação do novo conselho representativo dos arquitetos possibilitaram mostrar a luta pela definição dos investimentos para inserção profissional e ascensão na carreira. Dessa forma, os agentes se utilizam de um conjunto de recursos acumulados relacionado às origens sociais e à inserção em esferas sociais diversas. Contudo, os confrontos extraprofissionais para imposição de atuação e atribuições de profissões distintas foram reveladores não apenas de uma luta por espaço no mercado de trabalho, mas também possibilitaram mostrar uma divisão interna, entre os pares arquitetos, estimulada por diversificações de opiniões quanto às formas e às condutas de atuação no mercado de trabalho. Para compreender os conflitos em análise, tornou-se fundamental assimilar o sistema de relações sociais que os arquitetos estabelecem entre si, entre demais atores e o mercado de trabalho. Para isso, foi preciso pesquisar as ações corporativas e informais, para colher as dinâmicas sociais e a cultura profissional do grupo de arquitetos e urbanistas. Em vista disso, foram analisados os espaços de atuação, revelando-se as relações profissionais a partir do ingresso de novos atores em um mercado considerado restrito pelos arquitetos e urbanistas. O universo empírico considerado é constituído, de um lado, pelos arquitetos estabelecidos em Aracaju e que são considerados protagonistas no mercado local, e de outro lado, pelo Conselho de Arquitetura e Urbanismo de Sergipe. No decorrer do trabalho, foram estudadas suas trajetórias biográficas e profissionais. Para cumprir os propósitos aqui apresentados, esta pesquisa subdividiu-se em três etapas principais. No primeiro momento, efetivou-se um estudo histórico do processo de estruturação do campo de atuação do arquiteto, distinguindo os atores que compõem esse espaço e como aconteceram as discussões de socialização profissional. No segundo momento, investigou-se o que o arquiteto faz na prática e quais seus principais espaços de atuação, discernindo as influências sociais, políticas e econômicas que refletiram na trajetória da profissão. Por fim, identificaram-se os conteúdos e formas de sociabilidade dos arquitetos protagonistas que investem nos principais campos de atuação profissional, assentando-se nas alterações ocorridas no mercado de trabalho após a nova regulamentação profissional. Esta dissertação possibilitou demonstrar como os espaços de atuação dos arquitetos evidenciam as formulações sobre o mercado de trabalho e sua posição como arquiteto e urbanista frente aos demais atores, entre seus pares e perante a sociedade. A presente pesquisa permitiu testemunhar que o exercício da atividade de arquitetura e urbanismo apresenta-se associado à competência de aplicação em diversas áreas e que essa condição proativa é determinante para o êxito na trajetória profissional. Além disso, encontram-se, aqui, informações que permitiram a compreensão da história coletiva da profissão e, dessa forma, possibilitaram reconhecer os recursos que descrevem os investimentos na profissão de arquitetura e urbanismo. / São Cristóvão, SE

The main goal of this thesis is to provide a sociologically informed analysis of tax avoidance and tax evasion in contemporary Mexico and Sweden, focusing particular attention on the explanatory role of social networks, social interactions, and positive feedback mechanisms. Two major data sources are used: (1) A panel dataset that includes all persons, 16 years or older, who resided in Stockholm County during at least one of the years 1990 to 2003 (N=1,967,993). The dataset includes detailed information on the socio-demographic characteristics, kinship networks, and criminal offences of these individuals; (2) A random sample of 36,949 firms that appeared in the Mexican Federal Register of Taxpayers for the year 2002. The records of the Mexican Federal Administrative Fiscal Tribunal provided data on all types of tax claims appealed before them during the 2002-2008 period. A variety of approaches and techniques are used such as agent-based simulation models, discrete time event history models, random effect logit models, and hierarchical linear models. These models are used to test different hypotheses related to the role of social networks, social interactions, and positive feedback mechanisms in explaining tax behaviour. There are five major empirical findings. (1) Networks seem to matter for individuals' tax behaviour because exposure to tax crimes of family members appears to increase a person’s likelihood of committing a tax crime. (2) Positive feedback mechanisms appear relevant because if a person commits a tax crime, it seems to increase the likelihood that the person will commit more tax crimes in the future. (3) Positive feedback mechanisms are also important for explaining corporate tax behaviour because a firm that has engaged in legal tax avoidance in the past appears to be more likely to engage in tax avoidance in the future. (4) Network effects are important in the corporate world because exposure to the tax avoidance of other firms increase the propensity of a firm to engage in tax avoidance. (5) Substitution effects between tax evasion and tax avoidance are likely to exist because when tax evasion becomes more prevalent in a firm’s environment, their likelihood of engaging in legal tax avoidance is lowered. The results underscore the importance of a sociological perspective on tax behaviour that takes into account social interactions and positive feedback mechanisms. In order to understand microscopic as well as macroscopic tax evasion patterns, the results presented in this thesis suggest that much more attention must be given to mechanisms through which taxation crimes breed more taxation crimes.

En microfinance, la réussite des grands réseaux côtoie les échecs silencieux des organisations coopératives rurales, qui peinent à exister après leur institutionnalisation et le retrait de l’appui extérieur. Les échecs des organisations coopératives ou mutualistes rurales sont liés au problème de gouvernance. Envisager les modes de gouvernance dans le but de réduire les coûts de transaction ou les conflits nés de la relation d’agence ne rend pas compte de façon satisfaisante l’aspect dynamique de la gouvernance en microfinance. Cette limite est relevée par l’approche hétérodoxe qui associe la genèse des nouveaux cadres qui émanent de l’interaction des parties prenantes et les compromis qui en découlent pour stabiliser les organisations. Nous avons opté une approche par les parties prenantes et pour justifier ce choix, nous avons eu recours à la grille d’analyse de Gérrard Charreaux, le modèle d’équilibre coopératif de Daniel Côté et le modèle théorique des parties prenantes de Christian Cadiou et alii. Sur le terrain, nous avons mobilisé les outils d’analyse de gouvernance du Cerise dans le cas du Remec Niayes. Nous retenons alors, que les coopératives et les mutuelles rurales sont la résultante d’une hybridation des ressources et d’une superposition de pratiques associatives et entrepreneuriales. Elles sont plus aptes à résister au retrait de l’appui externe lorsqu’elle bénéficie de cet appui après leur mise sur pied par les membres. La participation externe renforce les ressources et menace l’équilibre démocratique, elle déclenche un processus de rapatriement de pouvoir des dirigeants vers le personnel salarié. Lorsque les organisations coopératives sont déconnectées de leur base (sociétaires), les mécanismes sociaux ne jouent pas efficacement leur rôle auto-renforçant. / In microfinance, the success of the major networks is closed to constant failures of rural cooperative organizations which are struggling to remain after their institutionalisation and their autonomy. The failure of rural mutual or cooperative organizations is related to the problem of governance. Considering the types of governance to reduce transaction costs and conflicts caused by the relations between agencies do not reflect exactly the dynamic aspect of governance in microfinance. This limit is raised by the heterodox theory that combines the genesis of new executives from the interaction of stakeholders and trade-offs which come out of that in order to stabilize organizations. We chose an approach by stakeholders and to justify this choice, we have used the model of Gérard Charreaux analysis, the Daniel Côté cooperative balance model and the Christian Cadiou theoretical model of the stakeholders. On the field, we have mobilized analysis tools of governance of the cherry in the case of the Niayes Remec. So, we bear in mind that cooperatives and rural mutual are the result of the melting between resources and superposition of associative and entrepreneurial practices. They are more able to endure the withdrawal of the external support when they benefit from that after their setting up by members. External participation strengthens resources and threatens the democratic balance, and it triggers a process of repatriation of authorities from leaders to the wage-earning staff. When the co-operative organizations are disconnected from their base (members), the social mechanisms do not play their auto-enforcement role efficiently.

Depuis une perspective théorique au croisement de la sociologie économique et de la sociologie de la connaissance, cette thèse a pour objectif d’examiner les mécanismes sociaux à l’œuvre au moment de la conversion vers l’agriculture biologique. Sur la base de l’étude empirique et de l’analyse d'un réseau complet qui révèle les interdépendances entre plus de 60 viticulteurs certifiés ou en cours de certification à l'agriculture biologique en Côte de Beaune, sont analysés les processus d’apprentissage collectifs sur lesquels s’appuie cette transition. Cette thèse montre l’existence de deux processus-Type d’apprentissage qui se définissent en fonction des frontières des groupes de référence (ou niches sociales) ; elle analyse le rôle des pionniers du milieu étudié comme pivot de l’action collective dans ces deux processus d’apprentissage, et explore enfin les régularités qui structurent les échanges au sein du milieu. Ces régularités permettent de constater que les viticulteurs intègrent dans leur raisonnement des aspects identitaires qui différencient les viticulteurs bio « de la première heure » des novices, au-Delà d'aspects économiques liés à une tendance à la « coopétition ». / This PhD dissertation combines the approaches of economic sociology and sociology of knowledge in order to analyze the social mechanisms underlying the conversion into organic farming. Based on an empirical study and analysis of a complete social network describing the interdependencies among over 60 wine producers certified in organic farming or in the process of getting the official certification in French Côte de Beaune, this research analyzes the collective learning process on which this transition relies. The thesis proves the existence of two types of learning process, which are defined by the social borders of reference groups (or social niches); it analyzes the key role of pioneers of the social milieu in both learning processes and studies the regularities structuring social exchanges. These regularities allow us to confirm that wine producers take into account in their reasoning both the identity aspect related to their conversion to organic farming and their economic position, in a trend towards “coopetition”.

As an innovation Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) is designed as a tool for clinical problem solving. According to its theory of use EBP will bring a difference for policy makers, for professionals, for researchers and for service users. One question to be asked is whether EBP actually leads to the radical social change it is designed to accomplish. The aim of the study is to describe and analyse the outcome of the effort to establish EBP, with a focus on the case of social work in Sweden. The research questions are: What is EBP? Why are efforts made to establish EBP? What is the outcome of the EBP project? How can the outcome of the EBP project be explained? The case study was conducted on a critical realistic meta-theoretical ground with a focus on explanation of social change with an explicit actor-structure perspective. Methodologically, a narrative synthesis of studies was made. As a complement primary data were collected to fill empirical gaps. The state of things was described before and after the EBP-initiatives. Several helping theories – Kuhn’s theory of paradigm, program theory, neo-institutional theory and theory of diffusion – were used to analyse the empirically mapped outcome of the EBP project. The results show that the import of the original model of Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) to social work is a part of a wider social movement in the helping and educational professions. The new model has influenced social work as a discipline, as a field of practice and as a field of policy. There are examples of full-scale implementations of EBP, although EBP has not reached a general status as daily practice. Some obstacles remain. The gradual adaption of EBP corresponds to criteria hold by Kuhn for a paradigm shift. Acceptance of the model has contributed to change the structure and function of social systems. At an organizational level, this change means on-going institutionalization. The innovation is influencing the way institutional actors conduct their work. Although the structural conditions have been optimal, the EBP-model has been debated with heat. The EBP-debate and policy-driven infrastructural efforts have brought a more in-depth examination of the model. So-called coercive, normative, and regulative isomorphisms were used to change organizations. The degree of institutionalization depended on the individuals and the organizations willingness and preparedness to change, to understand, and to put the model into practice. When actors used a less strict version of the original EBP model, the pace of cultural and institutional change slowed down.

As an innovation Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) is designed as a tool for clinical problem solving. According to its theory of use EBP will bring a difference for policy makers, for professionals, for researchers and for service users. One question to be asked is whether EBP actually leads to the radical social change it is designed to accomplish. The aim of the study is to describe and analyse the outcome of the effort to establish EBP, with a focus on the case of social work in Sweden. The research questions are: What is EBP? Why are efforts made to establish EBP? What is the outcome of the EBP project? How can the outcome of the EBP project be explained? The case study was conducted on a critical realistic meta-theoretical ground with a focus on explanation of social change with an explicit actor-structure perspective. Methodologically, a narrative synthesis of studies was made. As a complement primary data were collected to fill empirical gaps. The state of things was described before and after the EBP-initiatives. Several helping theories – Kuhn’s theory of paradigm, program theory, neo-institutional theory and theory of diffusion – were used to analyse the empirically mapped outcome of the EBP project. The results show that the import of the original model of Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) to social work is a part of a wider social movement in the helping and educational professions. The new model has influenced social work as a discipline, as a field of practice and as a field of policy. There are examples of full-scale implementations of EBP, although EBP has not reached a general status as daily practice. Some obstacles remain. The gradual adaption of EBP corresponds to criteria hold by Kuhn for a paradigm shift. Acceptance of the model has contributed to change the structure and function of social systems. At an organizational level, this change means on-going institutionalization. The innovation is influencing the way institutional actors conduct their work. Although the structural conditions have been optimal, the EBP-model has been debated with heat. The EBP-debate and policy-driven infrastructural efforts have brought a more in-depth examination of the model. So-called coercive, normative, and regulative isomorphisms were used to change organizations. The degree of institutionalization depended on the individuals and the organizations willingness and preparedness to change, to understand, and to put the model into practice. When actors used a less strict version of the original EBP model, the pace of cultural and institutional change slowed down.