This thesis deals with the phenomenon of social farming; its aim is to describe this phenomenon, understand it and critically discuss it in the context of social economics and social entrepreneurship. The text also proposes other frames of thought - social integration and social work, multifunctional agriculture, the Green Care concept and the social entrepreneurial theory in which social farming can be considered. The thesis also gives insight into foreign and Czech socio-agricultural practice. It uses methodology based on the principles of exploratory and descriptive case studies since it focuses on a small sample of a phenomenon not yet described in which context and content are observed. The study is divided into two sections: a theoretical part and a research part, each of which draw on professional literature, semi-structured in-depth interviews with representatives of social farms, other primary data and documents and secondary sources. The analysis of the research results displays an assessment of Czech social agriculture, which can be described as delayed when compared to western Europe, mainly due to the historical development of agriculture and social arenas of the last seventy years, while also serving as a reaction to certain contemporary social trends. The outputs suggest typology of...

Thesis (MA) -- Stellenbosch University, 1966. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: no abstract available / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: geen opsomming

Bioethics deals with the ethical problems arising from the developments in life sciences and biotechnologies. Western autonomy-based philosophical framework has dominated the approach of mainstream Bioethics. Yet, many of the assumptions implicit in the Western framework that makes claim to universal validity may not be shared by non-western cultures. Moral pluralism poses a challenge to a common bioethics. Pluralism is understood as a descriptive term, which refers to the existence of different outlooks - moral or religious in a given society. It is simply another word for diversity. Within most western societies, the principle of autonomy sometimes implies that every person has an atomistic right to self-determination. In most African culture, however, the person is viewed as a relational self, one whom social relationships and inter-dependence rather than individualism provide the basis for moral decisions. Through a critical analysis of the Principles of Biomedical Ethics by Tom L. Beauchamp and James F. Childress; the Foundations of Bioethics by H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr.; and the Morality of Pluralism by John Kekes, the author addresses two challenges. The first one concerns the possibility and desirability of a common bioethical framework in a society with a diversity of moral visions. The second deals with what could be the contribution of African thought, philosophy, and culture to such a project. By exploring some of the worldviews of the Igbo of South-eastern Nigeria, the author shows that different cultures have different significances in bioethical analysis. He argues that an acceptable bioethical framework should be sensitive to the cultural realities of the people where it is employed and contextual in its application. At the same time, it should take account of the common morality feature of human experience. He formulates three prima facie common morality principles as meeting the challenge of Bioethics within the African context.

Does ethnic fragmentation negatively affect social expenditure? In this thesis, I examine why this research question, only partially tackled by the political economy literature, is also central for the social policy field. Using a sample of 156 countries, and controlling for variables that social policy theory postulate as essential to explain welfare provision, I offer evidence that higher levels of ethnic fragmentation lead to lower levels of social expenditure. On that basis, I present a theoretical framework that explores how this relationship can be explained. Ethnic fragmentation is presented as a variable that complicates the development of social solidarity and the notions of shared identity, and shifts social mobilisation from issues of economic redistribution towards ethno-cultural recognition. I also conduct a second series of statistical analysis that show that there is evidence to support the previous propositions. Additionally, using a different confirmatory test, I explore the correspondence between the levels of de-commodification that 18 welfare states provide, and the principles of blood descent (jus sanguinis) or civic ties (jus solis) that their respective national laws favour. The findings show that the welfare regimes with the most de-commodifying provision tend to favour ethno-cultural principles. Finally, I emphasize that the probable effects of ethnic fragmentation in an increasingly multicultural world, with its tendencies to put social integration and differentiation issues back on the agenda, are not a prediction of erosion of the welfare state, but an important element to take into account in the creation and robustness of shared identities and notions of common belonging when designing social policy.

La citoyenneté européenne structure un nouveau type de communauté politique, plurielle, composée de nations organisées en États. D’essence fédérale, elle reflète le fédéralisme spécifique de l’Union européenne, dissocié d’un projet de construction nationale. Son édification repose sur la reconnaissance d’une valeur autonome aux deux citoyennetés dans l’Union, nationale et européenne, tant au niveau de sa définition comme source de droits individuels, que de son organisation comme principe de légitimité démocratique. Cette approche se vérifie dans la définition de la citoyenneté européenne comme statut qui admet un degré de différenciation entre les citoyens européens, fondé sur le respect de l’existence et de l’identité politique des peuples européens.Statut fondamental, source de droits individuels, la citoyenneté européenne l’est essentiellement sur un plan transnational. Sa fonction intégrative réside essentiellement dans l’effacement partiel des frontières physiques et symboliques des communautés nationales, par le renforcement de la résidence européenne et de l’égalité de traitement. Mais elle admet une différenciation au niveau du statut politique et social des citoyens européens sur un plan transnational, fondée sur le degré d’appartenance à la communauté nationale.Principe de légitimité de l’Union, la citoyenneté européenne l’est sans désigner l’appartenance à un demos européen souverain, dont l’unité résiderait dans un projet de construction nationale. Fondée à la fois sur l’individu-citoyen et sur les peuples des Etats membres, la démocratie européenne repose sur la définition de la citoyenneté européenne comme statut politique différencié, reflétant l’appartenance politique double des citoyens, à leurs Etats respectifs et à l’Union européenne. / EU Citizenship structures a new kind of political community, which is plural, composed of nation-states. Of federal essence, it reflects the particular federalism of the EU, which is independent from a nation-building project. Its construction is based on the recognition of an autonomous value of the two levels of citizenship in the EU, national and European, both in terms of its definition as a source of individual rights, and of its construction as a principle of democratic legitimacy. This approach is reflected in the definition of EU Citizenship as a status which allows a degree of differentiation between European citizens, based on the respect for the political existence and identity of European peoples.EU Citizenship is a fundamental status, source of individual rights, on a transnational level mainly. Its integrative function consists in the partial blurring of the physical and symbolic boundaries of the national communities, through the consolidation of residence and equal treatment rights. It admits however a differentiation in terms of political and social status of EU citizens on a transnational level, based on the degree of belonging to the national community.EU Citizenship is defined as a source of democratic legitimacy, without it designating membership in a European sovereign demos. European democracy is based on both the individual citizen and the European peoples, through the definition of EU Citizenship as a differentiated political status, reflecting the dual political affiliation of citizens, to their respective States and the European Union.

Pendant l’état de guerre en Pologne, après le 13 Décembre 1981 nombreux militants étaient à l'étranger. Les membres de l'opposition du mouvement Solidarité vivaient également à Paris. Ils étaient: Seweryn Blumsztajn, Slawomir Czarlewski, Danuta Nowakowska, Mirosław Chojecki, Jacek Kaczmarski, Andrzej Wolowski, Zbigniew Kowalewski, Andrzej Seweryn, Piotr Chruszczyński et autres. Le Comité de Coordination a été fondée le 16 Décembre 1981. Dans sa déclaration, les membres ont demandé à l'opinion publique internationale pour protester contre les événements de Pologne et d'aider les syndicalistes en Pologne. Le siège de Paris avait plusieurs cellules: le Bureau, le secrétariat, section de l'information, le soutien et la Pologne section culturelle. Les activités du Comité ont été possible grâce à l'appui fourni par les syndicats français - CFDT, CFTC, FO, CGC et FEN. Il est resté en contact avec de nombreux organismes de bienfaisance et de soutien organisé pour « Solidarnosc » clandestine. / During the martial law after the 13th of December 1981 many activists were abroad. Members of the opposition of Solidarity movement lived also in Paris. They were: Seweryn Blumsztajn, Slawomir Czarlewski, Danuta Nowakowska, Mirosław Chojecki, Jacek Kaczmarski, Andrzej Wołowski, Zbigniew Kowalewski, Andrzej Seweryn, Piotr Chruszczyński and others. The Coordinating Committee was founded on 16th of December 1981. In its statement the members called to the international public opinion to protest against the events in Poland and to help trade unionists in Poland. The Paris headquarters had several cells: the Bureau, the Secretariat, information section, the support Poland and cultural section. The activities of the Committee was possible thanks to the support provided by the French trade unions - CFDT, CFTC, FO, CGC and FEN. He stayed in contact with many charities and organized support for underground "Solidarity".

Le Sommet mondial sur la société de l’information (Genève 2003 et Tunis 2005) a préconisé la solidarité numérique comme solution pour mettre fin aux inégalités d’accès aux technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) entre les pays industrialisés et les pays en développement. A l’issue de ce Sommet, deux mécanismes institutionnels, à savoir le Fonds mondial et l’Agence mondiale de solidarité numérique, ont vu le jour. Ces institutions s’étaient fixées pour objectif de contribuer à la réduction de la fracture numérique en promouvant l’accès généralisé aux TIC à travers des programmes et des projets internationaux ciblant en particulier les pays africains. Cette thèse analyse les effets des politiques et actions internationales menées dans le domaine de la solidarité numérique. Elle étudie notamment les conditions de la mobilisation des ressources humaines, financières et technologiques nécessaires pour que la solidarité numérique institutionnelle soit un instrument au service de la participation du continent africain dans la société de l’information. Il s’agit également de montrer que cette nouvelle approche de coopération Nord-Sud dans le domaine des TIC n’est pas véritablement en rupture avec les schémas traditionnels d’assistanat et d’aide publique au développement. La thèse révèle également l’existence des écarts et des décalages entre les objectifs annoncés par les politiques internationales de solidarité numérique et les actions qui ont concrètement été réalisées sur le terrain, aux niveaux national et local, dans les pays d’Afrique de l’Ouest. / The World Summit on the Information Society (Geneva 2003 and Tunis 2005) advocated the digital solidarity as a solution to end inequalities in access to information and communication technologies (ICT) between developed and developing countries. Following the Summit, two institutional mechanisms (the World Digital Solidarity Fund and the World Digital Solidarity Agency) have been created. These institutions were designed to contribute to reducing the digital divide by promoting widespread access to ICT through international programs specifically targeting African countries. This thesis analyzes the effects of international digital solidarity policies and programs in Africa. It examines specifically the conditions for mobilizing human, financial and technological resources for the participation of African countries in the information society. It also argues that this new approach of North-South cooperation in the field of ICT does not really break with traditional technical assistance projects. The thesis also reveals gaps between the objectives announced by international policies and the actions that have been carried out in West Africa countries in bridging the digital divide.

The topic of this thesis is the legislation of cohabitation outside of marriage. The thesis focuses on the treatment of registered partnership in the Czech legal system and its equivalent in the French legal system - Pacte Civile de Solidarité. The thesis describes the historical development and current legal regulation of this issue, discussing the terms of formation of the partnership, the rights and obligations arising from this partnership and circumstances of termination of the partnerships in both Czech and French legislation. In the conclusion, both legislations are compared.

In this Masters Research Report I explore how South Africa, in reaction to the global economic crisis’s impact on national unemployment statistics, has embraced the social economy. As this is a recent undertaking of the state, this research covers the timeline of events pertinent to what I determine to be the tipping point of the social economy in South Africa between 2009-­‐2011. Based on documentary analysis and in-­‐depth interviews with key actors determined to be ‘experts’ in the field, this research attempts to gain an understanding of how the concept of the social economy and its organizations of social entrepreneurship and social enterprise are being transposed onto the South African landscape, specifically in the Gauteng province. By examining the trend of the social economy and how it is being conceptualized in the country, this research aims to understand the implications for the future of South Africa’s socioeconomic development path.

Nesta pesquisa, temos por objeto de estudo o envolvimento interpessoal. Buscamos descrever um conjunto de opções linguísticas que constitui uma atividade interativa e que tenham por finalidade gerenciar o contato com o leitor. Nosso objetivo é analisar o papel do envolvimento e delinear sua rede de recursos na construção das relações interpessoais. Para tanto, investigamos textos produzidos no âmbito da interação midiática, em particular em revistas de nicho, uma vez que favorecem a particularidade da relação com o público alvo, empregando em suas publicações estratégias para criar afinidade e identificação com o mercado consumidor, além de investir na atratividade dos textos. Selecionamos como corpus um espaço interativo composto por cartas de leitores e respostas das revistas às perguntas enviadas no caso, por homens adultos, mulheres adultas e mulheres adolescentes , que constituem os textos das seções Pergunte à Vizinha e Pergunte ao Beto, o Barman (revista Mens Health), Pergunte ao Amigo Gay e Pergunte ao Vizinho (revista Womens Health) e Arrasa! Ficadas e rolos (revista Atrevida). Por oferecer soluções sucintas para situaçõesproblema do cotidiano, tais seções caracterizam-se como prática discursiva de aconselhamento, e, para analisá-las, respaldamo-nos na abordagem sistêmico-funcional, com foco na metafunção interpessoal, a fim de depreender os recursos responsáveis pela construção do envolvimento, complementando com estudos a respeito do que ocorre na dinâmica da interação, para verificar de que maneira são efetivados a solidariedade e o estreitamento dos vínculos entre revista de nicho e leitor. Particularmente, fundamentamo-nos na concepção e nas categorias propostas por Gonçalves Segundo (2011), e, em diálogo com essa perspectiva, a partir da análise do corpus, pudemos ampliar a rede de opções linguísticas que constroem vínculos e buscam atrair a atenção dos leitores. Os resultados da investigação apontam variadas opções paradigmáticas que desempenham a função de tracionar e atrair o leitor e que formam a rede de envolvimento, bem como revelam o papel de relevância dos recursos dessa rede na prática de conselhos em revistas de nicho, por possibilitar que efeitos de empatia sejam neles insculpidos, sinalizando padrões interpessoais que enfatizam o gerenciamento interativo. / This research aims to study the interpersonal involvement. We seek to describe a set of linguistic options that constitutes an interactive activity and whose purpose is to manage the contact with the reader. Our objective is analyzing the role of involvement and delineating its network resources in the construction of interpersonal relations. To this end, we investigate texts produced within a mediatic interaction approach, specifically in Brazilian niche magazines, in view of the fact that they foster the relation with the targeted public, embracing in their publications strategies to promote bonding and identification with the consumer market, besides investing in attractiveness of the texts. We have selected as corpus an interactive space formed by letters from readers and replies from the magazines to the questions sent by adult men and women, and teenage girls, which compound the texts of the sections Pergunte à Vizinha and Pergunte ao Beto, o Barman (Mens Health), Pergunte ao Amigo Gay and Pergunte ao Vizinho (Womens Health) and Arrasa! Ficadas e rolos (Atrevida). Since they offer simple solutions for daily-basis problems, those sections are characterized as discursive practice of counselling, and, in order to analyze them we employed the systemic functional approach, focusing on interpersonal metafunction, so as to understand the responsible resources in the construction of involvement, adding studies regarding the dynamics of interaction in order that it is possible to verify solidarity and interpersonal bonds between niche magazine and the reader. Particularly, we are based on the conception and categories proposed by Gonçalves Segundo (2011), and, in dialogue with this perspective, from the analysis of the corpus, it was possible to extend the network linguistic options that build bonds and seek to attract the attention of readers. The results of the investigation suggest a varied number of paradigmatic options which perform the function of traction and attract the reader, build an involvement network, as well as reveal the role of relevance of these network resources in the practice of counselling in niche magazines due to the allowance-insertion of empathy effects, signaling to interpersonal patterns which emphasize the interaction management.