[pt] Através da função standby, um aparelho elétrico sai do seu modo de operação principal (em funcionamento); mas permanece ligado assumindo uma função em espera com o objetivo de economizar energia elétrica, até que o consumidor volte a utilizar o equipamento. Nesta dissertação é apresentada a estimativa do consumo de energia com o uso do standby em aparelhos elétricos de utilização doméstica; e o impacto financeiro deste desperdício para a população. O estudo foi motivado como forma de contribuir para o real entendimento deste consumo e oferecer subsídios que sirvam de alerta; visto que há um aumento da presença da tecnologia standby nos aparelhos existentes, e surgimento de novos equipamentos que possuem um consumo ocioso (quando não estão em funcionamento), podendo este cenário estar indo no caminho contrário às políticas atuais de conservação de energia. Para a estimativa, inicialmente foram utilizadas informações de Pesquisas de Posses e Hábitos de uso (PPH) de aparelhos elétricos para se traçar um panorama da forma como cada aparelho é utilizado sobre o modo de operação standby; em seguida coletaram-se informações de consumo de energia elétrica obtidas através de medições dos próprios equipamentos elétricos, onde foi identificado que o aparelho de TV por assinatura é o grande vilão do consumo ocioso em standby. O último passo foi extrapolar as informações estimadas para uma concessionária local e para o Brasil, e simular o desperdício de energia elétrica com o consumo do standby nos aparelhos elétricos de uso doméstico, chegando-se ao resultado de 1,6 TWh/ano de desperdício alocado aos consumidores residenciais do Brasil, o que representa 1,9 porcento do volume de vendas de energia no segmento. / [en] Through the standby function, an electrical device goes out of your main operation mode (in use); but remains on, assuming a waiting function to save electricity, until the consumer reuse the equipment. In this dissertation, the estimated power consumption is presented with the use of standby function in electrical appliances from domestic use; and the financial impact of this waste to the population. The study was motivated as a way to contribute to the real understanding of this consumption, and offer subsidies that serve as warning; since there is an increased presence of the standby technology in existing devices, and the emergence of new equipments that has an idle consumption (when not operating), perhaps this scenario may be going against the current policies of energy conservation. To estimate, initially was used information from Electrical Appliances Ownership Survey to draw a picture of how each device is used in standby operation; then collected information about power consumption obtained through measurements of each electrical equipment, where it was identified that cable TV is the biggest villain of the idle standby consumption. The last step was to extrapolate the estimates for a local electric utility and Brazil, and simulate the waste of electrical energy consumption in the standby electrical household appliances, coming to the result of 1.6 TWh/year of waste allocated to residential consumers in Brazil, which represents 1,9 percent of the energy sales in the segment.

O trabalho visa desenvolver uma metodologia para avaliar o impacto do emprego das tecnologias de percepção de uso no ambiente residencial quanto às reduções da demanda por energia elétrica e emissões de CO2. Tais tecnologias são: eliminador de stand-by, gerenciador de energia em computadores e sensor de presença. Inicialmente são selecionadas cargas residenciais e coletados seus dados para compor um banco de dados que será utilizado nas análises. Cada carga e conjunto destas recebe a tecnologia adequada, sendo então calculado o consumo evitado e o investimento relacionado. Foram criados perfis de funcionamento das cargas (6, 8 e 10h) para reproduzir diferentes comportamentos dos usuários e cenários de utilização das cargas (A, B e C) para a análise de sensibilidade. Foram feitos estudos de caso com diferentes modelos residenciais, sendo calculados: consumo e demanda de energia evitados e redução de emissões (considerando um conjunto de residências similares). Também foi realizada a análise de viabilidade econômica da implantação, considerando o Custo Marginal de Expansão do setor elétrico (visão do investidor em infraestrutura) e as tarifas de energia elétrica (visão do consumidor). Os resultados apontam para uma contribuição relevante, em termos de eficiência energética, do emprego de tais tecnologias, representando 35 a 85 MW evitados e redução de emissões de 59 a 145 mil tCO2/ano, dependendo do tipo de modelo residencial adotado, considerando a cidade de São Paulo. A análise de viabilidade econômica por payback simples apontou os seguintes retornos de investimento: 7,2 a 15,5 anos e 2,3 a 7,4 anos para o investidor em infraestrutura e consumidor, respectivamente, dependendo do modelo residencial. Já a análise por Custo da Energia Economizada (CEE) apontou a viabilidade para o consumidor em todos os modelos residenciais, exceto o de tarifa social. Desta forma, o emprego de tais tecnologias pode contribuir de forma importante com a postergação da expansão da matriz energética, resultando em redução de investimentos em expansão e das emissões de CO2 relacionados à geração de energia elétrica, além de poder representar economia na conta de energia dos moradores. / This study aims to develop a methodology to evaluate the utilization impact of the use perception technologies in residential environment in reducing the demand for electricity and CO2 emissions. These technologies are: standby killer, power manager for computers and presence sensor. Initially, residential loads are selected and their data is collected to compose a database that will be used in the analyzes. Each load and load group receives the appropriate technology and then are calculated the avoided consumption and the acquisition investment of the technology. Loads operational profiles (6, 8 and 10h) were created to represent user behaviors and loads usage scenarios (A, B and C) were created to conduct a sensitivity analysis. Case studies were carried out with different residential models, where were calculated: avoided electricity consumption and electric energy demand and CO2 emission reduction (considering a set of similar residences). Also, it was conducted the analysis of economic implantation viability, considering the Expansion Marginal Cost of the electric sector (infrastructure investor view) and the electric energy rates (customer view). The results point out to a relevant contribution, in terms of energy efficiency, of the utilization of such technologies, representing 35 to 85 MW of avoided demand and emission reductions of 59 to 145 thousand tCO2, per year, depending on the residential model type adopted, considering Sao Paulo city region. The analysis of economic implantation viability by payback point out the following investments returns: from 7.2 to 15.5 years and from 2.3 to 7.4 years to infrastructure investor and customer, respectively, depending on the residence model. The analysis by Cost of Saved Energy point out the implementation viability for the costumer in all residential models, except the social tariff. Thus, the use of such technologies can significantly contribute to the postponement of the energetic matrix expansion, resulting in reduction of expansion investments and of CO2 related to electric energy generation, besides can represent savings in the residents energy bill.

O trabalho visa desenvolver uma metodologia para avaliar o impacto do emprego das tecnologias de percepção de uso no ambiente residencial quanto às reduções da demanda por energia elétrica e emissões de CO2. Tais tecnologias são: eliminador de stand-by, gerenciador de energia em computadores e sensor de presença. Inicialmente são selecionadas cargas residenciais e coletados seus dados para compor um banco de dados que será utilizado nas análises. Cada carga e conjunto destas recebe a tecnologia adequada, sendo então calculado o consumo evitado e o investimento relacionado. Foram criados perfis de funcionamento das cargas (6, 8 e 10h) para reproduzir diferentes comportamentos dos usuários e cenários de utilização das cargas (A, B e C) para a análise de sensibilidade. Foram feitos estudos de caso com diferentes modelos residenciais, sendo calculados: consumo e demanda de energia evitados e redução de emissões (considerando um conjunto de residências similares). Também foi realizada a análise de viabilidade econômica da implantação, considerando o Custo Marginal de Expansão do setor elétrico (visão do investidor em infraestrutura) e as tarifas de energia elétrica (visão do consumidor). Os resultados apontam para uma contribuição relevante, em termos de eficiência energética, do emprego de tais tecnologias, representando 35 a 85 MW evitados e redução de emissões de 59 a 145 mil tCO2/ano, dependendo do tipo de modelo residencial adotado, considerando a cidade de São Paulo. A análise de viabilidade econômica por payback simples apontou os seguintes retornos de investimento: 7,2 a 15,5 anos e 2,3 a 7,4 anos para o investidor em infraestrutura e consumidor, respectivamente, dependendo do modelo residencial. Já a análise por Custo da Energia Economizada (CEE) apontou a viabilidade para o consumidor em todos os modelos residenciais, exceto o de tarifa social. Desta forma, o emprego de tais tecnologias pode contribuir de forma importante com a postergação da expansão da matriz energética, resultando em redução de investimentos em expansão e das emissões de CO2 relacionados à geração de energia elétrica, além de poder representar economia na conta de energia dos moradores. / This study aims to develop a methodology to evaluate the utilization impact of the use perception technologies in residential environment in reducing the demand for electricity and CO2 emissions. These technologies are: standby killer, power manager for computers and presence sensor. Initially, residential loads are selected and their data is collected to compose a database that will be used in the analyzes. Each load and load group receives the appropriate technology and then are calculated the avoided consumption and the acquisition investment of the technology. Loads operational profiles (6, 8 and 10h) were created to represent user behaviors and loads usage scenarios (A, B and C) were created to conduct a sensitivity analysis. Case studies were carried out with different residential models, where were calculated: avoided electricity consumption and electric energy demand and CO2 emission reduction (considering a set of similar residences). Also, it was conducted the analysis of economic implantation viability, considering the Expansion Marginal Cost of the electric sector (infrastructure investor view) and the electric energy rates (customer view). The results point out to a relevant contribution, in terms of energy efficiency, of the utilization of such technologies, representing 35 to 85 MW of avoided demand and emission reductions of 59 to 145 thousand tCO2, per year, depending on the residential model type adopted, considering Sao Paulo city region. The analysis of economic implantation viability by payback point out the following investments returns: from 7.2 to 15.5 years and from 2.3 to 7.4 years to infrastructure investor and customer, respectively, depending on the residence model. The analysis by Cost of Saved Energy point out the implementation viability for the costumer in all residential models, except the social tariff. Thus, the use of such technologies can significantly contribute to the postponement of the energetic matrix expansion, resulting in reduction of expansion investments and of CO2 related to electric energy generation, besides can represent savings in the residents energy bill.

The thesis titled Individual stand-by of incoming feeder of Energetika Třinec 6 kV substantion is theoreticaly and practically concived work that offers comprehensive information on automatic standby focused on the selected operation of Energetika Třinec. At present, the standby is in authention mode and thesis solves shutdown of transformer T5. The extract of automatic device indicates trouble-free operation and thesis focus on the power take-off for transformer T5. The theoretical part provides information about problems of own comsumption of power plants, automatic device of standby and protection of electrical equipment. Thesis also sloves the protection settings, which is supported by calculations of short-circuit currents. The practical part is formed from the suggestion of solution in accordance to current criteria and the evaluation of possible settings of protective automatic devices together with an assessment of implementation option of standby. The aim of the thesis is to perform analysis of standby and evaluate effects which causes shutdown of own comsumption part. The final part assesses current settings of protection based on calculated values. Existing protections are unsuitable and it is recomennded to deploy digital multi-stage protections as a replacement for present relay protections.

This study looks at how autism is represented by characters in popular film, by analyzing the protagonists of two films, I rymden finns inga känslor and Please Stand By, with narrative and character analysis and then interpreting the result against social constructionism and theories of normality. The analysis results in the emergence of stereotypical characters in both films, and a statement that this can help to form a kind of symbol for what autism means for non-autistic individuals. The discussion states that in order to combat stereotypical representation in popular media, a change is needed from a medical model to a social model together with a change in the discourse around what autism means for autistic individuals.

La integración de Latinoamérica exige esfuerzos conjuntos. No basta identificar los problemas, sino también trabajar por los cambios, generando cuestionamientos y incentivando la creación y respeto a las reglas jurídicas que organizan la sociedad. Cuando el tema es la deuda externa, en especial en Brasil y Argentina la situación es muy parecida: el Fondo monetario internacional es siempre el culpable de los males económicos y sociales, mientras nadie se ocupa de evaluar las condiciones en las que se desarrollan los acuerdos de giro con el órgano. De esa manera, las normas aplicables para la ejecución de dichos acuerdos, en los dos países, son abandonadas, dejando sitio para un procedimiento padrón del Fondo. Como consecuencia surgen políticas superficiales, basadas en acuerdos con parámetros que están de acuerdo con las normas constitucionales. En Brasil la participación del Legislativo es obligatoria, mientras que en Argentina es permitido que el Ejecutivo utilice superpoderes legislando, solamente en situaciones especiales. En la práctica, notamos que en ambos países el Legislativo nunca se hizo presente, sea en la negociación o desarrollo del pacto, comprobando la violación de las reglas legales y determinando la inconstitucionalidad de esos acuerdos. PALABRAS-CLAVE: Acuerdos de giro. Fondo Monetario internacional. Inconstitucionalidad. / A integração latino-americana exige esforços em conjunto. Para isso é necessário não apenas localizar os problemas, mas trabalhar em busca das mudanças, gerando questionamentos e incentivando a criação e respeito das regras jurídicas que organizam a sociedade. Quando o assunto é divida externa, especialmente no Brasil e na Argentina, o panorama é muito parecido: o Fundo Monetário Internacional é declarado culpado de todos os males econômicos e sociais enquanto ninguém se ocupa de avaliar as condições em que se realizam os acordos stand-by com o organismo. Assim as regras aplicáveis para a execução de tais pactos, em ambos países, são abandonadas, dando espaço para o procedimento padrão do Fundo. Como conseqüência são concebidas políticas superficiais, baseadas em acordos com parâmetros divergentes daqueles ditados pelas normas constitucionais vigentes. No Brasil a participação do Legislativo é obrigatória, enquanto na Argentina é permitido que o Executivo utilize superpoderes legislando, apenas em situações excepcionais. Na prática observamos que em ambos países o Legislativo nunca está presente na negociação ou firma do pacto, comprovando a violação das regras legais e determinando a inconstitucionalidade de tais pactos. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Acordos stand-by. Fundo Monetário internacional. Inconstitucionalidade.

The question of whether or not school makes a difference in preparing students for democratic citizenship has been debated for a long time in political science and curriculum studies. These discussions are mostly based on the results of international surveys measuring students’ political attitudes, values and participation. However, we first need to define what kind of prepared citizens are needed. This article takes on the definition issue and presents new perspectives by exploring how teachers in Social Science (Samhällskunskap) and their students in Sweden reason about engagement when they address complex societal issues such as globalisation. Based on interviews with a number of teachers and students I will argue that in order to understand what is going on in school we need to interpret Social Science teaching in terms of first- and second-order concepts, where the second-order concepts could be seen as "how to think like a social scientist". I will make a case that there is a didactic dilemma for teachers trying to educate students who are both trained in disciplinary thinking and leave school as politically engaged. However, this dilemma is not unsolvable and I will hold a position that it might contain answers to some of the questions that political scientists deal with in terms of engagement.

De nos jours, le multilatéralisme et le libre échange sont le fondement du système économique. La participation de la Thaïlande à l’OMC et au FMI joue un rôle incontournable dans les stratégies de développement du pays. En tant que pays en développement et malgré certaines dispositions particulières en sa faveur, l’influence qu’elle exerce au sein de chaque institution reste limitée. Ce qui l’a conduite à chercher des alliances en regroupant avec les pays qui partagent les mêmes positions pour mieux se faire entendre.Grâce à cette participation, le gouvernement thaïlandais dispose d’une source de financement en cas de crise économique et financière. Il peut mieux mener les politiques commerciales dont l’accent a été mis sur la promotion des exportations et avoir un mécanisme de règlement des différends qui lui permettent de défendre les intérêts de ses producteurs de manière plus efficace surtout lorsqu’il s’agit d’un différend avec des pays développés. Mais face à des limites du système multilatéral à vocation universelle (impasse du Cycle de Doha, problème de la conditionnalité de l’aide et de l’efficacité des mesures prévues par le FMI), la Thaïlande est retournée plus vers le bilatéralisme et le régionalisme afin de protéger les intérêts du pays. / In this day and age, multilateralism and free trade are the foundations of theeconomic system. The participation of Thailand in the World Trade Organization (WTO) andthe International Monetary Fund (IMF) plays an essential role in the development strategies ofthe country. As a developing country and despite some specific provisions in its favour,Thailand’s influence within each institution is limited. A greater voice, by gathering withcountries that share the same positions, prompted Thailand to seek such alliances. Throughthis participation, the Thai government has a funding source in the event of economic andfinancial crisis. They can improve trade policies that focus on export promotion and have adispute settlement mechanism that allows them to better defend the interests of its producers,especially when these disputes involve developed countries. But the limits of the multilateralsystem (Doha round impasse, the issue of conditionality and effectiveness of the IMF’smeasures) incite Thailand to turn more towards bilateralism and regionalism for protecting thecountry’s interests.

The thesis deals with problems of navigation blind in buildings, where is not possibility navigation by GPS (Global Positioning System). This thesis contain resolution through the use of communication units, placed in floor of buildings. This comunication units, equipped with receiver and transmitter, can give direction for blind by send own identification to transceiver in speciál stick (the thesis does not contain solving of the stick), which can information blind of position. Two comunication unit solution are available, that differs by using component part. The main difference is in use control unit of circuit. First circuit use as control unit ATAR862-3 (microprocessor and transmitter in one case) and the second one use microprocessor ATmega 8L. Both component made by Atmel corporation. Circuit with ATmega 8L is more exacting on curent consumption, but solving this problem is available and communication unit has low pretensions and long life. The part of thesis is program, which solving communication protocol for no-problem communication between unit in floor and special stick.

Hydropower is the most important power balancing resource in the Swedish electrical power system, regulating the power supply to match the load. Consequently, several hydropower plants have periods of stand-by operation where the power production is absent but where several devices within a plant are still active. Such a device is the step-up power transformer, which during stand-by operation still generates no-load energy losses. These losses can accumulate to a considerable amount of energy and costs during the long technical lifetime of the apparatus. One option to minimize these no-load energy losses is by turning the transformer off when its generating unit is in stand-by operation. However, when this transformer operational change has been explained to experts in the field, the most common response has been that a more frequent reenergizing of a transformer leads to higher risks for errors or transformer breakdowns. This study aimed to analytically investigate three effects from this operational change. First, the potential of fatigue failure for the windings due to the increased sequences of inrush current. Secondly, the thermal cycling as a consequence of change in present losses. Lastly, the energy and economic saving potentials for hydropower plants where this operational adjustment is applied. The study used both established as well as analytical tools explicitly created for this study. These were then applied on currently active transformers in different plant categories in Fortum’s hydropower fleet.  The study primarily showed three things. Firstly, risk of fatigue failure due to the increased presence of inrush currents did not affect the transformer’s technical lifetime. Secondly, the thermal cycling changes were slightly larger with absent no-load losses during stand-by operation. The average temperature for the transformer decreased, which in general is seen as a positive indicator for a longer insulation lifetime and thus the transformer’s technical lifetime. Finally, the created frameworks showed the potential of saving energy and money for all plant categories, where the potential grew with the installed production capacity and the stand-by operation timeshare. Despite the simplifications made to describe the complex reality of a transformer operating in a hydropower plant, this thesis contributes to lay a foundation for future investigation of an easy adjustment to avoid unnecessary energy losses and costs for transformers in hydropower plants.