The construction industry has faced severe criticism against its inefficiency, high costs and insufficient quality. Besides, the building branch is one of the most dangerous occupations.Skanska Sverige AB runs an international project focused mainly on improving safety, increasing overall process efficiency and providing customers higher value. A part of this project are Standard operating procedures. These are supposed to be the best practices known at the company and should be used on sites as stepwise work instructions.The purpose of this study was to study the creation of Standard operating procedures and to propose a model for continuous improvement of the Standard operating procedures.A theoretical review concerning standards, standardization and continuous improvement is presented.Four case studies were conducted in the thesis in order to clarify what and how to improve. The case studies show that inspiration can be taken from organizations within or outside the building trade. An important new element in Standard operating procedures would be a risk analysis. The risk evaluation corresponds with Skanska´s safety strives. In order to guarantee that a Standard operating procedure really contains the best practice, the process of continuous improvement has to be well managed. The process can be stimulated by the implementation and improvement management at “Väg och anläggning” Skanska.Based on the empirical study and the theoretical framework, a model illustrating continuous improvement is proposed. The never ending life spiral of a Standard operating procedure involves all the organizational levels. The model demonstrates that small stepwise improvements are more cost efficient than large radical changes.Advantages and risks connected to the continuous improvement are described. The benefits would be both monetary and non-monetary. The key success factor of continuous improvement is the proper implementation of Standard operating procedures since it is up to individuals to keep continuous improvement alive. Both the managers on different levels and workmen must be trained and their importance in continuous improvement process must be deep rooted in their thinking. Proper training and excellent leadership would diminish worker´s resistance and prevent an unwanted phase-out.Finally, Skanska is encouraged to trust its own research. The formal content of Standard operating procedures is good enough for launching.

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / Nowadays, organizations in the cotton knitwear industry have had to adapt to a client who is not willing to pay an additional cost for activities that do not add value to the product. In Peru, many companies that export cotton knitwear closes every year since they cannot compete with countries such as China and Hong Kong due to their high production costs. This paper introduces a production management model based on Lean Manufacturing techniques and standardization of operations to reduce waste in the production flow, thus improving quality, and reducing production time and costs. So, a Production and Continuous improvement model (PDCA) were implemented. The validation was performed in a representative Peruvian company that exports cotton knitwear, resulting in an efficiency improvement of 10%, reduction of defective products of 20%, and generating savings of almost 5,000 soles monthly.

L’observation du système nerveux, de son métabolisme et de certaines de ses structures est possible grâce à la neuroimagerie. Une littérature importante issue du « neurodroit » véhicule des imaginaires et des fantasmes relatifs aux possibilités judiciaires qu’offriraient ces technologies. Qu’il s’agisse de détection du mensonge, d’identification cérébrale des individus dangereux ou encore de prédiction de comportements déviants, la neuroimagerie, en l’état actuel des technologies, ne peut pourtant être sérieusement conçue comme pouvant faire l’objet de telles applications. L’utilisation de la neuroimagerie dans le cadre d’expertises est néanmoins une réalité, dans les tribunaux canadiens comme dans la loi française. Cette thèse souligne que les conceptions des technologies dont témoignent les deux systèmes juridiques étudiés s’avèrent lacunaires, ce qui engendre des risques. Elle évoque les conditions du recours à une normativité extra-juridique, la normalisation technique, qui pourrait s’élaborer dans ce contexte controversé, et esquisse les traits d’un dialogue amélioré entre les normativités juridique et technologique. / Neuroimaging allows the observation of the nervous system, of both its metabolism and some of its structures. An important literature in “neurolaw” conveys illusions and fantaisies about the judicial possibilities that imaging technologies would contain. Whether it is about lies detection, cerebral identifications of dangerous individuals through their neurobiology or predictions of criminal behaviors, neuroimaging, in the current state of technologies, can not be seriously conceived as being able to offer such applications. Judicial uses of neuroimaging through expertise are a reality nonetheless, in Canadian courts as in French law. This thesis emphasizes that the conceptions of imaging technologies integrated in the two legal systems studied are incomplete, which creates an important amount of risks. It discusses the conditions for the use of an extra-legal normativity, the international technical standardization, which could be elaborated in this particular and controversial context, and outlines several features of an increased dialogue between legal and technological norms

This article describes how Lean Manufacturing tools were applied in a Peruvian textile company. A production management model is proposed whose goal is to reduce the number of non-conforming products in the pants manufacturing line. For this, all information was gathered from the production area of the company under study. With the use of quality tools, the diagnosis of the current situation of the pants line was made, identifying the most significant defects, which were 19.43% of produced units in 2018. It was determined that the main causes of the observed defects refer to non-standardized sewing processes, quality control errors, non-standardized cutting processes, and poor production planning. The application of VSM and SMED allowed the correct standardization of denim pants production, TQM allowed proper control and quality management of the production process, and JIT for optimal production planning.

The sportification process of e-sports and padel in Sweden is analyzed by using the concepts of institutionalization and standardization, which are closely related elements of sportification. This contributes to map, and better understand the sportification process of emerging activities in Sweden. This is relevant, as there is a lack of research on this topic in Sweden, and previous research has shown conflicts between different stakeholders may arise. A multiple-case study design is used to draw different perspectives on the topic, where empirical data is collected through online documents and interviews with players and sport managers. Padel in Sweden is in the process of sportification and will grow its institutions with an upcoming membership with Riksidrottsförbundet (RF). Motives towards it are increased accessibility for youth to play padel, and a wish for clearer classifications according to level. On the other hand, a barrier might be the corporate character of the clubs, as they might wish to remain independent and have no incentive to grow towards more traditional sports practices, something that is in line with the commercialization of sports. Moreover, players appreciate the freedom they currently experience in their clubs. For e-sports, there are currently two national federations. The sport will likely become a member of RF in the future, with the main focus on facilitating grassroots competitions. Standardization is very limited, as competitions are organized by commercial entities that provide what is demanded by the audience. Moreover, the e-sport community has resistance towards more institutionalization and standardization, even though the importance of it for grassroots development and competition is acknowledged. Future research with analyses of other, carefully chosen cases will contribute to draw a more complete picture of the sportification process of emerging activities in Sweden and will enable to further generalize the findings of this study.

Bakgrund: På samma sätt som fordonsindustrin uppfyller kundens behov medhjälp av ett kundanpassat utbud bestående av standardiserade moduler, finnsdet intresse hos konsultbolag att använda modularitet för att standardisera ochkundanpassa tjänster. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att utforska fördelar, nackdelar och risker med attanvända tjänstemodularitet för konsulttjänster från både kundens ochleverantörens perspektiv, samt undersöka vilka konsekvenser tjänstemodularitetkan medföra. Metod: En explorativ fallstudie genomfördes och med teoretisk tematisk analysidentifierades fördelar, nackdelar och risker med att använda tjänstemodularitetför konsulttjänster. Vidare analys gjordes för att undersöka vilka konsekvensertjänstemodularitet medför. Datainsamlingen har bestått av primärdata frånintervjuer och sekundärdata från observationer och dokument. Resultat: Studien resulterade i två teman, sex subteman och 25 koder. Studienpåvisar flertalet fördelar, nackdelar och risker med tjänstemodularitet förkonsulttjänster, från både kundens och leverantörens perspektiv. Fördelar,nackdelar och risker vägdes samman för att beskriva konsekvenser somtjänstemodularitet medför. Slutsats: Studiens slutsats är att tjänstemodularitet kan bli ett effektivt sätt attkombinera kundanpassning och standardisering, förutsatt att funna nackdelaroch risker hanteras. De nackdelar och risker är i många fall kopplade direkt ellerindirekt till de funna fördelarna och utmaningarna som nackdelar och riskermedför kan leda till fördelar om dom hanteras rätt. Originalitet: Studien bidrar med ökad förståelse kring tjänstemodularitet förkonsulttjänster. Detta genom att belysa nackdelar och risker medtjänstemodularitet ur både kunds- och leverantörsperspektiv. / Background: In the same way that the automotive industry meets thecustomer's needs with the help of a customized range consisting of standardizedmodules, there is an interest in consulting companies to use modularity tostandardize and customize services. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to explore the advantages, disadvantages,and risks of using service modularity for consulting services from both thecustomer's and the supplier's perspective, and to investigate the consequencesof service modularity. Methodology: An exploratory case study was conducted and with theoreticalthematic analysis the advantages, disadvantages, and risks of using servicemodularity for consulting services were identified. Further analysis wasperformed to investigate the consequences of service modularity. The datacollection consisted of primary data from interviews and secondary data fromobservations and documents. Result: The study resulted in two themes, six subthemes, and 25 codes. Thestudy reveals several advantages, disadvantages, and risks of service modularityfor consulting services, from both the customer's and the supplier's perspective.Advantages, disadvantages, and risks were weighed together to describe theconsequences of service modularity. Conclusion: The study concludes that service modularity can be an effectiveway to combine customer customization and standardization if disadvantagesand risks are addressed. The disadvantages and risks are in many cases linkeddirectly or indirectly to the advantages found and the challenges thatdisadvantages and risks entail can lead to advantages if they are handledcorrectly. Originality: The study contributes to an increased understanding of servicemodularity for consulting services. This is done by highlighting disadvantagesand risks with service modularity from both a customer and supplierperspective.

At the turn of the eighties' and nineties' of the 20th century, correspondingly to the whole social scale, significant changes happened on the domestic music scene. The musical and the creative elite were confronted with the Anglo-American production, and were forced, in a number of cases, to come up with the alternative ways of expressing themselves under the new circumstances. The goal of this thesis is to compare and contrast the situation on the domestic scene during the period right before the November 1989 and the period to follow; based on the various testimonies of popular Czechoslovakian musicians. The research aims to collect the information regarding contemporary popularity of the Czechoslovakian modern music and authors from the eighties'. I'm trying to verify if the critique perspective of one part of the public experts on the allegiance of the musical elite and the ideology of the pre-November regime is justified or not. At the same time, the thesis follows the fortune of the music stars in relation to the changing social order and, in addition to it, establish the basis for the study of the further research in the field.

8 ABSTRACT This thesis discusses the theme: "The principles of the safe administration of medication and it's impact on the quality of care". This work is divided into two sections - theoretical and practical. The main purpose of the theroretical part is to focus on recapping the theories of quality in healthcare, especially in terms of safety for patients during medication administration. The drugs are the most frequently used therapeutic means of the modern medicine and therefore the topic of safe administration is so often the matter of discussion. Theoretical part of my thesis defines quality in healthcare and also includes chapters about methods for improving the quality and standardization of health care. This work presents an effective tools for dealing with misconducts and describes possible reasons and causes of patient's harm during the administration processes. The practical part of the thesis is dedicated to the content analysis of the selected nursing standards from hospitals within the Czech Republic. The main objective of this thesis is to compare the formal and practical aspects of nursing standards (injection administration) in three different health care facilities with regards to the structural, procedural and results criteria. The results of the content analysis are compared with respect...

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Las empresas del mercado actual, como las familiares crecen mientras pasan los años, donde aprovechan muy bien la coyuntura del mercado. Sin embargo, con la globalización y el crecimiento de otras empresas, muchas de las empresas familiares comienzan a disminuir su índice de crecimiento, esto por no tener una buena organización interna que permita una mejor administración de los recursos. Esta propuesta comprende mejorar la estructura interna de la empresa, la cual es una importadora de repuestos mecánicos para los sectores industriales y mineros. Esta mejora se basará desde la recopilación bibliográfica y revisión de casos de estudio, elaboración de mapas, análisis estadísticos y análisis de los resultados que permiten integrar todas las variables que determinara una nueva estructura y nuevos procesos para el crecimiento de la empresa. Se realizo un análisis de la situación actual que atravesaba la empresa, con diagrama de procesos, análisis del problema, causas, consecuencias e impactos económicos. Donde posteriormente se realizaron análisis cualitativos a las causas raíces y posteriormente un análisis cuantitativo usando el software estadístico MINITAB que corroboraron la inestabilidad e incapacidad de los procesos actuales de la compañía. Lo antes mencionado se realizó de una manera eficaz, al contar con la data real de la empresa, lo que aporto mucho al análisis. Posteriormente se definieron las mejoras en los procesos como las estandarizaciones y nuevas estructuras de las áreas en la cadena de valor de la empresa. Esto se corroborará por medio de las simulaciones de los nuevos procesos, los cuales se compararon con los actuales, resultando disminuciones de tiempos en espera. / Companies in the current market, such as families, grow as the years go by, where the market conjuncture takes advantage very well. However, with the globalization and growth of other companies, many of the family businesses decrease their growth rate, this does not have a good organization that allows a better administration of resources. This proposal includes improving the internal structure of the company, which is an importer of mechanical spare parts for the industrial and mining sectors. This improvement is based on the bibliographic compilation and review of case studies, mapping, statistical analysis and results analysis. An analysis is made of the current situation that the company went through, the process diagram, the analysis of the problem, the causes, the consequences and the economic impacts. Where a qualitative analysis has been carried out, the causes, the roots, and the quantitative analysis, through the statistical software MINITAB that corroborate the instability and the incapacity of the current processes of the company. What has been published in an effective way, as well as with the real data of the company, which contributed a lot to the analysis. Subsequently, improvements in processes such as standardizations and new structures of the areas in the company's value chain will be defined. This will be corroborated by means of the simulations of the new processes, which are compared with the current ones, resulting in the reduction of waiting times. / Tesis