Les objets connectés de santé sont des technologies d’apparition récente. Ils sont sujets à de très nombreuses innovations et peuvent intégrer des chaînes de blocks, du calcul à haute performance, de l’intelligence artificielle et des nanotechnologies. Ces objets se multiplient très rapidement sur le marché intérieur de l’Union européenne et sont à l’origine de nouveaux défis, notamment au regard de la protection des données personnelles, des considérations de santé publique, de la cybersécurité et de la compétitivité des entreprises européennes dans un contexte mondialisé. Un encadrement de ces objets est absolument nécessaire pour répondre à l’ensemble de ces préoccupations. La normalisation européenne constitue, à cet égard, un outil de régulation particulièrement adéquat. Elle permet en effet de pallier les inconvénients de la hard law, notamment grâce à sa souplesse et à ses capacités d’adaptation à l’évolution de l’état de la technique et à la numérisation de l’économie. Les organismes européens de normalisation devront donc élaborer et mettre à jour des normes relatives aux technologies sur lesquelles s’appuient les objets connectés de santé. Les institutions européennes ont vocation à accompagner cette normalisation afin qu’elle soit à la hauteur des enjeux. / Connected objects in health are emerging technologies. They are subject to many innovations and may incorporate blockchains, High Performance Computing, artificial intelligence and nanotechnologies. These objects are multiplying at a rapid rate within the internal market in the European Union and are creating new challenges, particularly with regard to the protection of personal data, public health considerations, cybersecurity and the competitivity of European companies in a globalized world. These objects need a framework. European standardization is a particularly appropriate regulatory tool to answer all these concerns. It overcomes the drawbacks of hard law, in particular because of its flexibility and ability to adapt to the evolution of the state of the art and the digitization of economy. European standardization organizations will therefore have to develop and update standards for the technologies on which connected objects in health are based. European institutions must support this standardization to ensure it is commensurate with the stakes involved.

With the increased demand for doing more with less, public sector managers embrace outsourcing back-office functions through a shared service model; however, maintaining service quality for public sector shared service centers (SSC) in financial management during peak cycles is a challenge. Framed with the transaction cost economy theory, the purpose of this single case study was to explore strategies used by SSC managers in a public sector company to maintain service quality. Seven participants with more than 4 years of SSC experience in public-sector companies participated in phone interviews including SSC department heads, managers, and a supervisor of a public-sector company in Mississippi who implemented strategies to successfully maintain service quality in the SSC relationship. Through method triangulation, a review of service level agreements and key performance indicators supplemented open-ended semistructured interviews. The research findings included emergent themes of training and documentation, employee engagement, control and communication, efficiency and automation, and standardization and metrics. The SSC strategies in training and documentation, control and communication, and employee engagement were fundamental for maintaining service quality in SSC relationship. Study findings may help public sector SSC managers understand how to incorporate and implement successful strategies in financial management divisions to maintain service quality. Positive social change includes identifying methods to increased efficiency and service quality in a financial management division. Society could benefit from improvements in employee work-life balance, reduced turnover, and increases in the economic well-being of community residents.

No description available.

Bakgrund: En tydlig kommunikation mellan vårdpersonal på en sjukhusavdelning är av yttersta vikt för att bevara och stärka patientsäkerheten. Om det händer att kommunikationen angående patienten blir bristande, speciellt i överrapportering mellan den huvudansvariga vårdpersonalen, påverkas vårdkvaliteten eftersom viktig information går förlorad och risken för medicinska fel ökar markant. Sjuksköterskorna är de som i största grad har kontinuerlig kontakt med patienten när denna vårdas på ett sjukhus och har som vårdgivare ett ansvar för att en god patientvård utförs. För att detta skall kunna realiseras måste hela tiden kontinuiteten och säkerheten i omvårdnaden av patienten garanteras och detta bygger delvis på korrekt informationsöverföring. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelse av patientsäkerhet i samband med överrapportering av patienter vårdpersonal emellan på en ortopedklinik. Metod: För att utforska sjusköterskornas upplevelser valdes att genomföra kvalitativa intervjuer med hjälp av en halvstrukturerad intervjuguide. Intervjuerna spelades in med hjälp av ljudbandspelare och transkriberades för att sedan analyseras med en induktiv kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Sex sjuksköterskor från samma klinik som arbetat mellan 8 månader och 15 år intervjuades. Resultat: Olika områden belystes som sjuksköterskorna upplevde påverkade patientsäkerheten i samband med överrapporteringen på olika sätt. Förutsättningar för att patientsäkerheten ska bevaras i rapportmomentet var bland annat att det fanns rutiner och att en standardiserad rapportmodell brukades. Att vara uppdaterad inför sin rapport, att återkoppla till sina kollegor samt att försäkra att patientjournalerna innehöll relevanta uppdateringar underströks också. De områden sjuksköterskorna upplevde behövde förbättras var bland annat att hålla fokus under rapporten och fortsätta stötta och uppmuntra varandra att använda SBAR samt att inte glömma journalföringen trots muntligt rapport, användning av avdelningsbunda ord och förkortningar i journalerna samt när informationen i rapporten är gammal och/eller felaktig. Organisatoriska problem var upplevelserna av en hög arbetsbelastning som orsakar stress och fel samt otillräcklig rapportering av avvikelser. Slutligen presenterades vad sjuksköterskorna upplevde som för- och nackdelar hos muntlig rapport som var den använda överrapporteringsformen vid tiden för intervjuerna, respektive skriftlig rapport och några tankar om en blandad variant. Slutsats: Patientsäkerheten kan påverkas av många faktorer i samband med överrapporteringen, vare sig den är muntlig eller skriftlig. Men med en strukturerad metod för överrapportering upplevde sjuksköterskorna att många av riskerna minskar, genom att strukturera överrapporteringen ansåg sjuksköterskorna även att de kunde spara tid. Arbetet med att implementera klinikens standardiseringsmodell fullt ut behövde dock fortsatta ansträngningar.

BIM Standardization holds significant importance within the AEC industry and contractors serve as one of the primary users of standards. This thesis undertakes an exploration of the incentives that drive contractors toward BIM standardization. The research employed semi-structured interviews as the principal means of data acquisition, based on their adaptability in examining intricate matters and extracting comprehensive insights from individuals operating within the Swedish construction sector. Respondents were carefully chosen from the Swedish AEC industry, with a particular focus on contractors and experts engaged in BIM, digitalization, and standardization. The interviews were designed to elicit valuable perspectives regarding the establishment of motivations for contractors regarding BIM standardization. This study's findings offer a comprehensive understanding of standardization in the Swedish AEC industry for contractors. Key insights include the need to bridge the gap between theoretical standards and practical implementation, how standards can address challenges in requirement management, communication, and technology. Contractors' role in driving digitalization and the significance of project delivery methods were also highlighted. The findings emphasize the importance of practical implementation, effective communication, technological advancements, information coordination, and appropriate project delivery methods for successful standardization. This study concludes that involving contractors in the standard development process helps bridge the gap between theory and practice. Addressing challenges in requirements management for the client, requires stakeholder involvement, cultural shift, and automatization relating it back to standardization. The choice of project delivery method may influence BIM standardization with proper collaboration and information coordination being crucial. Standards can empower contractors to drive digitalization forwards in the industry, leading to increased efficiency and innovation. / Standardisering är av stor betydelse inom samhällsbyggnadssektorn och byggentreprenörer är en av de huvudsakliga användarna av standarder. Denna avhandling utforskar incitamenten som driver byggentreprenörer mot BIM-standardisering. Studien använde semistrukturerade intervjuer som huvudsaklig datainsamlingsmetod på grund av metodens flexibilitet att utforska komplexa frågeställningar och erhålla detaljerade erfarenheter från individer verksamma inom den svenska samhällsbyggnadssektorn. Respondenterna valdes ut med särskilt fokus på byggentreprenörer och experter involverade i BIM, digitalisering och standardisering. Syftet med intervjufrågorna var att erhålla insikter om möjliga incitament för att främja BIM-standardisering för byggentreprenörer.  Resultatet av studien bidrar till en djupgående förståelse av BIM-standardisering förbyggentreprenörer. Insikter gällande behovet av att överbrygga klyftan mellan teoretisk kunskap och praktisk implementering av standarder. Vidare identifieras tillämpningar av standarder relaterade till kravhantering, kommunikation och teknik. Studien framhåller också betydelsen av standardisering för byggentreprenörens roll i främjandet av digitalisering. Resultaten understryker behovet av praktisk implementering av standarder, informationssamordning, tillämpningar av standarder för kravhantering och digitalisering.  Studien visar att inkludera byggentreprenörer i de grupper som sköter framtagandet av BIMstandarder hjälper till att överbrygga klyftan mellan teori och praktik. Att ta itu med utmaningar inom kravhantering för byggherrar kräver samarbete av intressenter och där kan standardisering av BIM spela en viktig roll. Valet av entreprenadform kan påverka standardisering, men samarbete och informationssamordning spelar oavsett entreprenadform en avgörande roll. Standarder kan ge byggentreprenörer möjlighet att driva digitalisering framåt för branschen, vilket leder till ökad effektivitet och innovation inom byggsektorn.

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the billions of physical devices linked to the Internet worldwide, integrating into various systems like healthcare, finance, and transportation. However, the rapid market expansion has led to software and hardware security shortcomings, leaving IoT devices vulnerable to cybercriminals. The security can be maintained and evaluated in different ways, nonetheless, this thesis focuses on investigating the process of a penetration test to identify vulnerabilities present in IoT devices. This paper investigates and compares existing penetration testing frameworks and proposes a generic testing framework for IoT. The results show that there is no standardized penetration testing framework to target IoT devices, as there are for networks and the web. By defining IoT-specific testing methodologies, our research shows that common IoT vulnerabilities could be identified and exploited.

Background: There is an increased demand for professions in sustainability assurance due to the forthcoming directives of CSRD coming in 2024. Currently, there is a lack of knowledge of what a sustainability auditor does to build audit comfort and ensure audit quality in a sustainability report. Therefore, it is important to devote time and attention to this developing industry as studies have found issues in reporting on sustainability.    Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to get a better understanding of how sustainability auditors may build their comfort in sustainability auditing despite its complexity, and variability and that they are challenging to fully comprehend due to a lack in standardization. This study aims to extend existing research by contributing with a deeper theoretical and empirical knowledge of sustainability auditing, based on structure as well as professional judgment.    Methodology: An explanatory purpose and an abductive approach have been applied to the method. The study is based on a qualitative research method as nine interviews have been conducted in a narratively and semi-structured way. These interviews, together with one participant observation have formed the empirics.    Conclusion: The thesis builds an understanding of the comfort theory in combination with sustainability assurance in the comparatively new area of practice within auditing. The findings show that the sustainability auditors find comfort in a combined use of professional judgment and structure, but today the professional judgment is mainly used to conduct the audit comfort because of the lack of structure.

No description available.

Writers, editors, and everyday language users look to dictionaries, style guides, usage guides, and other published works to help inform their language decisions. They want to know what is Standard English and what is not. Commentators have been prescribing and proscribing certain usages for centuries; however, their advice has traditionally been based on the subjective opinions of the authors. Recent works have analyzed usage by relying wholly or partly on statistical and descriptive data rather than traditional opinion alone; however, no work has presented statistical usage data in a user-friendly and consistent format. This study presents a statistically based methodology for analyzing the standardness of disputed English usage points that can be presented in a dictionary-like format useful to writers and editors. Using data from the Corpus of Contemporary American English, this study determined the percent of use of several disputed usage items. Percents of use were then applied to a statistically based "standardness" scale with several levels. The scale presented in this study is adapted from scales that have been used previously to study language change. In addition, returns from the Corpus of Historical American English were used to present historical trends, if any, for each usage item. It was found that traditional sentiments about certain prescribed and proscribed usage items differ markedly from actual observed usage. Corpus data make it clear that even usage guides that purport to rely at least partly on descriptive data are often wrong about the prevalence and acceptability of usage items. To produce truly objective and accurate analysis, usage advice must depend on corpus data and use a standard usage-trend scale that accounts for how language changes.

Background: In general, it is very complicated to build submarines. There are many parts and equipment that must be in place, and there are tight spaces on the boat. As submarine development progresses and new modern concepts take shape, the installation of new equipment on board becomes more complex, placing higher demands on well-defined interfaces, both geometrically and logically. The approach to electrical cabinets today is to run the cables from the bottom or top through a cable transit system, and only after the cabinet is installed on the submarine can the cables be installed in the proper terminals. This means that the installation takes a lot of time and combined with the fact that there are so many cables sticking out of the cable grommet, the work becomes even more superficial as installers are also constrained by the tight space. Sometimes workers also must move around to make room for others to pass through other parts of the submarine. This means that workers must leave their jobs and move before resuming their work. The following can happen several times a day, which means more time is needed to install electrical cabinets on the submarine.   Purpose: The purpose of this work is to develop and design a solution that is a standardized interface for equipment in the form of electrical cabinets that are present and used in submarines. In this way, the solution must be able to satisfy the different interfaces of the devices that the different subcontractors provide to the company. The created proposals must be illustrated with a CAD software to visualize the concept.   Methodology: The research methodology used in this project is a combination of Participatory Action Research (PAR) and Design Thinking (DT).   Result: The result presents a solution (ISO-box) that shows that it is possible to reduce and optimize the time to install the cabinet once the cabinet is permanently mounted on the submarine. The solution is presented in the form of a CAD model. The model is set up so that all the cables coming from the cable transit system have an adapter at the end, which has a counterpart in a box to the cabinet that is installed on the submarine. Then when the cabinet is assembled, all that must be done is to plug the right connector into the right place in this box. The box has colors for the connectors and numbering that makes it easier for the installer to know which adapter to use.   Conclusions: The work shows that it is quite possible to change the current solution so that less time is needed in the final assembly of the cabinets. It will be easier to just connect the contacts and then leave room for others to pass in the confined spaces. It will also be easier to maintain, as the installer can replace broken contacts as the solution is modular, and there is the possibility of installing new equipment with ISO-box if necessary.