Due to the recognition of the significance of early childhood years worldwide there has been a dramatic increase in the number of early childhood education programs in Turkey. However, the increase in the quantity of such programs bring the question of quality. in this study the structural and process quality of earlychildhood education and care centers in Ankara is investigated and compared depending on the institutions thay are affiliated to. The data for this study is gathered through a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The intensive forage production for hay increases the risk of soil physical degradation and the soil chiseling, with or without organic fertilization, could be alternatives to soil structural recovery. The objective of this study was to evaluate the soil chiseling and poultry litter fertilization effects on soil bulk density, porosity, saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil penetration resistance and Tifton 85 production and quality. The experiment was conducted in a soil with Tifton 85 hay production for ten years. The soil management were: 1) chiseled soil and 2) soil without chiseling; the fertilization treatments: a) broiler litter in spring with reapplication of mineral N in the cuts (AO+N); b) broiler litter in spring (AO); c) mineral fertilization NPK in spring with reapplication of mineral N in the cuts (AM+N); d) mineral fertilization NPK in spring (AM); e) without fertilization with reapplication of mineral N in the cuts (T+N); f) without fertilization (T). Significant changes in soil physical properties occurred with chiseling, especially at 0,03-0,08 m depth, and thirteen months after chiseling the RP values remained below 2,5 MPa. The short period between the first cut and chiseling harmed the Tifton 85 production, with no difference between the soil management in the end of bermudagrass growing season (four cuts). Tifton 85 with poultry litter produced less dry matter than with mineral fertilizer on the sum of four cuts of bermudagrass, but with varied behavior during the cuts and the higher productivity was in treatments with nitrogen reapplication. Economic and environmental aspects should be used to definition of nutrient source to be used and mineral N supplementation after the cuts may be essential for the production of pasture receiving organic manure annually. / A produção intensiva de forrageiras para fenação aumenta os riscos de degradação física do solo e a escarificação, associada ou não com a adubação orgânica, podem ser alternativas para a recuperação estrutural desses solos. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da escarificação do solo e da adubação com cama de aves na densidade, porosidade, condutividade hidráulica do solo e resistência do solo à penetração (RP) e na produtividade e qualidade da Tifton 85 sob fenação. O experimento foi conduzido em uma área de Tifton 85 (Cynodon dactylon) sob fenação há dez anos. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, em fatorial 2x6, com parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições, tendo como tratamentos na parcela principal: 1) solo escarificado; e 2) solo não escarificado; e nas subparcelas: a) aplicação de cama de aves na primavera, com reaplicação de N mineral nos cortes (AO+N); b) aplicação de cama de aves na primavera sem reaplicação de N (AO); c) adubação mineral NPK na primavera, com reaplicação de N mineral nos cortes (AM+N); d) adubação mineral NPK na primavera sem reaplicação de N (AM); e) sem adubação, com aplicação de N nos cortes (T+N); f) sem adubação e sem aplicação de N (T). A escarificação promoveu alterações significativas nos atributos físicos do solo, principalmente na profundidade de 0,03-0,08 m, sendo que os valores de RP permaneceram abaixo de 2,5 MPa, treze meses após a escarificação. O curto período entre a escarificação e o primeiro corte para fenação prejudicou a produtividade da Tifton 85, mas não houve diferença na produtividade acumulada entre os manejos do solo ao fim de uma estação de crescimento da pastagem (quatro cortes). A produtividade com o uso de cama de aves foi inferior à adubação mineral no somatório dos quatro cortes da gramínea, porém com comportamento variado ao longo dos cortes e as maiores produtividades foram obtidas nos tratamentos com reaplicação de nitrogênio. Aspectos econômicos e ambientais devem ser utilizados para a definição da fonte de nutrientes a ser utilizada e a complementação com N mineral após os cortes pode ser fundamental para a produção da pastagem que recebe adubação orgânica anualmente.

The study aims to investigate what constitutes quality in municipal supported housing for young people (16-21 y/o). The study examines organizational conditions and what working methods are used in the work with the youths. Qualitative interviews have been conducted with unitmanagers, coordinators and employees who work at various municipal supported housing inSweden (10 interviews; 6 supported housing). The interviews have been processed using athematic analysis method and analyzed with self-determination theories combined with a theoretical framework based on implementation science and quality residential care. The resultsshowed some central quality aspects for the supported housing facilities. Related to structurequality, the importance of internal trustworthy relationships in the workplace, opportunities for competence supplies, flexibility, good professional collaborations, and access to resources werehighlighted. For process quality, it depended on how the caregivers produced and contributedto the youth’s goal to independency. The coworkers mainly used practical and emotional support efforts, inspired by Motivational Interviewing approaches. Since the employees mainly used themselves as a working tool, the study concludes that they would need continuous support for their professional and personal development, to maintain a good quality.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:30:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Alfredo B Santos.pdf: 2639215 bytes, checksum: b4d6acd62fbbbdb8df5c5bd5a2095197 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-18 / The objective of this wok was to evaluate the influence of doses and types of application of lime on an Inceptisol Haplustult aluminum cultivated with grains in the city of Irati, Southeast Region of the State of Paraná, Brazil. An experiment was carried out in factorial design 3X4 with 5 replications. The evaluations were performed in a small rural property in the household system, whose main activity is the cultivation of grains, with animal production for beef and milk intended for family consumption.The plots consisted of the types of lime application (surface, plowing+harrowing and chisel plowing+ harrowing), and the sub-plots were the lime doses (0, 10, 15 and 20 Mg ha-1).The evaluations and samplings for physical analyzes were carried out along the cycle of the corn crop (Zea mays) in two years, while collections for chemical evaluations were carried out after the harvest of the corn crop. In both cycles of crops they have been evaluated winter crops dry biomass yields and grain and dry biomass yields for the summer crop. The physical and chemical soil attributes were evaluated in the layers of 0.0-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m depths. The soil penetration resistance measurements and soil water volumetric content determinations were performed in the field using electronic penetrometer and moisture sensors, respectively. The results for the different doses and types of application of lime were compared by the confidence interval of the averages for the different attributes (P≤0.15). For the chemical attributes they have been observed significant differences regarding the types and doses of application of limestone,while for the physical attributes they were observed significant differences regarding only for the types of application of lime. With reference to the income of crops, in the first cycle they were observed better results in function of doses and types of application of lime. In the second cycle of crops the results of oat biomass exhibited significance in function of doses and forms of application; however, the incomes of biomass and grain maize were severely affected by drought. The largest values of soil resistance to penetration were observed in the incorporation of lime with plowing+harrowing, while the incorporation with chisel plowing+harrowing have been presented lower values of soil bulk density, higher saturation of bases and better income of biomass and grain. / As avaliações foram realizadas em uma pequena propriedade rural com gestão em sistema de economia familiar, cuja atividade principal é o cultivo de grãos, com produção animal para carne e leite destinados ao autoconsumo e venda do excedente. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência de doses e formas de aplicação de calcário sobre um Cambissolo Háplico alumínico cultivado com grãos no município de Irati, região Sudeste do estado do Paraná. Instalou-se um experimento em delineamento de experimento em faixas com cinco repetições. A calagem foi realizada em três formas de aplicação; superficial ou sem incorporação do calcário (SI), incorporação com arado e grade niveladora (IAG), e incorporação com escarificador e grade niveladora (IEG). As doses de calcário adotadas para estudo foram: T0 – sem calcário (testemunha), T10 – 10 t ha-1, T15 t ha-1 e T20 t ha-1. Foram avaliados os atributos físicos e químicos do solo em dois ciclos de cultivos. As avaliações e coletas para análises físicas foram realizadas ao longo do ciclo da cultura do milho (Zea mays), enquanto para as avaliações químicas as coletas foram realizadas após a colheita do milho. Nos dois ciclos de cultivos, foram avaliados o rendimento de biomassa seca das culturas de cobertura de inverno, biomassa da planta inteira do milho em maturidade fisiológica e rendimento de grãos da cultura do milho. Os atributos físicos e químicos do solo foram avaliados nas camadas de 0,0-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m de profundidade. As medições de resistência do solo a penetração (RP) e determinações do conteúdo volumétrico de água no solo (θ) foram realizadas a campo, com penetrômetro eletrônico e sensor de umidade, respectivamente. Através do intervalo de confiança das médias dos atributos, foram comparados os resultados de doses e formas de aplicação do calcário (P≤0,15). Para os atributos físicos, os resultados apontam significância quanto a formas de aplicação, enquanto para os atributos químicos observou-se significância quanto a doses e formas de aplicação. Com referência ao rendimento das culturas, no primeiro ciclo de cultivos foram observados melhores resultados em função de doses e formas de aplicação do calcário. No segundo ciclo de cultivos os resultados de biomassa de aveia apresentaram significância em função d doses e formas de aplicação, porém, os rendimentos de biomassa e grãos de milho foram severamente prejudicados por estiagem. Pelo intervalo de confiança os maiores valores de resistência do solo a penetração foram observados na forma de incorporação com arado e grade niveladora, enquanto a incorporação com escarificador e grade niveladora apresentou menores valores de densidade do solo, melhor saturação por bases e melhores rendimentos de biomassa e grãos.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om det finns några mönster och samband i hur förskolepedagoger upplever förutsättningar för barns lärande beroende på ålderssammansättningen i gruppen. Studien är kvantitativ med webbenkät som metod för insamling av data från pedagoger. Undersökningen omfattar alla förskolor inom en kommun i Värmland, totalt 55 kommunala avdelningar och 144 pedagoger. Följande ålderssammansättningar ingår i studien: åldersindelade grupper, småbarnsavdelningar (1-3), avdelningar för äldre barn (3-5) och syskonavdelningar (1-5). Studien har sin utgångspunkt i interaktionistiska teorier, vilket innebär att förskolans verksamhet studeras utifrån olika samspelade aspekter, faktorer och nivåer. I studien ses förutsättningar för barns lärande i förhållande till förskolans kvalitet, vilken i sin tur tolkas som ett komplext fenomen som skapas i samspel mellan olika faktorer på struktur-, process- och resultatnivåer. Studien fokuserar på samband mellan ålderssammansättning som en faktor för förskolans strukturkvalitet och flera aspekter av processkvalitet, nämligen utformning av pedagogiska miljön, pedagogernas sätt att organisera och genomföra verksamheten och pedagogernas samspel med barnen. Undersökningen visade att det finns betydelsefulla skillnader mellan grupperna med olika ålderssammansättningar i utformning av den pedagogiska miljön och även i pedagogernas samspel med barnen. Däremot är denna påverkan inte entydig och kan även förklaras med andra orsaker och faktorer, så som gruppens storlek, barnens ålder och pedagogiskt arbetssätt. Gruppens ålderssammansättning i sig är således inte avgörande för verksamhetens kvalitet, utan behöver ses i relation till andra påverkande faktorer. / The purpose of this study is to investigate whether there are some patterns and connections between the teachers’ experiences of the conditions for children’s learning and age settings at preschool groups. The study is quantitative, and a web survey is used to collect the data from the teachers. The study includes all preschools in a municipality in Värmland, Sweden. 144 preschool teachers from 55 municipal preschool groups participated in the study. Following age settings are represented in the study: same-age preschool groups, groups with children between 1-3 years old, groups with children between 3-5 years old and groups with children between 1-5 years old. The study is based on interactionistic theories, which means that the preschool is examined from various interacting aspects and dimensions. Conditions for children’s learning are seen in the study in relation to preschool quality, which is a complex phenomenon constituted in the interaction between dimensions of structure, process, and outcome. The study focuses on age setting as a structural aspect of preschool quality and following aspects of process quality: organizing of the pedagogical environment, teachers’ approach to organizing of daily activities and teachers’ interplay with children.  The results of the study show that there are important differences between groups with different age settings regarding organizing of the pedagogical environment and interplay between teachers and children. However, these differences are rather ambiguous and can be explained by other aspects and factors such as group’size, children’s age, and pedagogical approach. Therefore, age setting as such is not the key to preschool quality but must be seen in relation to other aspects and dimensions.

[pt] Em um sistema de software, as anomalias de código indicam problemas estruturais que podem ser resolvidos através da refatoração. No entanto, desenvolvedores podem negligenciar ou acabar criando novas anomalias ao refatorar. Pouco foi relatado sobre os efeitos benéficos e prejudiciais da refatoração de anomalias de código. Evidências sugerem que os desenvolvedores frequentemente precisam aplicar uma sequência de refatorações (refatoração em lote) para remover completamente as estruturas anômalas. Assim, nesta tese, realizamos uma série de estudos para entender o impacto de refatorações simples e em lote em anomalias de código. Em nossos primeiros estudos, analisamos com que frequência os tipos de refatoração comumente usados afetam a densidade de anomalias ao longo das histórias de dezenas de projetos. Mesmo que 79,4 por cento das refatorações tenham tocado em elementos anômalos, 57 por cento não reduziram suas ocorrências. Surpreendentemente, apenas 9,7 por cento das refatorações removeram anomalias de código, enquanto 33 por cento induziram a introdução de novas. Por um lado, observamos padrões nocivos de introdução de anomalias. Por outro lado, observamos que muitas anomalias podem ser removidas apenas por refatorações em lote. Assim, nossos últimos estudos investigam o impacto de refatorações em lote nas anomalias. Mesmo quando aplicadas em lotes, as refatorações tendem a não afetar ou mesmo aumentar a densidade de anomalias. Também identificamos padrões entre tipos de lotes e tipos de anomalias, levando-nos à criação de heurísticas que podem orientar os desenvolvedores durante tarefas de remoção de anomalias de código. O último estudo avaliou essas heurísticas e concluímos que os resultados são promissores. / [en] Code smells in a program represent indications of structural quality problems, which can be addressed by software refactoring. However, developers may neglect or end up creating new code smells through single refactoring. Little has been reported about recurring beneficial and harmful effects of refactoring on the program structural quality. As a consequence, developers still miss guidance along non-trivial smell-removing tasks. In fact, evidence suggests developers often need to apply a sequence of refactorings, so-called batch refactoring, to entirely remove a smelly code structure. Thus, in this thesis, we have conducted a series of studies to understand the impact of single and batch refactorings on code smells. In our first studies, we analyze how often commonly-used types of single refactoring affect the density of code smells along the version histories of dozens of projects. Even though 79.4 percent of the refactorings touched smelly elements, 57 percent had no impact on the smell removal. Surprisingly, only 9.7 percent of refactorings removed smells, while 33 percent induced the introduction of new ones. On one hand, we observed that harmful refactoring-smell patterns could be used to guide developers to avoid smell-inducing refactoring. On the other hand, we observed that many smells can be removed only through batch refactoring. Thus, our last studies investigate the impact of batch refactorings on smells. Even when applied in batches, refactorings tend to maintain or even increase the density of code smells. We also identified common batch-smell patterns, which enable us to create heuristics that can guide developers through smell-removing tasks. The last study evaluated those heuristics, and we conclude the outcomes are promising.

[pt] Desenvolvedores frequentemente aplicam refatoração para melhorar os atributos internos de qualidade em projetos de software, tais como acoplamento e tamanho. Chamamos de rerrefatoração quando desenvolvedores refatoram um elemento de código-fonte previamente refatorado. O conhecimento empírico é limitado acerca de até que ponto refatoração e rerrefatoração de fato melhoram os atributos internos de qualidade. Nesta dissertação, nós investigamos a limitação supracitada com base em cinco atributos internos de qualidade conhecidos: acoplamento, coesão, complexidade, herança e tamanho. Também nos baseamos no histórico de versionamento de 23 projetos de software de código-fonte aberto, os quais possuem 29,303 operações de refatoração e 49.55 por cento de rerrefatorações. Nossa análise revelou descobertas interessantes apresentadas como segue. Primeiro, desenvolvedores aplicam mais de 93.45 por cento de operações de refatoração e rerrefatoração sobre elementos de código-fonte com ao menos um atributo interno de qualidade crítico, contrariando trabalhos anteriores. Segundo, para 65 por cento das operações, os atributos internos de qualidade relacionados melhoram, enquanto que os demais 35 por cento permanecem não-afetados. Terceiro, sempre que operações de refatoração são aplicadas sem mudanças adicionais no código fonte, o que chamamos de operação de refatoração root-canal, os atributos internos de qualidade frequentemente melhoram, ou ao menos, não pioram. Ao contrário, 55 por cento das operações de refatoração aplicadas com mudanças adicionais, tais como correção de bugs, surpreendentemente melhoram os atributos internos de qualidade, com somente 10 por cento de piora, o que também é válido para rerrefatoração. Nós sumarizamos nossas descobertas na forma de recomendações para desenvolvedores e pesquisadores. / [en] Developers often apply code refactoring to improve the internal quality attributes of a program, such as coupling and size. Given the structural decay of certain program elements, developers may need to apply multiple refactorings to these elements to achieve quality attribute improvements. We call re-refactoring when developers refactor again a previously refactored element in a program, such as a method or a class. There is limited empirical knowledge on to what extent developers successfully improve internal quality attributes through (re-)refactoring in their actual software projects. This dissertation addresses this limitation by investigating the impact of (re-)refactoring on five well-known internal quality attributes: cohesion, complexity, coupling, inheritance, and size. We also rely on the version history of 23 open source projects, which have 29,303 refactoring operations and 49.55 percent of re-refactoring operations. Our analysis revealed relevant findings. First, developers apply more than 93.45 percent of refactoring and re-refactoring operations to code elements with at least one critical internal quality attribute, as oppositely found in previous work. Second, 65 percent of the operations actually improve the relevant attributes, i.e. those attributes that are actually related to the refactoring type being applied; the remaining 35 percent operations keep the relevant quality attributes unaffected. Third, whenever refactoring operations are applied without additional changes, which we call root-canal refactoring, the internal quality attributes are either frequently improved or at least not worsened. Contrarily, 55 percent of the refactoring operations with additional changes, such as bug fixes, surprisingly improve internal quality attributes, with only 10 percent of the quality decline. This finding is also valid for re-refactoring. Finally, we also summarize our findings as concrete recommendations for both practitioners and researchers.

In July 2019, the preschool received a new curriculum that emphasizes that the education in the preschool should be equivalent regardless of where in the country it is organized. Our purpose with this study was to see how an assistant principal and four preschool teachers conceive of and lead the work with this concept of equality in preschool. We did this through a qualitative interview study involving the said participants. The research questions that guided our questions to the respondents were: how is gender equality defined by the assistant principal and preschool teacher and how the assistant principal and preschool teacher implement equality in the preschool and how the preschool teacher leads the working group in this work. When we compiled our material, we were able to distinguish certain recurring factors that were linked to the concept. We could also see how the deputy principal's view of equality was more from an overall perspective, while the preschool teachers linked the concept to an equal education for the children. Other factors for an equivalent education were competence, the profession's responsibility, organizational conditions and quality linked to both structure- and process quality. Our conclusion based on our thesis is that equality is a concept with many interpretations. The preschool teachers lacked time to implement this in the work team, but it was something they asked for to create a dialogue and bring to life the concept of equality in the business. By doing so, you create the conditions for an equal education but also to develop the pedagogical relationships.

Studien syftar till att bidra med ytterligare kunskap om hur vi kan driva kvalitetsförbättringar och därmed öka kundvärdet inom det svenska utbildningssystemet. Studien genomförs med en systematisk litteraturöversikt av artiklar om RTI-modellen. Kategoriseringen sker utifrån Bergman och Klefsjös (2012) hörnstensmodell för offensiv kvalitetsutveckling samt strukturkvalitet som en av kvalitetsdimensionerna i Österbergs (2014) analysmodell för det systematiska kvalitetsarbetet i skolan.   Förutsättningarna för att driva kvalitetsförbättringar med hjälp av RTI-modellen går att sammanfatta med; kompetent personal, rätt utrustning för att genomföra och analysera screeningar av eleverna, samt tid och stöd för arbetet. Samtliga värderingar i hörnstensmodellen nämns i artiklarna, vilket gör att vi kan anta att RTI-modellen går att använda för att utveckla kvalitet och skapa kundvärde i skolan.   Det krävs även en kultur som värdesätter mätning samt att arbeta med data för att RTI-modellen ska bidra till kvalitetsutveckling. Eftersom det amerikanska skolsystemet, där RTI-modellen hittills tillämpats, är mer resultatinriktat än det svenska kan vi utgå från att det amerikanska systemet är mer gynnsamt för att implementeringen av modellen ska vara framgångsrik. / The education system has historically had a reactive rather than a proactive approach to its customers, that is, students' needs and the conditions for achieving the school's goals. A reactive way of working is still the norm, although today we are aware that the effect of reactive improvements is limited. We are in a paradigm shift where the education system seeks to find models that are based on a modern view of quality, which means putting the customer's needs at the center.   The aim of the study is to contribute further knowledge of how we can drive quality improvements, thus increasing customer value within the Swedish education system. The study is conducted with a systematic literature review of articles on the model Response to Intervention. Categorization is based on Bergman and Klefsjö (2012) model for quality development based on customer needs and satisfaction, and Österbergs (2014) structural quality dimension.   The prerequisites for driving quality improvements using the RTI model can be summarized with; competent staff, the right equipment for carrying out and analyzing screenings of the students, as well as time and support for the work. All the values in the quality management model are mentioned in the articles, which allows us to assume that the RTI model can be used to develop quality and create customer value in the school.   It also requires a culture that values measurement and working with data in order for the RTI model to contribute to quality development. Since the US school system, where the RTI model has been applied so far, is more result-oriented than the Swedish, we assume that the US system is more beneficial for the implementation of the model to be successful. / <p>2018-06-27</p>

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